Basics of Written

n UNIT 9 BASICS OF WRITTEN BUSINESS Business

Communication
COMMUNICATION

Objectives

After studying this unit you should be able to:

● Understand the basics of writing;

● Develop a mind map;
● Learn the process of writing.

Structure

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Need for Written Communication
9.3 Features of Written Communication
9.4 Process of Writing
9.5 Summary
9.6 Keywords
9.7 Self-Assessment Questions
9.8 References and Further Readings

9.1 INTRODUCTION
No matter where we are or what we do, we engage with writing daily. We
text and write emails. We make lists when we must shop or plan a ‘to-do’
profile of our daily activities. We write assignments and exams if we are
students. At the workplace we write reports, project proposals and other
documents. And yet, we do not call ourselves writers and believe that only
people who write for a living, are writers.

Writing is essentially a communication tool that is used to convey emotions

or exchange information. If you have used this tool to talk to your friends,
colleagues, and family, you are already a writer. However, in order to be a
good writer, you need to read good models of writing, have knowledge about
writing and above all, you need to practice constantly .

The problem is with how we approach writing. Across schools and colleges,
we tend to approach writing as an activity that has to be completed as a single
task. However, writing is not just one task. It is made up of many smaller
tasks, happening both consciously and unconsciously. When we do not value
and recognise the smaller tasks, which go into the writing of a piece, we may
end up feeling overwhelmed. Instead, if we follow a step-by-step process, it
makes the act of writing more systematic and ensures we have enough time to
think about and assess the quality of our own writing.
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Wriitten Moreover, we may tend to think off writing as a ‘product’. When studeents are
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asked to wrrite an assignnment, they are thinkingg of the finall product thaat has to
be submitteed, not the ‘process’
‘ thrrough whichh one createes and develops the
piece of writing.
w As a result, manny resort to copying ann existing model or
template off writing raather than go oing on a ccreative jourrney to prodduce an
original piece of writting. This creates
c a deependence on o the tempplate or
formula thaat one has too follow, insstead of learrning to devvelop one’s original
o
thoughts annd argumentts. Writing is i essentiallyy a creative exercise. TThrough
the act of writing,
w we aim to creaate, develop, and refine our thinkinng. The
process appproach becomes a suitaable model for f this. Therrefore, to beecome a
good writerr, you may have
h to first ensure that you have yoour basics inn place.
So, it is neecessary to start with understandin
u ng the need and importaance of
writing.

9.2 N
NEED FO
OR WRIT
TTEN CO
OMMUN
NICATIO
ON
As human beings, we oobserve and process a vvast amount of informatiion that
we get froom the world around us. u We reacct to what we w see, andd these
reactions make
m us uniique individuuals. If we document these
t reactioons and
observationns regularly,, we create records
r of oour personal history. Wrriting is
thus an impportant tool for documeentation. In rrecent timess, however, writing
has expandded to becoome an im mportant professional skkill. Since we w are
connected by online nnetworks wh hich demandd constant communicati
c ion, we
are expecteed to write concise andd clear textss. All professional workkplaces
now demannd strong wrriting skills from
f their emmployees annd it is an im
mportant
ingredient for
f upward mobility.
m

Beyond theese obviouss and practiccal functionns, we writee for the folllowing
reasons:

● Write to experien nce: People who take photographs

p s have oftenn talked
about the
t importannce of captu uring the beaauty of a mooment. In a similar
way, writing cann motivate or demottivate the employees of an
organissation. If yoou have a un
nique momennt that is wo orth sharing in your
workpllace then thaat can be donne through tthe writing. Either
E way, writing
provides you with a medium to o share your ideas and exxperiences.
● Write to think: A As humans, we w are constantly inunddated with thhoughts
about our daily llives, ambittions, and insecurities.
i To make careful
choices and decisions, we musst express w what we thinkk. Writing gives
g us
an oppportunity to aarticulate ourr complex thhoughts.
● Write to create: Words havee the powerr to carry innspiring meessages.
There is a reasonn why we remember great novelists, thinkeers and
scientists and find wisdom in what they saay. To writee well is to create
c a
piece of
o art that staands the test of time.
● Write to learn: WWriting can help
h us remeember what we read andd study.
When we take notees, we learnn to record annd analyse innformation. This is
one of the importannt parts for the
t businessees.
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 Activity 1 Basics of Written
n Business
Communication
1) What kind of writing in your opinion is important for organisations?
Justify.
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2) What kind of writing in your opinion should be avoided at the workplace

and why?
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As you are probably aware, writing helps you develop many skills which are
helpful for your academic life as well as for your work life.Writing helps in
communicating one's ideas and thoughts.
● Writing helps you remember what you are reading, by helping you to
make coherent notes, analyse, synthesize and summarise information
from different sources.
● Writing as you read by taking notes, summarizing, responding to
assumptions/arguments in a text, makes you a better reader. This kind of
reflection enhances your understanding and helps you develop new
insights. It helps you become a critical thinker.
● Writing will also foster your personal development. When you write
about events in the organisation, it helps you understand the significance
of these events. In other words, you become a more reflective and
thinking person.
● At the workplace, you will need to write impressively to get jobs; while
in the job you will be expected to write effective and correctly worded
emails, memos, reports, proposals and so on. If your language is faulty or
your ideas are ill-organised, it will affect your career enhancement.

9.3 FEATURES OF WRITTEN

COMMUNICATION

Many people believe that people who are good at writing do not need to
spend a lot of time learning to write – they are born writers. Writing comes
naturally to them. However, this is not true. Writing research shows that all
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Wriitten good writeers also keepp learning how h to writee and they constantly practice
p
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W their skills. So, learningg to write iss essential foor developing writing skkills. To
be an efffective com mmunicator one musst adhere to the folllowing
characteristtics of writinng:

● Extenssive readingg: Reading extensively will enablee you to beccome a

better writer.
w In peersonal as weell as professsional life a reading habit helps
in deveeloping betteer communiccation skills
● Consta ant writing: One of thee best ways to become a good writeer is by
constanntly writing.. Practice maakes writingg more profo
ound and thee words
that floow have morre clarity.
● Word conscious/w word seekeer: Good voocabulary heelps in placing the
approppriate wordss while writting which will help in
i transmittiing the
messagge with morre clarity. Th
his is very m
much importtant in the business
b
world.
● Purpose of writin ng: It is veryy important to be awaree of the purppose for
which you are writting and havve knowledgee of who you ur readers arre. This
will make
m your wrriting more focused andd precise. Whatever the writing
situatioon, most of uus as writerss have variouus purposes in
i mind.
● Targett audience: Remember, most writing is meant too be read by others.
In the business woorld, the auddience is quiite specific and
a communnication
to the employer orr other stakeeholders is mmade througgh e-mails, memos,
m
reportss etc. or a jobb applicationn.
● Underrstanding off the subjectt: The next sstep is to atttempt to undderstand
your suubject or toppic. Few wriiters can havve a complette understannding of
their suubject or topic when thhey begin too write. Rem member, ‘wrriting is
not sommething youu do after thinnking, but itt is somethin
ng which hellps you
to thinkk’.

Activity 2
Can you reecall your eaarliest experrience of wriiting at yourr workplace? What
did you wriite?
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9.4 PR
ROCESS
S OF WR
RITING
Writing is a complex pprocess whicch involves thinking annd composingg texts.
When we write, we hhave ideas and a these iddeas come to us as woords or
phrases. Thhese words oor phrases arre then logiccally placed in sentencess which
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 are then combined to form paragraphs. Ultimately, paragraphs are put Basics of Written
n Business
together to form a coherent text. Though the process of creating a text may Communication
vary from person to person and text type to text type, there are a few basic
steps that can help us demystify this process.
Writers, therefore, plan and then revise their plan, draft and then revise their
drafts, write and then rewrite. This is known as the process approach to
writing and it is important to follow such an approach. There are different
steps involved in the process of writing. These are explained in detail below:

Step 1: Understanding your reader - Who is it for?

Before one begins the process of writing, it is important to identify the reader.
Is the reader your boss? Or are you writing a project proposal for venture
capitalists? Either way, knowing the reader is the first step in the writing
process.
If we closely examine our writing activities, we will see that we write
differently based on who the reader is and what genre of writing we are
attempting. It can be a formal as well as informal form of communication.
Once you identify the reader, the next step is to develop a profile of the
reader. Are you writing for a digital audience? If yes, you may have to
consider keeping the length of your text short. Is your reader a potential
employer? If yes, you may have to use a formal tone when you write. Now
the question arises as to how one can create a reader’s profile. Let us learn
how to create a reader’s profile.

Creating a reader’s profile:

The following list of questions can help you create a reader’s profile:
1) Who is my reader? Am I addressing one person or am I addressing a
diverse group of individuals?
2) Are they familiar with what I say? If not, then what should I tell them so
that they follow what I write? What do they already know?
3) Why should they be interested in what I say?
4) What is the best way to communicate?
5) Should I use a particular structure, tone, or style when I communicate?
What genre should I use?
6) What will they gain after reading?
Activity 3

Write a proposal where you want to improve the living conditions of a group
of people as part of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activity of your
organisation. Who will be your reader and why? Discuss.

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Wriitten Step 2: Fin
nding the Pu
urpose - Wh
hat is your iintent?
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Now that you
y know yoour audiencee, it is time to identify the t purpose behind
your writinng exercise. Y
You need to do that to ennsure the folllowing:

● Your audience
a willl understandd what you aare writing about
a and why
w it is
importtant to you annd to them.
● You will
w understaand why yo ou, your supperiors, and your organnisation
needs to
t know aboout the subjecct.

● You will
w be able to identify and gatherr the inform
mation that is
i most
relevan
nt to your reaaders and yoour goals.

Step 3: Sta
arting the Writing
W Proccess
Sometimes, when we sit down too write, we may feel th he need to discuss
everything under the suun about thee topic that w
we chose. Orr we may geet stuck
and cannott write at alll. In such situations,
s itt is always good to jusst start
writing. Iddeas, if you hhave noticed
d, gain coherrence and cllarity when you
y put
them downn on paper. Free writing is therefoore a good strategy
s to develop
d
your ideas. Once you hhave enoughh ideas on paaper, you can n then choosse what
you want fo or the subjecct.

Step 4: Devveloping Ideas - How to research??

Conductingg research is a crucial co
omponent off the writing process. Herre are a
few tips thaat can help you
y with connducting youur research:

● Intern
net Research
h
At the brainstorming stage, you will w have seeveral ideass in mind foor your
proposed toopic. It might be a good idea to caapture them in your minnd map
and this miight make itt easier to naarrow the sccope of yourr topic as yoou think
along. You u can start byy doing basiic internet reesearch. At this stage, you
y can
note down key points ssuch as defin nitions, history, and recennt developmments so
that you haave a fair undderstanding of
o the topic.

● Identiffying credib
ble sources
y have an overview about
Now that you a your toopic, it is im
mportant to iidentify
reliable in
nformation. You mustt find reliaable sources to suppoort the
informationn that you ppresent in yoour writing. To find relliable sourcees, you
must checkk the followinng:

1) Who iss the writer? Are they qu

ualified to write about th
his topic?
2) Where is the inform
mation from
m? Is the webbsite a reliablle source?
3) Does the
t informattion agree wiith what other sources have also saidd?
4) Can the informatioon be verifiedd?
● Librarry research
A few decaades back, libbraries weree the primaryy sources of information. While
the internett has helpedd us find infformation att record speeed, it can aalso not
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 have the right answers for some of our queries. In such contexts, you can visit Basics of Written
n Business
a library and find credible vetted resources that can help you with your Communication
research.

● Organise and label your research

Research can thoroughly overwhelm you if you do not organise the
information that you have. When you collect information through internet or
library research, organise them into folders and label them correctly. If you
are reading articles on your browser, it would be good to bookmark the link
so that you can return to them whenever you need. There are also online tools
like Pocket that will help you save links online.

Step 5: Writing a plan

After the free writing that you do, it is important to write an outline. This may
be in points and remember these points will be changed if required. In fact,
your plan must be dynamic and flexible. You can also use mind maps to
understand your topic better. Let us discuss how to create mind maps.

● Mind maps
Sometimes, visualising what you have in mind can help you understand your
ideas better. Visual tools like mind maps can be used to capture your initial
ideas. Created around a single theme or concept, they can also be used to
understand relationships between different sub-themes or ideas, if any.

Creating a mind map

Mind maps can be created using the combination of colour coding, short text,
doodles, short phrases, division of knowledge or information etc. to make it
an effective and active tool of communication. Mind maps can be made with
the help of e-tools which are available on the internet. These can be used to
explain the ideas effectively.

Now let us look at a mind map of a business plan as shown in figure 1.

Figure 1: Mind-map of a business plan

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Wriitten ● Asking
g Questionss
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Other thann mind mapps, we can alsoa consideer asking questions
q aboout the
concept/theeme. For exxample, if you
y wish to write to yo our boss about the
improvemeent and re-laaunch of a product
p thatt your comppany had deesigned,
you could ask
a yourselff the followinng questions:
1) What is
i the producct?
w the customer comp
2) What were plaints? And why?
3) What were
w the goood points of the
t product?? Why?
4) What are
a the improovements su
uggested by tthe research team?
5) How so
oon can the changes be made?
m
6) How sh
hould we addvertise the im
mprovementts?
7) When should the laaunch be helld?
If you answ wer the queestions given above, it will help you y understaand the
process of re-launchingg the producct better. Thhis understannding can theen help
you structuure your writting. In a sim
milar mannerr, you can ask
a yourself a set of
probing queestions so thhat they provvide you withh enough ideeas.

The questioons given abbove are som

me exampless that you coould use whhen you
brainstorm.. You could use them orr use your oown questionns to help yoou with
your writinng process.

Activity 4
Think of a business plan. Create a mind map of your braainstorming process
p
for a busineess plan.
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Step 7: Strructuring - How

H to Outtline?
An outline prepares thhe skeletal structure
s of your writinng. Since yoou have
brainstormeed and reseearched on your topic, you have a vast amoount of
informationn in hand. TTherefore, it is good to create an ouutline that caan help
you organisse the inform
mation logicaally.
Typically, most busineess writings have a structure where the informaation is
broadly cattegorised intto – Introdu uction, Bodyy and Concluusion. Introdduction,
as the namee suggests, iintroduces th he concept/thheme to the reader and tells
t the
reader whaat to expect.. It usually has an interesting hook k that captuures the
interest of the
t reader foollowed by a quick overrview of thee topic. The body b is
the spine off your writinng. It is in thhis section thhat you preseent your arguuments,
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 evidence, or ideas to the reader. Finally, the conclusion sums up the writing Basics of Written
n Business
and gives the reader an understanding about your intent and purpose. Communication

Activity 5
You have been asked by your organisation to attend a conference on
“Improving the Carbon footprints at the Workplace”. Write a technical trip
report on the conference giving details of your own contribution to it. (250
words)
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Step 8:Putting it on paper - How to write?

So far, we have discussed planning methods and strategies that could help
with the writing process. But how do we start writing? This is an interesting
question because preparations and plans do not translate to writing.

To write, we must sit at a desk and write to meet our deadline. This means
that we must push our brains to construct coherent sentences, paragraphs, and
texts when we write.
Many of us may feel anxious about writing. We commit to or are given
deadlines but fail to meet them due to procrastination or lack of prioritization.
We may also think that what we write is not good enough. In such contexts,
the following writing tips can be useful:
● Free writing: We may think that we need to churn good sentences as
soon as we start writing. This need for perfection can prevent us from
actual writing and make us feel anxious. In the first stage of writing, your
task is to put information on paper. Take the plunge and think freely.
Forget about errors and typos when you write. Your task at this stage is
to write and not edit.

● Concentrate: Our attention span has reduced considerably with the

internet. We are constantly distracted by text alerts and notifications that
we find it hard to focus. Writing demands focus and concentration. So,
cut out all distractions when you sit down to write. Let your mind only
be in contact with your writing.
● Make writing a habit: As people with responsibilities, we juggle
several tasks at the same time. Writing takes a backseat when we
prioritise other work which we find easier to do. To avoid this, it is good
to set aside a designated space and time for your writing. If you have
some free time in the morning or at night, consider blocking this time for
your writing.
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Wriitten ● Time yourself:
y Seet a timer foor ten minuttes and writte without taaking a
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W break. At the end of ten minu utes, take a 55-minute breeak. This wiill train
your mind
m to mainntain constaant contact wwith your writing
w and prevent
p
you fro
om feeling ooverwhelmedd with the wrriting processs.

● Talk to someone: Writing offten makes uus feel insecuure and loneely. The
fact thaat you have no one arouund to read w what you write can preveent you
from actively
a woorking on your
y writingg. To avoidd this, speaak to a
friend//family mem mber/colleaggue who couuld give you feedback.. These
insightts could be inncorporated into your writing.

Activity 6
Time yoursself for fifteeen minutes and write aabout an unu usual experiience at
the workplaace. Remem mber to avoidd distractionss while you are
a at it.

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Step 9: Rew
working thee Draft - Hoow to Revisee?
The act of writing is inncomplete without
w the act
a of readinng and revising. To
write is to also
a read annd then rewriite what we write. Usuaally, what yoou write
in your firsst draft may be
b messy. Itt could be a ttangled buncch of ideas and a half
formed thoughts you communicateed on paper at one go. This T means thhat you
must returnn to your draaft and ‘cleann’ the copy bbefore it goees to the readder.
Revising iss thus an oppportunity to critically exxamine your writing. Whhen you
revise, youu can rethinkk and changge what you write. You can reorgannise for
clarity and remove inccoherent ideeas. Basicallyy, good wriiting emergees from
multiple roounds of reviision. So, finnding time tto revise and
d rewrite is a must.
Take some time away ffrom your draftd y begin reworking on it. You
before you
can take a few days orr hours to distance
d yourrself from your
y writing. When
you revisit your draft after the brrief break, read it like an a editor, allthough
revising is not
n editing.

Do remembber that reviising is not thet same as editing. Whhen you reviise, you
can even chhange the whole
w draft annd start afreesh. Though editing is a part of
the revisionn process, itt does not in
nvolve large scale changges to the drraft. So,
when you sit
s to work ono a writing project,
p do eensure that you have set enough
and more tiime for revissions.

Step 10: In
ntegrating Feedback
F - How
H to collaaborate?
Most peoplle believe thhat writing iss a personal project.
p Whiile this may be true
to some exttent, good wwriting emergges from colllaboration and
a feedbackk. Even
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 after the first round of revisions, you may still not know if your writing Basics of Written
n Business
would work for a reader. To understand this, you could consider asking a Communication
friend or colleague to read your draft.
Constructive feedback can do wonders to your draft. It will improve the
reading experience of your draft and make you confident about your writing.
Here are a few steps that will help you to receive feedback:

● Find a trusted friend or peer who can give you constructive feedback.
Ensure that they are kind and objective in their comments.
● Share the draft and a detailed note outlining the goals of your writing,
with your friend. The note will help them understand the purpose of your
writing and help them communicate effective feedback.
● Keep an open mind. Feedback can be a mixed bag of tricks. It is possible
that your friend may not like some part of your writing. If they say so, be
polite and ask them why they did not find it up to the mark. Knowing
their reason can help you revise your draft.

Step 11:Polishing the Draft - How to Edit and Proofread?

Editing and proofreading are the final steps of the writing process. They
make our writing effective and error-free. Though editing and proofreading
are linked to each other, they are different in terms of their functions. Editing,
for example, can be a part of the revising process. Since we are re-reading the
draft, we may edit for clarity as we make revisions. proofreading, on the
other hand, only engages with error correction.

The following steps can help you with your editing process:
● Read your writing aloud: When you read aloud, you are the reader of
your writing. You give real-time feedback to your brain and that can help
with identifying problems faster.

● Find and fix common mistakes: There are several common mistakes
that we make when we write. These can include punctuation errors or
spelling mistakes. If you have noticed some of them in your previous
writing, you can check for them when you edit.

● Check and remove repetitions: Remove repetitive words, phrases, and

ideas when you read. Instead, use synonyms.
● Clarity: Look out for wordy, clichéd and empty sentences. See if you
can combine sentences for clarity.

● Use active voice: Sentences like ‘The new software can be mastered
easily in a couple of days’ are awkward as compared to ‘You can easily
master the new software in a couple of days.’ To avoid this, always give
importance to the subject.

● Ensure uniformity in the use of tenses: Check if you have switched

tenses or used the wrong tense.

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Wriitten ● Checkk for subjectt-verb agreeement errorrs: See if theere are any errors
e in
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W pronou
un usage.
The following steps cann help you with
w your prooofreading process:
p

● Read one
o sentencee at a time. Look
L closely from the beeginning to tthe end.
When reading thhe sentence,, look out for missinng words, spelling s
kes and puncctuation errors. Reading sentences one by one can help
mistak
you spot errors faster since youu are readingg them in iso
olation.
● Read the
t paper alooud. When you y read outt, you will hear
h yourself speak
and spot errors fasster. You cann also hear hhow your seentences souund to a
listenerr/reader andd make chang
ges based onn that.
● Consid
der proofreading in a diifferent ordeer other thann top to botttom. If
you read the paperr from bottoom to top orr in parts, yo
ou may catchh typos
and othher spelling mistakes.
● Comm mon punctuattion errors suuch as use of
o commas an
nd apostrophhes can
also bee rectified duuring proofreeading.
● y, to ensuree that there are no misstakes, you can also consider
Finally
sharingg your writinng with a frriend and assking them tot proofreadd. Since
they arre unfamiliaar with the text, they cann easily spoot errors wheen they
read.

Activity 7
Spot the Mistakes:
M Reead the text given beloww. There aree 12 verbs tthat are
wrong. Rew write the paassage with the correct form of thee verb in thee space
provided.
Some jobs is very dem manding butt nevertheless, someonee have to doo them.
Recently, I saw an addvertisementt in the new wspaper wheere ABC Coompany
were lookinng for a Choocolate Purch hase Manageer. The Com mpany were offering
o
to pay ₹30,,000 per yeaar for the rigght candidatee.The naturee of the job are
a also
very interesting. The aapplicant aree expected too travel to Africa
A to seleects the
right cocoaa to be used iin the makinng of chocolaate.The com mpany are exppecting
a lot of appplications forr the job. Thhey is lookinng for someo
one who worrk hard,
enjoy traveelling and whho love choccolate.
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n
9.5 SUMMARY Basics of Written
Business
Communication
In this unit, we have learned the importance of writing as an important mode
of communication. We looked at how writing helps us to organise our
thoughts and helps us communicate effectively. At the workplace, good,
clean, concise writing helps us in upward mobility in our careers. We also
saw how writing helps us in creating meaningful texts of all types. Finally, it
helps us to think and articulate our ideas and communicate them to the target
audience. This unit also discussed the basic steps involved in the process of
writing which is important in present times as written communication, be it
informal or formal, has become an integral part of the workplace.

9.6 KEYWORDS
Written Communication: It is the process of transmitting messages through
written words

Mind Maps: A visual tool to capture the ideas.

Feedback: Process of transmitting evaluative or corrective information about
an action.

Editing: Process of selecting and preparing a written, visual or audible

material to convey a message.
Proofreading: Process of identifying errors in the text.

9.7 SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS

1) Discuss the need for written communication?
2) What are the characteristics of good written communication?
3) Explain different steps of the process of writing.

4) What is the role of feedback in written communication?

5) Why is written communication important for business organisations?

9.8 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS

IGNOU.(2020). BEGS-183 Writing and Study Skills. New Delhi: IGNOU.
Available at https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/67249
IGNOU. (2021). BEGE-145 Soft Skills New Delhi: IGNOU. Available at
https://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/77151
IGNOU.(2021). BEGG-173 Academic Writing and Composition. New Delhi:
IGNOU. Available athttps://egyankosh.ac.in/handle/123456789/76123
Jensen, J. (2017) Write No Matter What: Advice for Academics. The
University of Chicago Press.

149
Wriitten Kiefer, K. (1994-2021)
( ). Editing and Proofreadding Strategiies.The WAC
C
Commmunication
At Work
W Clearinghouse.Coloraddo State Univ versity. Avaiilable at
https://wac.colostate.eddu/resources//writing/guiddes/
King, S. (2014). On Wrriting. Canadda: Leatherbbound Bestseellers.

Lamott, A. (2007). Birdd by Birdd: Some Innstructions on Writinng and

Life. United
d States: Knopf Doubledday Publishinng Group.
Lindblom, P. D. (1983)). Elements of
o Writing. U
United Statess: Macmillann.

Strunk, W. (2020). Thee Elements off Style. (n.p.): Auroch Prress Limitedd.
Zinsser, W. (2012). Onn Writing Weell, 30th Annniversary Ed dition: An Innformal
Guide to Writing
W Nonfiiction. Uniteed States: Haarper Perenniial.

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