Table of Contents

EEE 165 PP Chapt01 2

1 P.P.1.10 This assigned practice problem is to apply the detailed problem solving
3
technique to some of the more difficult problems of Chapter 1.
EEE 165 PP Chapt02 4
1 P.P.2.2 (a) v = iR = 2 mA[10 kohms] = 20 V 4
2 P.P.2.3 p = vi which leads to i = p/v = [20 cos2 (t) mW]/[10cos(t) mA] 4
3 P.P.2.4 5 branches and 3 nodes. The 1 ohm and 2 ohm resistors are in parallel.
4
The 4 ohm resistor and the 10 volt source are also in parallel.
4 P.P.2.7 Applying KCL, 6 = i0 + [i0 /4] + [v0 /8], but i0 = v0/2 5
5 P.P.2.10 6
6 P.P.2.13 8
7 P.P.2.14 9
8 P.P.2.16 9
EEE 165 PP Chapt03 10
1 P.P.3.13 17
EEE 165 PP Chapt04 19
1 P.P.4.1 19
2 P.P.4.2 19
3 P.P.4.9 To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a). 25
4 P.P.4.10 Since there are no independent sources, VTh = 0 26
EEE 165 PP Chapt09 33
EEE 165 PP Chapt10 40
EEE 165 PP Chapt11 54
EEE 165 PP Chapt12 63
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 1

P.P.1.1 A proton has 1.602 x 10-19 C. Hence, 2 million protons have

+1.602 x 10-19 x 2 x 106 = 3.204 x 10–13 C

P.P.1.2 i = dq/dt = -10(–2)e-2t mA

At t = 0.5 sec, i = 20e-1 = 7.358 mA

1 2 2 1 3 2
∫ idt = ∫ 2dt + ∫
2
P.P.1.3 q= 2t dt = 2t + ( 2 / 3) t
0 1 0 1

= 2 + 14/3 = 6.667 C

P.P.1.4 (a) Vab = w/q = -30/2 = –15 V

The negative sign indicates that point a is at higher potential than point b.

(b) Vab = w/q = -30/-6 = 5 V

P.P.1.5 (a) v = 2 i = 10 cos (60 π t)

p = v i = 50 cos2 (60 π t)

At t = 5 ms, p = 50 cos2 (60 π 5x10-3) = 50 cos2 (0.3 π)

= 17.27 watts

t t 25
(b) v = 10 + 5 ∫ idt = 10 + ∫ 25 cos 60 π t dt = 10+ sin 60 π t
0 0 60π

p = vi = 5 cos (60 πt)[10 + (25/(60 π)) sin (60 π t)]

At t = 5 ms, p = 5 cos (0.3π){10 + (25/(60 π)) sin (0.3 π)}

= 29.7 watts
P.P.1.6 p = v i = 15 x 120 = 1800 watts; w = p x t

therefore, t = w/p = (30x103)/1800 = 16.667 seconds

P.P.1.7 p1 = 5(-8) = –40w

p2 = 2(8) = 16w

p3 = 0.61(3) = 0.6(5)(3) = 9w

p4 = 3(5) = 15w

dn
P.P.1.8 i= = e = -1.6 x 10-19 x 1013 = -1.6 x 10-6 A
dt
p = v0 i = 30 x 103 x (1.6 x 10-6) = 48mW

P.P.1.9 Minimum monthly charge = $12.00

First 100 kWh @ $0.16/kWh = $16.00

Next 200 kWh @ $0.10/kWh = $20.00

Remaining 100 kWh @ $0.06/kWh = $6.00

Total Charge = $54.00

Average cost = $54/[100+200+100] = 13.5 cents/kWh

P.P.1.10 This assigned practice problem is to apply the detailed problem solving
technique to some of the more difficult problems of Chapter 1.
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 2

P.P.2.1 i = V/R = 110/12 = 9.167 A

P.P.2.2 (a) v = iR = 2 mA[10 kohms] = 20 V

(b) G = 1/R = 1/10 kohms = 100 µS

(c) p = vi = 20 volts[2 mA] = 40 mW

P.P.2.3 p = vi which leads to i = p/v = [20 cos2 (t) mW]/[10cos(t) mA]

or i = 2cos(t) mA

R = v/i = 10cos(t)V/2cos(t)mA = 5 kΩ

P.P.2.4 5 branches and 3 nodes. The 1 ohm and 2 ohm resistors are in parallel.
The 4 ohm resistor and the 10 volt source are also in parallel.

P.P.2.5 Applying KVL to the loop we get:

-10 + 4i – 8 + 2i = 0 which leads to i = 3A

v1 = 4i = 12V and v2 = -2i = –6V

P.P.2.6 Applying KVL to the loop we get:

-35 + 10i + 2vx + 5i = 0

But, vx = 10i and v0 = -5i. Hence,

-35 + 10i + 20i + 5i = 0 which leads to i = 1A.

Thus, vx = 10V and v0 = –5V

P.P.2.7 Applying KCL, 6 = i0 + [i0 /4] + [v0 /8], but i0 = v0/2

Which leads to: 6 = (v0/2) + (v0/8) + (v0/8) thus, v0 = 8V and i0 = 4A

P.P.2.8 2Ω i1 i3 4Ω

+ V1 - + V3 -
+ i2
5V -
- + 3V
Loop 1 Loop 2 +
V2 8Ω
-

At the top node, i1 = i 2 + i 3 (1)

For loop 1 -5 + V1 + V2 = 0
or V1 = 5 - V2 (2)

For loop 2 - V2 + V3 -3 = 0
or V3 = V2 + 3 (3)

Using (1) and Ohm’s law, we get

(V1/2) = (V2/8) + (V3/4)

and now using (2) and (3) in the above yields

[(5- V2)/2] = (V2/8) + (V2+3)/4

or V2 = 2 V

V1 = 5- V2 = 3V, V3 = 2+3 = 5V, i1 = (5-2)/2 = 1.5A,

i2 = 250 mA, i3 = 1.25A

P.P.2.9 2Ω 3Ω 4Ω

Req 6Ω 4Ω 5Ω

1Ω 3Ω
Combining the 4 ohm, 5 ohm, and 3ohm resistors in series gives 4+3+5 = 12.

But, 4 in parallel with 12 produces [4x12]/[4+12] = 48/16 = 3ohm.

So that the equivalent circuit is shown below.

2Ω 3Ω

Req 3Ω
6Ω

1Ω

Thus, Req = 1 + 2 + [6x6]/[6+6] = 6 Ω

20 Ω
P.P.2.10

8Ω 5Ω

20 Ω
18 Ω
Req 1Ω
9Ω

2Ω

Combining the 9 ohm resistor and the 18 ohm resistor yields [9x18]/[9+18] = 6 ohms.
Combining the 5 ohm and the 20 ohm resistors in parallel produces [5x20/(5+20)] = 4
ohms We now have the following circuit:

8Ω 4Ω

6Ω 1Ω
20 Ω

2Ω

The 4 ohm and 1 ohm resistors can be combined into a 5 ohm resistor in parallel with a
20 ohm resistor. This will result in [5x20/(5+20)] = 4 ohms and the circuit shown below:

8Ω 4Ω

6Ω

2Ω

The 4 ohm and 2 ohm resistors are in series and can be replaced by a 6 ohm resistor.
This gives a 6 ohm resistor in parallel with a 6 ohm resistor, [6x6/(6+6)] = 3 ohms. We
now have a 3 ohm resistor in series with an 8 ohm resistor or 3 + 8 = 11ohms. Therefore:

Req = 11 ohms

P.P. 2.11
8||4 = 8+4 = 12S
8S 4S
12 S
Geq
Geq
2S
4S 2||4 = 2+4 = 6S 6S

12 S in series with 6 S = {12x6/(12+6)] = 4 or: Geq = 4 S

P.P.2.12 12 Ω

i1 + v1 - i2 + v1 -

6Ω + 4Ω +
15V + 15V +
- 10 Ω 40 Ω v2
- 8Ω v2
- -

6||12 = [6x12/(6+12)] = 4 ohm and 10||40 = [10x40/(10+40)] = 8 ohm.

Using voltage division we get:

v1 = [4/(4+8)] (15) = 5 volts, v2 = [8/12] (15) = 10 volts

i1 = v1/12 = 5/12 = 416.7 mA, i2 = v2/40 = 10/40 = 250 mA

P1 = v1 i1 = 5x5/12 = 2.083 watts, P2 = v2 i2 = 10x0.25 = 2.5 watts

P.P.2.13
1k Ω i1 i2

+ +
4k Ω
v1 10mA 5k Ω 20k Ω v2 4k Ω
3k Ω 10mA
- -

Using current division, i1 = i2 = (10 mA)(4 kohm/(4 kohm + 4 kohm)) = 5mA

(a) v1 = (3 kohm)(5 mA) = 15 volts

v2 = (4 kohm)(5 mA) = 20 volts

(b) For the 3k ohm resistor, P1 = v1 x i1 = 15x5 = 75 mw

For the 20k ohm resistor, P2 = (v2)2 /20k = 20 mw
(c) The total power supplied by the current source is equal to:
P = v2 x 10 mA = 20x10 = 200 mw
P.P.2.14

Ra = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R1 = [10x20 + 20x40 + 40x10]/10 = 140 ohms

Rb = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R2 = 1400/20 = 70 ohms

Rc = [R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R3 R1]/ R3 = 1400/40 = 35 ohms

P.P.2.15 We first find the equivalent resistance, R. We convert the delta

sub-network to a wye connected form as shown below:

13 Ω
i
13 Ω a
a
10 Ω
24 Ω
24 Ω 10 Ω
100V 20Ω
a’ b’
+
- 6Ω 10 Ω
30 Ω 50 Ω
n
b 15 Ω
b
c’

Ra’n = 20x30/[20 + 30 + 50] = 6 ohms, Rb’n = 20x50/100 = 10 ohms

Rc’n = 30x50/100 = 15 ohms.

Thus, Rab = 13 + (24 + 6)||(10 + 10) + 15 = 28 + 30x20/(30 + 20) = 40 ohms.

i = 100/ Rab = 100/40 = 2.5 amps

P.P.2.16
For the parallel case, v = v0 = 110volts.
p = vi i = p/v = 40/110 = 364 mA

For the series case, v = v0/N = 110/10 = 11 volts

i = p/v = 40/11 = 3.64 amps

P.P.2.17 We use equation (2.61)

(a) R1 = 50x10-3/ (1-10-3) = 0.05/999 = 50 mΩ (shunt)

(b) R2 = 50x10-3/(100x10-3 – 10-3) = 50/99 = 505 mΩ (shunt)

(c) R3 = 50x10-3/(10x10-3-10-3) = 50/9 = 5.556 Ω (shunt)

 February 5, 2006
CHAPTER 3

P.P.3.1 1A 1 i1 6 Ω i1
2 4A
1A i2 i3
4A
2Ω 7Ω

At node 1,

v1 − v 2 v1 − 0
1 = i1 + i2 1= +
6 2

or 6 = 4v1 - v2 (1)

At node 2,

v1 − v 2 v −0
i1 = 4 + i 3 = 4+ 2
6 7

or 168 = 7v1 - 13v2 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) gives

v1 = –2 V, v2 = –14 V

P.P.3.2 i1 2Ω

4ix
i2 i2 v2
v1 v3
3Ω ix i3
10 A 4Ω 6Ω
At node 1,

v1 − v 3 v1 − v 2
10 = i1 + i2 = +
2 3
or 60 = 5v1 - 2v2 - 3v3 (1)

At node 2,

v1 − v 2 v
i 2 + 4i x = i x +3 2 = 0
3 4

or 4v1 + 5v2 = 0 (2)

At node 3,

v1 − v 3 v 3 − 0 v
i1 = i3 + 4ix = +4 2
2 6 4

or -3v1 + 6v2 + 4v3 = 0 (3)

Solving (1) to (3) gives

v1 = 80 V, v2 = –64 V, v3 = 156 V

P.P.3.3
4Ω 3V
v v1 -+
7V
+ + +
+ 3Ω v 2Ω 6Ω
v v1
- - - -

(a) (b)

At the supernode in Fig. (a),

7 − v v v1 v1
= + +
4 3 2 6

or 21 = 7v + 8v1 (1)

Applying KVL to the loop in Fig. (b),

- v - 3 + v1 = 0 v1 = v + 3 (2)
Solving (1) and (2),

v = – 200 mV

v1
v1 = v + 3 = 2.8, i1 = = 1.4
2

i1 = 1.4 A

P.P.3.4
3V
v1 v2 v3
+- - +
+ + +
v1 v2 v3
- - -

(a) (b)

From Fig. (a),

v1 v 2 v 3
+ + =0 6v1 + 3v2 + 4v3 = 0 (1)
2 4 3

From Fig. (b),

- v1 + 10 + v2 = 0 v1 = v2 + 10 (2)

- v2 - 5i + v3 = 0 v3 = v2 + 5i (3)

Solving (1) to (3), we obtain

v1 = 3.043V, v2 = –6.956 V, v3 = 652.2 mV

P.P.3.5 We apply KVL to the two loops and obtain

- 12 + 18ii - 12i2 = 0 3ii - 2i2 = 2 (1)

8 + 24i2 - 12i1 = 0 - 3i1 + 6i2 = -2 (2)

From (1) and (2) we get

i1 = 666.7 mA, i2 = 0A
P.P.3.6 For mesh 1,

- 20 + 6i1 – 2i2 - 4i3 = 0 3i1 - i2 - 2i3 = 10 (1)

For mesh 2,

10i2 - 2i1 - 8i3 - 10i0 = 0 = -i1 + 5i2 – 9i3 (2)

But i0 = i3,

18i3 - 4i1 - 8i2 = 0 - 2i1 - 4i2 + 9i3 = 0 (3)

From (1) to (3),

⎡ 3 − 1 − 2⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡10⎤
⎢ − 1 5 − 9⎥ ⎢i ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣− 2 − 4 9 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

3 −1 − 2
−1 5 − 9
Δ = − 2 − 4 9 = 135 - 8 - 18 - 20 - 108 - 9 = - 28
3 −1 − 2
−1 5 − 9

10 − 1 − 2
0 5 −9
Δ 1 = 0 − 4 9 = 450 − 360 = 90
10 − 1 − 2
0 5 −9

3 10 − 2
−1 0 − 9
Δ 2 = − 2 0 9 = 180 + 90 = 270
3 10 − 2
−1 0 − 9
 3 − 1 10
−1 5 0
Δ 3 = − 2 − 4 0 = 40 + 100 = 140
3 − 1 10
−1 5 0

Δ1 90 Δ 2 270 Δ 140
i1 = = = −3.214, i2 = = = −9.643 , i3 = 3 = = −5A
Δ − 28 Δ − 28 Δ − 28

i0 = i3 = –5A

P.P.3.7

2Ω
i3 2Ω
i3
i1 i1 2Ω 2Ω
6V + 4Ω
-
4Ω
+
3A -
3A i2 8Ω
i2
8Ω
1Ω

i1 0 i2
(a) (b)

For the supermesh,

- 6 + 2i1 - 2i3 + 12i2 - 4i3 = 0 i1 + 6i2 - 3i3 = 3 (1)

For mesh 3,

8i3 - 2i1 - 4i2 = 0 - i1 - 2i2 + 4i3 = 0 (2)

At node 0 in Fig. (a),

i1 = 3 + i2 i1 - i2 = 3

Solving (1) to (3) yields

i1 = 3.474A, i2 = 473.7 mA, i3 = 1.1052A

P.P.3.8 G11 = 1/(1) + 1/(10) + 1/(5) = 1.3, G12 = -1/(5) = -0.2,
G33 = 1/(4) + 1 = 1.25, G44 = 1/(2) + 1/(4) = 0.75,
G12 = -1/(5) = - 0.2, G13 = - 1, G14 = 0,
G21 = -0.2, G23 = 0 = G26,
G31 = -1, G32 = 0, G34 = - 1/4 = - 0.25,
G41 = 0, G42 = 0, G43 = 0.25,
i1 = 0, i2 = 2 - 1 = 1, i3 = - 1, i4 = 3.

Hence,

⎡ 1.3 − 0.2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ v1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢− 0.2 0.2 0 0 ⎥⎥ ⎢v ⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 1.25 − 0.25⎥ ⎢ v3 ⎥ ⎢− 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 − 0.25 0.75 ⎦ ⎣v4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 ⎦

P.P.3.9 R11 = 50 + 40 + 80 = 170, R22 = 40 + 30 + 10 = 80,

R33 = 30 + 20 = 50, R44 = 10 + 80 = 90,
R55 = 20 + 60 = 80, R12 = -40, R13 = 0, R14 = -80,
R15 = 0, R21 = -40, R23 = -30, R24 = -10, R25 = 0,
R31 = 0, R32 = -30, R34 = 0, R35 = -20,
R41 = -80, R42 = -10, R43 = 0, R45 = 0,
R51 = 0, R52 = 0, R53 = -20, R54 = 0,
v1 = 24, v2 = 0, v3 = -12, v4 = 10, v5 = -10

Hence the mesh-current equations are

⎡ 170 − 40 0 − 80 0 ⎤ ⎡ i1 ⎤ ⎡ 24 ⎤
⎢− 40 80 − 30 − 10 ⎥ ⎢
0 ⎥ ⎢i 2 ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 − 30 50 0 − 20⎥ ⎢i 3 ⎥ = ⎢− 12⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 80 − 10 0 90 0 ⎥ ⎢i 4 ⎥ ⎢ 10 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 − 20 0 80 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣i 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣− 10⎥⎦

P.P.3.10 The schematic is shown below. It is saved and simulated by selecting

Analysis/Simulate. The results are shown on the viewpoints:

v1 = –40 V, v2 = 57.14 V, v3 = 200 V

 -40.0000 57.1430 200.0000

P.P.3.11 The schematic is shown below. After saving it, it is simulated by choosing
Analysis/Simulate. The results are shown on the IPROBES.

i 1 = –428.6 mA, i2 = 2.286 A, i3 = 2 A

-4.286E-01

2.286E+00
2.000E+00
P.P.3.12 For the input loop,

-5 + 10 x 103 IB + VBE + V0 = 0 (1)

For the outer loop,

-V0 - VCE - 500 I0 + 12 = 0 (2)

But V0 = 200 IE (3)

Also IC = βIB = 100 IB, α = β/(1 + β) = 100/(101)

IC = αIE IE = IC/(α) = βIB/(α)

IE = 100 (101/(100)) IR = 101 IB (4)

From (1), (3) and (4),

10,000 IB + 200(101) IR = 5 - VBE

5 − 0.7
IB = = 142.38μA
10,000 + 20,000

V0 = 200 IE = 20,000 IB = 2.876 V

From (2),

VCE = 12 - V0 - 500 IC = 9.124 - 500 x 100 x 142.38 x 10-6

VCE = 1.984 V {often, this is rounded to 2.0 volts}

P.P.3.13 20 kΩ

i1

i0
iC
30 kΩ iB + + 22V
+ 20 kΩ v0 -
+ VBE -
1V -
-
First of all, it should be noted that the circuit in the textbook should have a 22V
source on the right hand side rather than the 10 V source.

1 − 0 .7
iB =
B = 10μA, iC = βiB = 0.8 mA
30k

i1 = iC + i0 (1)

Also, -20ki0 – 20ki1 + 22 = 0 i1 = 1.1 mA – i0 (2)

Equating (1) and (2),

1.1mA – i0 = 0.8 mA + i0 i0 = 150 μA

v0 = 20 ki0 = 20 x 0.15 = 3 V
 February 5, 2006
CHAPTER 4

P.P.4.1
i2 6Ω

i1
+
iS 2Ω vo 4Ω
−

2 1
By current division, i 2 = is = is
2+6+4 6
2
v 0 = 4i 2 = i s
3
2
When is = 15A, v 0 = (15) = 10V
3
2
When is = 30A, v 0 = (30) = 20V
3

P.P.4.2
v1 12 Ω

+
+ 5Ω 8Ω
VS = 10 V vo
−
−

1 1
Let v0 = 1. Then i = and v 1 = (12 + 8) = 2.5
8 8
giving vs = 2.5V.

If vs = 10V, then v0 = 4V
P.P.4.3 Let v0 = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are contributions to the 20-V and 8-A
sources respectively.

3Ω i 5Ω

+
v1 2Ω + 20 V
−
−

(a)

3Ω i2 i1 5Ω

+
8A
v2 2Ω
−

(b)

To get v1, consider the curcuit in Fig. (a).

(2 + 3 + 5)i = 20 i = 20/(10) = 2A
v1 = 2i = 4V

To get v2, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

i1 = i2 = 4A, v2 = 2i2 = 8V

Thus,
v = v1 + v2 = 4 + 8 = 12V
P.P.4.4 Let vx = v1 + v2, where v1 and v2 are due to the 10-V and 2-A sources
respectively.

20 Ω v1

+ 4Ω 0.1v1
10 V
−

(a)
20 Ω v2

2A
4Ω 0.1v2

(b)

To obtain v1, consider Fig. (a).

10 − v1 v1
0.1v1 + = v1 = 2.5
20 4

For v2, consider Fig. (b).

0 − v2 v2
2 + 0.1v2 + = v2 = 10
20 4

vx = v1 + v2 = 12.5V
P.P.4.5 Let i = i1 + i2 + i3

where i1, i2, and i3 are contributions due to the 16-V, 4-A, and 12-V sources respectively.

2Ω
6Ω 2Ω 8Ω 6Ω 8Ω
4A
i1
+ i2
16V
−

(a) (b)
6Ω 2Ω 8Ω

i3
+
12V
−

(c)

16
For i1, consider Fig. (a), i1 = = 1A
6+2+8
2
For i2, consider Fig. (b). By current division, i 2 = ( 4 ) = 0 .5
2 + 14

− 12
For i3, consider Fig. (c), i 3 = = −0.75A
16
Thus, i = i1 + i2 + i3 = 1 + 0.5 - 0.75 = 750mA

6x3
P.P.4.6 Combining the 6-Ω and 3-Ω resistors in parallel gives 6 3 = = 2Ω .
9
Adding the 1-Ω and 4-Ω resistors in series gives 1 + 4 = 5Ω. Transforming the left
current source in parallel with the 2-Ω resistor gives the equivalent circuit as shown in
Fig. (a).
 5V
2Ω
− +
io

+ 7Ω 5Ω
10V 3A
−

(a)

io

7.5A 2Ω 7Ω 5Ω 3A

(b)

io

10.5A (10/7) Ω 7Ω

(c)

Adding the 10-V and 5-V voltage sources gives a 15-V voltage source. Transforming the
15-V voltage source in series with the 2-Ω resistor gives the equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).
Combining the two current sources and the 2-Ω and 5-Ω resistors leads to the circuit in
Fig. (c). Using circuit division,

10
i o = 7 (10.5) = 1.78 A
10
+7
7
P.P.4.7 We transform the dependent voltage source as shown in Fig. (a). We combine
the two current sources in Fig. (a) to obtain Fig. (b). By the current division principle,

ix =
5
(4 − 0.4i x ) ix = 1.176A
15

ix

4A 10 Ω 5Ω 0.4ix

(a)

ix

4 – 0.4ix A 10 Ω 5Ω

(b)

P.P.4.8 To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

6Ω 6Ω

4Ω RTh

(a)

6Ω

+
2A 6Ω 2A 4Ω VTh
−

(b)
12 x 4
R Th = (6 + 6) 4 = = 3Ω
18
To find VTh, we use source transformations as shown in Fig. (b) and (c).

6Ω 6Ω

+
4Ω
+ VTh
24 V
−
−

(c)

Using current division in Fig. (c),

4
VTh = (24) = 6V
4 + 12

VTh 6
i= = = 1.5A
R Th + 1 3 + 1

P.P.4.9 To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

5Ω Ix 3Ω a

+
+ i2
6V i1 4Ω VTh
−
1.5Ix −
i1 i2
o
b
(a)

0.5Ix 3Ω Ix a
i

5Ω 1.5Ix 4Ω + 1V
−

b
(b)
Ix = i2
i2 - i1 = 1.5Ix = 1.5i2 i2 = -2i1 (1)

For the supermesh, -6 + 5i1 + 7i2 = 0 (2)

From (1) and (2), i2 = 4/(3)A

VTh = 4i2 = 5.333V

To find RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Applying KVL around the outer loop,

5(0.5I x ) − 1 − 3I x = 0 Ix = -2
1
i = − I x = 2.25
4
1 1
R Th = = = 444.4 mΩ
i 2.25

P.P.4.10 Since there are no independent sources, VTh = 0

4vx
10 Ω
+ −
+ +
vx 5Ω 15 Ω vo
io
− −

(a)

4vx
10 Ω 15 Ω
+ −
+ +
vx 5Ω i vo +
– 15io
− −

(b)

To find RTh, consider Fig.(a). Using source transformation, the circuit is transformed to
that in Fig. (b). Applying KVL, ).
But vx = -5i. Hence, 30i - 20i + 15io = 0 10i = -15io
vo = (15i + 15io) = 15(-1.5io + io) = -7.5io
RTh = vo/(io) = –7.5Ω

P.P.4.11

3Ω 3Ω

6Ω RN

(a)

3Ω

5A 3Ω 4A IN

(b)

From Fig. (a), RN = (3 + 3) 6 = 3 Ω

1
From Fig. (b), IN = (5 + 4) = 4.5A
2
P.P.4.12 2vx
i
+ −
+ +
6Ω 2Ω +
vx ix vx 1V
−
− −

(a)

2vx

+ −
+
6Ω 2Ω Isc
10 A vx
−

(b)

To get RN consider the circuit in Fig. (a). Applying KVL, 6 i x − 2 v x − 1 = 0

But vx = 1, 6ix = 3 ix = 0.5
v
i = i x + x = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1
2
1
R N = R Th = = 1Ω
i

To find IN, consider the circuit in Fig. (b). Because the 2Ω resistor is shorted, vx = 0 and
the dependent source is inactive. Hence, IN = isc = 10A.

P.P.4.13 We first need to find RTh and VTh. To find RTh, we consider the circuit in
Fig. (a).
 − v0 4 Ω 4Ω
vx vx
+ + −
2Ω i 2Ω
1Ω +
1Ω
+ 1V + 9V io VTh
− −
+ + −
− −
3vx 3vx

(a) (b)
Applying KCL at the top node gives

1 − v o 3v x − v o v o
+ =
4 1 2

But vx = -vo. Hence

1 − vo v
− 4v o = o vo = 1/(19)
4 2
1
1−
1 − vo 19 = 9
i= =
4 4 38
RTh = 1/i = 38/(9) = 4.222Ω

To find VTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (b),

-9 + 2io + io + 3vx = 0

But vx = 2io. Hence,

9 = 3io + 6io = 9io io = 1A

VTh = 9 - 2io = 7V

RL = RTh = 4.222Ω

2
v Th 49
Pmax = = = 2.901W
4R L 4(4.222)
P.P.4.14 We will use PSpice to find Voc and Isc which then can be used to
find VTh and Rth.

Clearly Isc = 12 A

Clearly VTh = Ioc = 5.333 volts. RTh = Voc/Isc = 5.333/12 = 444.4 m-ohms.
P.P.4.15 The schematic is the same as that in Fig. 4.56 except that the 1-kΩ resistor is
replaced by 2-kΩ resistor. The plot of the power absorbed by RL is shown in the figure
below. From the plot, it is clear that the maximum power occurs when RL = 2kΩ and it is
125μW.

RL
VTh = 9V, R Th = (v oc − VL )
20
P.P.4.16 = (9 − 1) = 2.5Ω
VL 8

2.5 Ω

+
+
9V VL 10 Ω
−
−

10
VL = (9) = 7.2V
10 + 2.5
P.P.4.17 R1 = R3 = 1kΩ, R2 = 3.2kΩ
R
R x = 3 R 2 = R 2 = 3.2kΩ
R1

P.P.4.18 We first find RTh and VTh. To get RTh, consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

20 x 30 60 x 40
R Th = 20 30 + 60 40 = +
50 100
= 12 + 24 = 36Ω

20 Ω 30 Ω 20 Ω − 30 Ω
a a +
v2
+
VTh
RTh
+ v
b 1
b −
60 Ω 40 Ω 60 Ω − 40 Ω

10 V
+ −

(a) (b)

To find VTh, we use Fig. (b). Using voltage division,

60 20
v1 = (16) = 9.6, v2 = (16) = 6.4
100 50

But − v 1 + v 2 + v Th = 0 vTh = v1 - v2 = 9.6 - 6.4 = 32V

VTh 3.2
IG = = = 64mA
R Th + R m 3.6 + 1.4
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 9

P.P.9.1 amplitude = 5
phase = -60°
angular frequency (ω) = 4π = 12.57 rad/s
2π
period (T) = = 0.5 s
ω
1
frequency (f) = = 2 Hz
T

P.P.9.2 i1 = -4 sin(ωt + 25°) = 4 cos(ωt + 25° + 90°)

i1 = 4 cos(ωt + 115°) , ω = 377 rad/s
Compare this with
i 2 = 5 cos(ωt − 40°)
indicates that the phase angle between i1 and i 2 is
115° + 40° = 155°
Thus, i1 leads i2 by 155°

P.P.9.3 (a) (5 + j2)(-1 + j4) = -5 + j20 – j2 – 8 = -13 + j18

5∠60° = 2.5 + j4.33
(5 + j2)(-1 + j4) – 5∠60° = -15.5 + j13.67
[ (5 + j2)(-1 + j4) – 5∠60 ]* = -15.5 – j13.67 = 20.67∠221.41°

(b) 3∠40° = 2.298 + j1.928

10 + j5 + 3∠40° = 12.298 + j6.928 = 14.115∠29.39°
-3 + j4 = 5∠126.87°
10 + j5 + 3∠40° 14.115∠29.39°
= = 2.823∠ - 97.48°
- 3 + j4 5∠126.87°
2.823∠-97.48° = -0.3675 – j2.8
10∠30° = 8.66 + j5
10 + j5 + 3∠40°
+ 10∠30° = 8.293 + j2.2
- 3 + j4

P.P.9.4 (a) -cos(A) = cos(A – 180°) = cos(A + 180°)

Hence,
v = -7 cos(2t + 40°) = 7 cos(2t + 40° + 180°)
v = 7 cos(2t + 220°)
The phasor form is
V = 7∠220° V
(b) Since sin(A) = cos(A – 90°),
 i = 4 sin(10t + 10°) = 4 cos(10t+10° – 90°)
i = 4 cos(10t – 80°)
The phasor form is
I = 4∠-80° A

P.P.9.5 (a) Since -1 = 1∠-180° = 1∠180°

V = -10∠30° = 10∠(30°+180°) = 10∠210°
The sinusoid is
v(t) = 10 cos(ωt + 210°) V

(b) I = j (5 – j12) = 12 + j5 = 13∠22.62°

The sinusoid is
i(t) = 13 cos(ωt + 22.62°) A

P.P.9.6 Let V = -10 sin( ωt + 30°) + 20 cos( ωt − 45°)

Then, V = 10 cos(ωt + 30° + 90°) + 20 cos(ωt − 45°)
Taking the phasor of each term
V = 10∠120° + 20∠-45°
V = -5 + j8.66 + 14.14 – j14.14
V = 9.14 – j5.48 = 10.66∠-30.95°
Converting V to the time domain
v(t) = 10.66 cos(ωt – 30.95°)V

P.P.9.7 Given that

2 + 5v + 10 ∫ v dt = 20 cos(5t − 30°)
dv
dt
we take the phasor of each term to get
10
2jω V +5 V + V = 20∠-30°, ω = 5
jω
V [j10 + 5 – j(10/5)] = V (5 + j8) = 20∠-30°
20 ∠ - 30° 20 ∠ - 30°
V = =
5 + j8 9.434 ∠58°
V = 2.12∠-88°
Converting V to the time domain
v(t) = 2.12 cos(5t – 88°)V

P.P.9.8 For the capacitor,

V = I / (jωC),where V = 6∠-30°, ω = 100
I = jωC V = (j100)(50x10-6)(6∠-30°)
I = 30∠60° mA
i(t) = 30 cos(100t + 60°) mA

P.P.9.9 Vs = 5∠0°, ω = 10
 Z = 4 + jωL = 4 + j2

5∠0° 5 (4 − j2)
I = Vs / Z = = = 1 – j0.5 = 1.118∠-26.57°
4 + j2 16 + 4
V = jωL I = j2 I = (2∠90°)(1.118∠-26.57°) = 2.236∠63.43°

Therefore, v(t) = 2.236 sin(10t + 63.43°) V

i(t) = 1.118 sin(10t – 26.57°) A

P.P.9.10
Let Z1 = impedance of the 2-mF capacitor in series with the 20-Ω resistor
Z2 = impedance of the 4-mF capacitor
Z3 = impedance of the 2-H inductor in series with the 50-Ω resistor

1 1
Z1 = 20 + = 20 + = 20 − j50
jωC j (10)(2 × 10 -3 )
1 1
Z2 = = = -j25
jωC j (10)(4 × 10 -3 )
Z3 = 50 + jωL = 50 + j (10)( 2) = 50 + j 20

Zin = Z1 + Z2 || Z3 = Z1 + Z2 Z3 / (Z2 + Z3)

- j25x (50 + j20)
Zin = 20 − j50 +
- j25 + 50 + j20
Zin = 20 – j50 + 12.38 – j23.76
Zin = 32.38 – j73.76 Ω

P.P.9.11 In the frequency domain,

the voltage source is Vs = 10∠75°
the 0.5-H inductor is jωL = j (10)(0.5) = j5
1 1 1
the -F capacitor is = = - j2
20 jωC j (10)(1 20)

Let Z1 = impedance of the 0.5-H inductor in parallel with the 10-Ω resistor
and Z2 = impedance of the (1/20)-F capacitor

(10)( j5)
Z1 = 10 || j5 = = 2 + j4 and Z2 = -j2
10 + j5
Vo = Z2 / (Z1 + Z2) Vs
− j2 − j (10 ∠75°) 10 ∠(75° − 90°)
Vo = (10 ∠75°) = =
2 + j4 − j2 1+ j 2 ∠45°
Vo = 7.071∠-60°
vo(t) = 7.071 cos(10t – 60°) V
P.P.9.12 We need to find the equivalent impedance via a delta-to-wye
transformation as shown below.
c

Zcn

n
Zan Zbn
+
30∠0° V
−
a b

5Ω
10 Ω
-j2 Ω

j4 (8 + j5) 4 (-5 + j8)

Zan = = = 0.32 + j3.76
j4 + 8 + j5 − j3 8 + j6
- j3 (8 + j5) 3 (5 − j8)(8 − j6)
Zbn = = = -0.24 – j2.82
8 + j6 100
j4 (- j3) 12 (8 − j6)
Zcn = = = 0.96 – j0.72
8 + j6 100

The total impedance from the source terminals is

Z = Zcn + (Zan + 5 – j2) || (Zbn + 10)
Z = Zcn + (5.32 + j1.76) || (9.76 – j2.82)
(5.32 + j1.76) (9.76 − j2.82)
Z = Zcn +
(5.32 + j1.76) + (9.76 − j2.82)
Z = 0.96 – j0.72 + 3.744 + j0.4074
Z = 4.704 – j0.3126 = 4.714∠-3.802°

Therefore,
30 ∠0°
I = V/Z =
4.714 ∠ − 3.802°
I = 6.364∠3.802° A

Let us now check this using PSpice. The solution produces the magnitude of I =
6.364E+00, and the phase angle = 3.803E+00, which agrees with the above answer.
P.P.9.13 To show that the circuit in Fig. (a) meets the requirement, consider the
equivalent circuit in Fig. (b).

- j10 (10 − j10) - j (10 − j10)

Z = -j10 || (10 – j10) = = = 2 – j6 Ω
10 − j20 1 − j2

10 Ω V1 10 Ω 10 Ω

+ + +
+
Vi -j10 Ω -j10 Ω Vo Vi = 10 V V1 Z = 2−j6 Ω
−
− − −

(a) (b)
 2 − j6 10
V1 = (10) = (1 − j)
10 + 2 − j6 3
- j10 ⎛ - j ⎞ ⎛ 10 ⎞ 10
Vo = V1 = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ (1 − j) = - j
10 − j10 ⎝1 − j ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
10
Vo = ∠ - 90°
3
This implies that the RC circuit provides a 90° lagging phase shift.
10
The output voltage is = 3.333 V
3

P.P.9.14
the 1-mH inductor is jωL = j (2π)(5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -3 ) = j31.42
the 2-mH inductor is jωL = j (2π)(5 × 10 3 )(2 × 10 -3 ) = j62.83

Consider the circuit shown below.

j31.42 Ω V1 j62.83 Ω

+ +
Vi 10 Ω 50 Ω Vo
− −

(10)(50 + j62.83)
Z = 10 || (50 + j62.83) =
60 + j62.83
Z = 9.205 + j0.833 = 9.243∠5.17°

9.243∠5.17°
V1 = Z / (Z + j31.42) Vi = (1) = 0.276∠-68.9°
9.205 + j32.253
50 50 (0.276 ∠ - 68.9°)
Vo = V1 = = 0.172∠-120.4°
50 + j62.83 80.297 ∠51.49°

Therefore,
magnitude = 0.172
phase = 120.4°
phase shift is lagging
P.P.9.15 Zx = (Z3 / Z1) Z2

Z3 = 12 kΩ
Z1 = 4.8 kΩ
Z2 = 10 + jωL = 10 + j (2π )(6 × 10 6 ) (0.25 × 10 -6 ) = 10 + j9.425
12k
Zx = (10 + j9.425) = 25+ j23.5625 Ω
4 .8 k

Rx = 25, Xx = 23.5625 = ωLx

Xx 23.5625
Lx = = = 0.625 μH
2πf 2π (6 × 10 6 )
i.e. a 25-Ω resistor in series with a 0.625-μH inductor.
 Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009
For Evaluation Only.

February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 10

P.P.10.1 10 sin( 2 t ) ⎯
⎯→ 10 ∠0°, ω = 2
2H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j4
1
0.2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = - j2.5
jωC
Hence, the circuit in the frequency domain is as shown below.
-j2.5 Ω 4Ω
V1 V2

+
+
10∠0° A 2Ω Vx j4 Ω −
3Vx
−

V1 V1 − V2
At node 1, 10 = +
2 - j2.5
100 = (5 + j4) V1 − j4V2 (1)

V2 V1 − V2 3Vx − V2
At node 2, = + where Vx = V1
j4 - j2.5 4
- j2.5V2 = j4 (V1 − V2 ) + 2.5 (3V1 − V2 )
0 = - (7.5 + j4) V1 + (2.5 + j1.5) V2 (2)

Put (1) and (2) in matrix form.

⎡ 5 + j4 - j4 ⎤⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎡100 ⎤
⎢ - (7.5 + j4) 2.5 + j1.5⎥⎢ V ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
where Δ = (5 + j4)( 2.5 + j.15) − (-j4)(-(7.5 + j4)) = 22.5 − j12.5 = 25.74 ∠ - 29.05 °

⎡2.5 + j1.5 j4 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎡ V1 ⎤ ⎣ 7.5 + j4 5 + j4⎦ ⎡100⎤
⎢V ⎥ = 22.5 − j12.5 ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2.5 + j1.5 2.915∠30.96°
V1 = (100) = (100) = 11.32 ∠60.01°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74 ∠ - 29.05°
7.5 + j4 8.5∠28.07°
V2 = (100) = (100) = 33.02 ∠57.12°
22.5 − j12.5 25.74 ∠ - 29.05°
In the time domain,
v1 ( t ) = 11.32 sin(2t + 60.01°) V
v 2 ( t ) = 33.02 sin(2t + 57.12°) V

P.P.10.2 The only non-reference node is a supernode.

15 − V1 V1 V2 V2
= + +
4 j4 - j 2
15 − V1 = - j V1 + j4V2 + 2V2
15 = (1 − j) V1 + (2 + j4) V2 (1)

The supernode gives the constraint of

V1 = V2 + 20∠60° (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

15 = (1 − j)(20∠60°) + (3 + j3) V2
15 − (1 − j)(20 ∠60°) 14.327 ∠210.72°
V2 = = = 3.376 ∠165.7°
3 + j3 4.243∠45°
V1 = V2 + 20∠60° = (-3.272 + j0.8327) + (10 + j17.32)
V1 = 6.728 + j18.154

Therefore, V1 = 19.36∠69.67° V, V2 = 3.376∠165.7° V

P.P.10.3 Consider the circuit below.

2∠0° A

I3

-j2 Ω 6Ω

+
8Ω I1 j4 Ω I2 10∠30° V
−

For mesh 1, (8 − j2 + j4) I1 − j4 I 2 = 0

(8 + j2) I1 = j4 I 2 (1)
 Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009
For Evaluation Only.

For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 6 I 3 + 10∠30° = 0

For mesh 3, I 3 = -2

Thus, the equation for mesh 2 becomes

(6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I1 = -12 − 10∠30° (2)

8 + j2
From (1), I2 = I = (0.5 − j2) I 1 (3)
j4 1

Substituting (3) into (2),

(6 + j4) (0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I1 = -12 − 10∠30°
(11 − j14) I 1 = -(20.66 + j5)
- (20.66 + j5)
I1 =
11 − j14

20.66 + j5 21.256 ∠13.6°

Hence, I o = - I1 = =
11 − j14 17.8∠ - 51.84°
I o = 1.194∠65.44° A

P.P.10.4 Meshes 2 and 3 form a supermesh as shown in the circuit below.

10 Ω

-j4 Ω j8 Ω

I2
+ I1
50∠0° V
−
I3
-j6 Ω
5Ω

For mesh 1, − 50 + (15 − j4) I 1 − (− j4) I 2 − 5 I 3 = 0

(15 − j4) I 1 + j4 I 2 − 5 I 3 = 50 (1)

For the supermesh, ( j8 − j4) I 2 + (5 − j6) I 3 − (5 − j4) I 1 = 0 (2)

Also, I3 = I2 + 2 (3)
Eliminating I 3 from (1) and (2)
(15 − j4) I 1 + (-5 + j4) I 2 = 60 (4)
(-5 + j4) I1 + (5 − j2) I 2 = -10 + j12 (5)

From (4) and (5),

⎡15 − j4 - 5 + j4 ⎤⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 60 ⎤
⎢ - 5 + j4 5 - j2 ⎥⎢ I ⎥ = ⎢ - 10 + j12 ⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

15 − j4 - 5 + j4
Δ= = 58 − j10 = 58.86 ∠ - 9.78°
- 5 + j4 5 - j2
60 - 5 + j4
Δ1 = = 298 − j20 = 298.67 ∠ - 3.84°
- 10 + j12 5 - j2

Δ1
Thus, I o = I1 = = 5.074∠5.94° A
Δ

P.P.10.5 Let I o = I 'o + I "o , where I 'o and I "o are due to the voltage source and
current source respectively. For I 'o consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io'

+
8Ω I1 j4 Ω I2 10∠30° V
−

(a)

For mesh 1, (8 + j2) I1 − j4 I 2 = 0

I 2 = (0.5 − j2) I1 (1)

For mesh 2, (6 + j4) I 2 − j4 I 1 − 10∠30° = 0 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

(6 + j4)(0.5 − j2) I 1 − j4 I 1 = 10∠30°
10∠30°
I 'o = I 1 = = 0.08 + j0.556
11 − j14
For I "o consider the circuit in Fig. (b).

2∠0° A

-j2 Ω 6Ω
Io"

8Ω j4 Ω

(b)

j24
Let Z1 = 8 − j2 Ω , Z 2 = 6 || j4 = = 1.846 + j2.769 Ω
6 + j4
Z2 (2)(1.846 + j2.769)
I "o = (2) = = 0.4164 + j0.53
Z1 + Z 2 9.846 + j0.77

Therefore, I o = I 'o + I "o = 0.4961 + j1.086

I o = 1.1939∠65.45° A

P.P.10.6 Let v o = v 'o + v "o , where v 'o is due to the voltage source and v "o is due to
the current source. For v 'o , we remove the current source.

30 sin(5t ) ⎯
⎯→ 30 ∠0°, ω = 5
1 1
0 .2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = = -j
jωC j (5)(0.2)
1H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j (5)(1) = j5

The circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig. (a).

8Ω

+
+
30∠0° V Vo' -j Ω j5 Ω
−
−

(a)
 Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009
For Evaluation Only.

Note that - j || j5 = -j1.25

By voltage division,
- j1.25
Vo' = (30) = 4.631∠ - 81.12°
8 − j1.25
Thus, v 'o = 4.631 sin(5t − 81.12°)

For v "o , we remove the voltage source.

2 cos(10 t ) ⎯
⎯→ 2 ∠0°, ω = 10
1 1
0 .2 F ⎯ ⎯→ = = - j0.5
jωC j (10)(0.2)
1H ⎯
⎯→ jωL = j (10)(1) = j10

The corresponding circuit in the frequency domain is shown in Fig (b).

+ I

8Ω j10 Ω Vo" -j0.5 Ω 2∠0°

−

(b)

j80
Let Z1 = - j0.5 , Z 2 = 8 || j10 = = 4.878 + j3.9
8 + j10

By current division,
Z2
I= (2)
Z1 + Z 2
Z2 - j (4.877 + j3.9)
Vo" = I (-j0.5) = (2)(-j0.5) =
Z1 + Z 2 4.878 + j3.4
6.245∠ - 51.36°
Vo" = = 1.051∠ - 86.24°
5.94 ∠34.88°
Thus, v "o = 1.051 cos(10 t − 86.24°)

Therefore, v o = v 'o + v "o

v o = 4.631 sin(5t – 81.12°) + 1.051 cos(10t – 86.24°) V
 Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009
For Evaluation Only.

P.P.10.7 If we transform the current source to a voltage source, we obtain the

circuit shown in Fig. (a).

4Ω -j3 Ω 2Ω jΩ

Io

1Ω
+
VS j5 Ω
−
-j2 Ω

(a)

Vs = I s Z s = ( j4)(4 − j3) = 12 + j16

We transform the voltage source to a current source as shown in Fig. (b).

V 12 + j16
Let Z = 4 − j3 + 2 + j = 6 − j2 . Then, Is = s = = 1.5 + j3 .
Z 6 − j2

Io

6Ω 1Ω
IS j5 Ω
-j2 Ω -j2 Ω

(b)

(6 − j2)( j5) 10
Note that Z || j5 = = (1 + j) .
6 + j3 3

By current division,
10
(1 + j)
3
Io = (1.5 + j3)
10
(1 + j) + (1 − j2)
3
− 20 + j40 44.72∠116.56°
Io = =
13 + j4 13.602∠17.1°
I o = 3.288∠99.46° A
P.P.10.8 When the voltage source is set equal to zero,
Z th = 10 + (- j4) || (6 + j2)
(-j4)(6 + j2)
Z th = 10 +
6 - j2
Z th = 10 + 2.4 − j3.2
Z th = 12.4 – j3.2 Ω

By voltage division,
- j4 (- j4)(30∠20°)
Vth = (30∠20°) =
6 + j2 − j4 6 − j2
(4 ∠ - 90°)(30 ∠20°)
Vth =
6.324 ∠ - 18.43°
Vth = 18.97∠-51.57° V

P.P.10.9 To find Vth , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

8 + j4 8 + j4

+ Vo − + Vo −

5∠0°
V2 Is
VS a
V1 a

+
4 – j2 0.2Vo 4 – j2 0.2Vo 1∠0°
−

b
(a) (b) b

0 − V1 V − V2
At node 1, = 5+ 1
4 − j2 8 + j4
- (2 + j)V1 = 50 + (1 − j0.5)(V1 − V2 )
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V1 (1)

V1 − V2
At node 2, 5 + 0.2Vo + = 0, where Vo = V1 − V2 .
8 + j4

Hence, the equation for node 2 becomes

 V1 − V2
5 + 0.2 (V1 − V2 ) + =0
8 + j4
50
V1 = V2 − (2)
3 + j0.5

Substituting (2) into (1),

3 + j0.5
50 = (1 − j0.5)V2 − (3 + j0.5)V2 + (50)
3 − j0.5
50
0 = -50 − (2 + j) V2 + (35 + j12)
37
- 2.702 + j16.22
V2 = = 7.35∠72.9°
2+ j
Vth = V2 = 7.35∠72.9° V

To find Z th , we remove the independent source and insert a 1-V voltage source between
terminals a-b, as shown in Fig. (b).

Vs
At node a, I s = -0.2Vo +
8 + j4 + 4 − j2

8 + j4
But, Vs = 1 and – Vo = V
8 + j4 + 4 − j2 s
8 + j4 1 2.6 + j0.8
So, I s = (0.2) + =
12 + j2 12 + j2 12 + j2
V 1 12 + j2 12.166∠9.46°
and Z th = s = = =
I s I s 2.6 + j0.8 2.72∠17.10°
Z th = 4.473∠–7.64° Ω
P.P.10.10 To find Z N , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).

4Ω j2 Ω 4Ω j2 Ω

I3
8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω 8Ω 1Ω -j3 Ω a
a

ZN + IN
20∠0° I1 -j4 Ω I2
−

b
(a) (b) b

(4 + j2)(9 − j3)
Z N = (4 + j2) || (9 − j3) =
13 − j
Z N = 3.176 + j0.706 Ω

To find I N , short-circuit terminals a-b as shown in Fig. (b). Notice that meshes 1 and 2
form a supermesh.

For the supermesh, - 20 + 8 I 1 + (1 − j3) I 2 − (9 − j3) I 3 = 0 (1)

Also, I1 = I 2 + j4 (2)

For mesh 3, (13 − j) I 3 − 8 I 1 − (1 − j3) I 2 = 0 (3)

Solving for I 2 , we obtain

50 − j62 79.65∠ - 51.11°
IN = I2 = =
9 − j3 9.487 ∠ - 18.43°
I N = 8.396∠-32.68° A

Using the Norton equivalent, we can find I o as in Fig. (c).

Io

IN ZN
10 – j5 Ω

(c)
By current division,
ZN 3.176 + j0.706
Io = IN = (8.396∠ - 32.68°)
Z N + 10 − j5 13.176 − j4.294
(3.254 ∠12.53°)(8.396 ∠ - 32.68°)
Io =
13.858∠ - 18.05°
I o = 1.971∠-2.10° A

P.P.10.11
1 1
10 nF ⎯
⎯→ = = -j20 kΩ
jωC1 j (5 × 10 )(10 × 10 -9 )
3

1 1
20 nF ⎯
⎯→ = = -j10 kΩ
jωC 2 j (5 × 10 )(20 × 10 -9 )
3

Consider the circuit in the frequency domain as shown below.

-j20 kΩ

10 kΩ 20 kΩ V2 Io
+
V1 Vo
−
+
2∠0° V -j10 kΩ
−

As a voltage follower, V2 = Vo

2 − V1 V1 − Vo V1 − Vo
At node 1, = +
10 - j20 20
4 = (3 + j)V1 − (1 + j)Vo (1)

V1 − Vo Vo − 0
At node 2, =
20 - j10
V1 = (1 + j2)Vo (2)

Substituting (2) into (1) gives

2
4 = j6Vo or Vo = ∠ - 90°
3
Hence, v o ( t ) = 0.667 cos(5000t − 90°) V
v o ( t ) = 0.667 sin(5000t) V

Vo − V1
Now, Io =
- j20k
-4
But from (2) Vo − V1 = - j2Vo =
3
-4 3
Io = = - j66.66 μA
- j20k

Hence, i o ( t ) = 66.67 cos(5000t − 90°) μA

i o ( t ) = 66.67 sin(5000t) μA

1 R
P.P.10.12 Let Z = R || =
jωC 1 + jωRC

Vs R
=
Vo R + Z

The loop gain is

Vs R R 1 + jωRC
1/ G = = = =
Vo R + Z R 2 + jωRC
R+
1 + jωRC
where ωRC = (1000)(10 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -6 ) = 10

1 + j10 10.05∠84.29°
1/ G = =
2 + j10 10.2∠78.69°
G = 1.0147∠–5.6°
P.P.10.13 The schematic is shown below.

Since ω = 2πf = 3000 rad / s ⎯ ⎯→ f = 477.465 Hz . Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as

Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a frequency of 447.465 Hz. When the schematic
is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

4.775E+02 5.440E-04 -5.512E+01

Frequency VM($N_0005) VP($N_0005)

4.775E+02 2.683E-01 -1.546E+02

From the output file, we obtain

Vo = 0.2682∠-154.6° V and I o = 0.544∠-55.12° mA

Therefore,
v o ( t ) = 0.2682 cos(3000t – 154.6°) V
i o ( t ) = 0.544 cos(3000t – 55.12°) mA
P.P.10.14 The schematic is shown below.

We select ω = 1 rad/s and f = 0.15915 Hz. We use this to obtain the values of
capacitances, where C = 1 ωX c , and inductances, where L = X L ω . Note that IAC does
not allow for an AC PHASE component; thus, we have used VAC in conjunction with G
to create an AC current source with a magnitude and a phase. To obtain the desired
output use Setup/Analysis/AC Sweep as Linear for 1 point starting and ending at a
frequency of 0.15915 Hz. When the schematic is saved and run, the output file includes

Frequency IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592E-01 2.584E+00 1.580E+02

Frequency VM($N_0004) VP($N_0004)

1.592E-01 9.842E+00 4.478E+01

From the output file, we obtain

Vx = 9.842∠44.78° V and I x = 2.584∠158° A

⎛ R2 ⎞ ⎛ 10 × 10 6 ⎞
P.P.10.15 C eq = ⎜1 + ⎟ C = ⎜1 + ⎟(
3 10 × 10
-9 )
= 10 μF
⎝ R 1 ⎠ ⎝ 10 × 10 ⎠

P.P.10.16 If R = R 1 = R 2 = 2.5 kΩ and C = C1 = C 2 = 1 nF

1 1
fo = = = 63.66 kHz
2πRC (2π)(2.5 × 10 3 )(1 × 10 -9 )
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 11

P.P.11.1 i( t ) = 15 sin(10 t + 60°) = 15 cos(10 t − 30°)

v( t ) = 80 cos(10 t + 20°)

p( t ) = v( t ) i( t ) = (80)(15) cos(10 t + 20°) cos(10 t − 30°)

1
p( t ) = ⋅ 80 ⋅ 15 [cos( 20 t + 20° − 30°) + cos( 20 − -30°)]
2
p( t ) = 600 cos( 20t − 10°) + 385.7 W

1
P= V I cos(θ v − θi ) = 385.7 W
2 m m

P.P.11.2 V = I Z = 200 ∠8°

1
P= V I cos(θ v − θi )
2 m m
1
P = (200)(10) cos(8° − 30°) = 927.2 W
2

P.P.11.3
3Ω

+
8∠45° V I j1 Ω
−

8∠45°
I= = 2.53∠26.57°
3+ j

For the resistor,

I R = I = 2.53∠26.57°
VR = 3 I = 7.59∠26.57°
1 1
PR = Vm I m = (2.53)(7.59) = 9.6 W
2 2
For the inductor,
I L = 2.53∠26.57°
VL = j I L = 2.53∠(26.57° + 90°) = 2.53∠116.57°
1
PL = (2.53) 2 cos(90°) = 0 W
2

The average power supplied is

1
P = (8)(2.53) cos( 45° − 26.57°) = 9.6 W
2

P.P.11.4 Consider the circuit below.

8Ω j4 Ω

+ +
40 V I1 -j2 Ω I2 j20 V
− −

For mesh 1,
- 40 + (8 − j2) I1 + (- j2) I 2 = 0
(4 − j) I1 − j I 2 = 20 (1)

For mesh 2,
- j20 + ( j4 − j2) I 2 + (- j2) I1 = 0
- j I 1 + j I 2 = j10 (2)

In matrix form,
⎡ 4 − j - j⎤⎡ I 1 ⎤ ⎡ 20 ⎤
=
⎢ -j
⎣ j ⎥⎦⎢⎣ I 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ j10 ⎥⎦

Δ = 2 + j4 , Δ 1 = -10 + j20 , Δ 2 = 10 + j60

Δ1 Δ2
I1 = = 5∠53.14° and I2 = = 13.6∠17.11°
Δ Δ

For the 40-V voltage source,

Vs = 40∠0°
I 1 = 5∠53.14°
-1
Ps = (40)(5) cos(-53.14°) = - 60 W
2
For the j20-V voltage source,
Vs = 20∠90°
I 2 = 13.6∠17.11°
-1
Ps = (20)(13.6) cos(90° − 17.11°) = - 40 W
2

For the resistor,

I = I1 = 5
V = 8 I 1 = 40
1
P = (40)(5) = 100 W
2

The average power absorbed by the inductor and capacitor is zero watts.

P.P.11.5 We first obtain the Thevenin equivalent circuit across Z L . Z Th is

obtained from the circuit in Fig. (a).

-j4 Ω j10 Ω

Zth
8Ω 5Ω

(a)

(5)(8 + j6)
Z Th = 5 || (8 − j4 + j10) = = 3.415 + j0.7317
13 + j6

VTh is obtained from the circuit in Fig. (b).

-j4 Ω j10 Ω

I
+
8Ω 2A 5Ω Vth
−

(b)

By current division,
8 − j4
I= (2)
8 − j4 + j10 + 5
 (10)(8 − j4)
VTh = 5 I = = 6.25∠ - 51.34°
13 + j6

Z L = Z *Th = 3.415 − j0.7317 Ω

2
VTh (6.25) 2
Pmax = = = 1.429 W
8RL (8)(3.415)

P.P.11.6 We first find Z Th and VTh across R L .

Let Z1 = 80 + j60
(90)(- j30)
Z 2 = 90 || (- j30) = = 9 (1 − j3)
90 − j30
(80 + j60)(9 − j27)
Z Th = Z1 || Z 2 = = 17.181 − j24.57 Ω
80 + j60 + 9 − j27

Z2 (9)(1 − j3)
VTh = (120∠60°) = (120∠60°)
Z1 + Z 2 89 + j33
VTh = 35.98∠ - 31.91°

R L = Z Th = 30 Ω

The current through the load is

VTh 35.98∠ - 31.91°
I= = = 0.6764∠ - 4.4°
Z Th + R L 47.181 − j24.57

The maximum average power absorbed by R L is

1 2 1
Pmax = I R L = (0.6764) 2 (30) = 6.863 W
2 2

⎧ 4t 0 < t <1
P.P.11.7 i( t ) = ⎨ T=2
⎩8 − 4 t 1 < t < 2

I 2rms =
T
∫
1 T 2
0
i dt =
1 1
2
[∫ 0
( 4 t ) 2
dt + ∫1
2
(8 − 4 t ) 2 dt ]
I 2rms =
2 0
[
16 1 2
∫ t dt + ∫1
2
( 4 − 4 t + t 2 ) dt ]
⎡1 ⎛ t 3 ⎞ 2 ⎤ 16
I 2rms = 8 ⎢ + ⎜ 4t − 2t + ⎟ 1 ⎥ =
2

⎣3 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎦ 3
 16
I rms = = 2.309 A
3

⎛ 16 ⎞
P = I 2rms R = ⎜ ⎟(9) = 48 W
⎝3⎠

P.P.11.8 T = π , v( t ) = 8 sin( t ), 0 < t < π

1 T 2 1 π
∫ v dt = ∫ (8 sin( t )) 2 dt
2
Vrms =
T 0 π 0
π
64 1
[1 − cos(2t )] dt = 32
π ∫0 2
2
Vrms =

Vrms = 5.657 V

2
Vrms 32
P= = = 5.333 W
R 6

P.P.11.9 The load impedance is

Z = 60 + j40 = 72.11∠33.7° Ω

The power factor is

pf = cos(33.7°) = 0.832 (lagging)

Since the load is inductive

V 150 ∠10°
I= = = 2.08∠ - 23.7° A
Z 72.11∠33.7°

The apparent power is

1
S = Vrms I rms = (150)(2.08) = 156 VA
2

P.P.11.10 The total impedance as seen by the source is

( j4)(8 − j6)
Z = 10 + j4 || (8 − j6) = 10 +
8 − j2
Z = 12.69∠20.62°

The power factor is

pf = cos( 20.62°) = 0.936 (lagging)

Vrms 40∠0°
I rms = = = 3.152∠ - 20.62°
Z 12.69∠20.62°
The average power supplied by the source is equal to the power absorbed by the load.
P = I 2rms R = (3.152) 2 (11.88) = 118 W
or P = Vrms I rms pf = (40)(3.152)(0.936) = 118 W

P.P.11.11
(a) S = Vrms I *rms = (110 ∠85°)(0.4 ∠ - 15°)
S = 44 ∠70° VA

S = S = 44 VA

(b) S = 44 ∠70° = 15.05 + j41.35

P = 15.05 W , Q = 41.35 VAR

(c) pf = cos( 70°) = 0.342 (lagging)

Vrms 110∠85°
Z= = = 275∠70°
I rms 0.4∠ - 15°
Z = 94.06 + j258.4 Ω

P.P.11.12
(a) If Z = 250∠ - 75° , pf = cos( -75°) = 0.2588 (leading)

Q 10 kVAR
(b) Q = S sin θ ⎯
⎯→ S = = = 10.35 kVA
sin θ sin(-75°)

2
Vrms
(c) S= ⎯
⎯→ Vrms = S ⋅ Z = (10353)(250) = 1608.8
Z

Vm = 2Vrms = 2.275 kV

P.P.11.13 Consider the circuit below.

I 20 Ω
I1 I2
+
+ (30–j10)Ω (60+j20) Ω
V Vo
−
−
Let I 2 be the current through the 60-Ω resistor.
P 240
P = I 22 R ⎯⎯→ I 22 = = =4
R 60

I 2 = 2 (rms)

Vo = I 2 (60 + j20) = 120 + j40

Vo
I1 = = 3.2 + j2.4
30 − j10

I = I1 + I 2 = 5.2 + j2.4

V = 20 I + Vo = (104 + j48) + (120 + j40)

V = 224 + j88 = 240.7∠21.45˚ Vrms

For the 20-Ω resistor,

V = 20 I = 204 + j48 = 114.54 ∠ 24.8°
I = 5.2 + j2.4 = 5.727 ∠24.8°

S = V I * = (114.54 ∠24.8°)(5.727 ∠ - 24.8°)

S = 656 VA

For the (30 – j10)-Ω impedance,

Vo = 120 + j40 = 126.5∠18.43°
I 1 = 3.2 + j2.4 = 4∠36.87°

S 1 = Vo I 1* = (126.5∠18.43 °)(4 ∠ - 36.87 °)

S1 = 506∠ - 18.44° = 480 − j160 VA

For the (60 + j20)-Ω impedance,

I 2 = 2∠0°

S 2 = Vo I *2 = (126.5∠18.43°)(2 ∠ - 0°)
S 2 = 253∠18.43° = 240 + j80 VA

The overall complex power supplied by the source is

S T = V I * = (240.67 ∠21.45°)(5.727 ∠ - 24.8°)
S T = 1378.3∠ - 3.35° = 1376 − j80 VA
P.P.11.14

For load 1,
P1 = 2000 , pf = 0.75 = cos θ1 ⎯ ⎯→ θ1 = -41.41°
P1
P1 = S1 cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ S1 = = 2666.67
cos θ1
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = -176.85
S1 = P1 + jQ1 = 2000 − j1763.85 (leading)

For load 2,
P2 = 4000 , pf = 0.95 = cos θ 2 ⎯
⎯→ θ 2 = 18.19°
P2
S2 = = 4210.53
cos θ 2
Q 2 = S 2 sin θ 2 = 1314.4
S 2 = P2 + jQ 2 = 4000 + j1314.4 (lagging)

The total complex power is

S = S1 + S 2 = 6 − j0.4495 kVA
P 6000
pf = = = 0.9972 (leading)
S 6016.18

P.P.11.15 pf = 0.85 = cos θ ⎯ ⎯→ θ = 31.79°

Q 140
Q = S sin θ ⎯ ⎯→ S = = = 265.8 kVA
sin θ sin(31.79°)
P = S cos θ = 225.93 kW

For pf = 1 = cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ θ1 = 0°

Since P remains the same,

P1
P = P1 = S1 cos θ1 ⎯
⎯→ S1 = = 225.93
cos θ1
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 = 0

The difference between the new Q1 and the old Q is Q c .

Q c = 140 kVAR = ωCVrms
2

140 × 10 3
C= = 30.69 mF
(2π )(60)(110) 2
P.P.11.16 The wattmeter measures the average power from the source.

Let Z1 = 4 − j2
(12)( j9)
Z 2 = 12 || j9 = = 4.32 + j5.76
12 + j9

Z = Z1 + Z 2 = 8.32 + j3.76 = 9.13∠24.32°

2
V (120) 2
S = VI =*
= = 1577.2 ∠24.32° kVA
Z* 9.13∠ - 24.32°

P = S cos θ = 1437 kW

P.P.11.17 Demand charge = $5 × 32,000 = $160,000

Energy charge for the first 50,000 kWh = $0.08 × 50,000 = $4,000
The remaining energy = 500,000 − 50,000 = 450,000 kWh
Charge for this bill = $0.05 × 450,000 = $22,500
Total bill = $160,000 + $4,000 + $22,500 = $186,500

P.P.11.18 Energy consumed = 800 kW × 20 × 26 = 416,000 kWh

The power factor of 0.88 exceeds 0.85 by 3× 0.01 . Hence, there is a power factor credit
which amounts to an energy credit of
0 .1
416,000 × × 3 = 1248 kWh
100

Total energy billed = 416,000 − 1,248 = 414,752 kWh

Energy cost = $0.06 × 414,752 = $24,885.12
 February 5, 2006

CHAPTER 12

P.P.12.1 For the abc sequence, Van leads Vbn by 120° and Vbn leads Vcn by 120°.

Hence, Van = 110 ∠(30° + 120°) = 110∠150° V

Vcn = 110 ∠(30° − 120°) = 110∠–90˚V

P.P.12.2
(a) Vab = Van − Vbn = 120∠30° − 120∠ - 90°
Vab = (103.92 + j60) + j120
Vab = 207.8∠60˚V

Alternatively, using the fact that Vab leads Van by 30° and has a
magnitude of 3 times that of Van ,
Vab = 3 (120) ∠(30° + 30°) = 207.85∠60°

Following the abc sequence,

Vbc = 207.8∠–60˚V
Vca = 207.8∠180˚V

Van
(b) Ia =
Z

Z = (0.4 + j0.3) + ( 24 + j19) + (0.6 + j0.7)

Z = 25 + j20 = 32 ∠38.66 °

120 ∠30°
Ia = = 3.75 ∠ - 8.66 ° A
32 ∠38.66°

Following the abc sequence,

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 3.75 ∠ - 128.66 ° A
I c = I a ∠ - 240° = 3.75∠111.34˚A
P.P.12.3
The phase currents are
V 180∠ - 20°
I AB = AB = = 9 ∠ - 60° A
ZΔ 20∠40°

I BC = I AB ∠ - 120° = 9 ∠ - 180 ° A

I CA = I AB ∠120° = 9∠60°

The line currents are

I a = I AB 3 ∠ - 30° = 9 3 ∠ - 90° = 15.59 ∠ - 90° A

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 15.59∠150˚A

I c = I a ∠120° = 15.59 ∠ 30° A

P.P.12.4 In a delta load, the phase current leads the line current by 30° and has a
1
magnitude times that of the line current. Hence,
3
Ia 22.5
I AB = ∠30° = ∠65° = 13 ∠65° A
3 3

Z Δ = 18 + j12 = 21.63∠33.69° Ω

VAB = I AB Z Δ = (13∠65°)(21.63∠33.69°)
VAB = 281.2 ∠98.69 ° V

P.P.12.5 Z Y = 12 + j15 = 19.21∠51.34°

After converting the Δ-connected source to a Y-connected source,

240
Van = ∠(150° − 30°) = 138.56 ∠ - 15°
3

Van 138.56∠ - 15°

Ia = = = 7.21∠ - 66.34 ° A
Z Y 19.21∠51.34°

I b = I a ∠ - 120° = 7.21∠ - 186.34 ° A

I c = I a ∠120° = 7.21∠53.66 ° A
P.P.12.6
For the source,
S = 3 Vp I*p = (3)(120∠30°)(3.75∠8.66°)
S = −1350∠38.66° = –1054.2 – j843.3 VA

For the load,

2
S = 3 Ip Z

where Z = 24 + j19 = 30.61∠38.37 °

I p = 3.75∠ - 8.66°

S = (3)(3.75) 2 (30.61∠38.37°)
S = 1291.36∠38.37° = 1012 + j801.6 VA

P 30 × 10 3
P.P.12.7 P = S cos θ ⎯
⎯→ S = = = 35.29 kVA
cos θ 0.85

S 35.29 × 10 3
S = 3 VL I L ⎯
⎯→ I L = = = 46.31 A
3 VL 3 (440)

Alternatively,
30 × 10 3 440
Pp = = 10 kW , Vp = V
3 3

Pp = Vp I p cos θ

Pp (10 × 10 3 ) 3
Ip = = = 46.31 A
Vp cos θ (440)(0.85)

P.P.12.8
(a) For load 1,
VL 840
Vp = =
3 3

Va 840 ∠0° 1
I a1 = = ⋅ = 9.7 ∠ - 53.13°
Zp 3 30 + j40

2
Vrms (840) 2
S1 = = = 14.112 ∠53.13° kVA
Z* 50 ∠ - 53.15°
 For load 2,
P2 48
S2 = = = 60 kVA
cos θ 2 0.8

Q 2 = S 2 sin θ2 = (60)(0.6) = 36 kVAR

S 2 = 48 + j36 kVA

S = S1 + S 2 = 56.47 + j47.29 kVA

S = 73.65 ∠39.94° kVA

with pf = cos(39.94°) = 0.7667

(b) Q c = P (tan θold − tan θ new )

Q c = (56.47)(tan 39.94° − tan 0°) = 47.29 kVAR

For each capacitor, the rating is 15.76 kVAR

(c) At unity pf, S = P = 56.47 kVA

S 56470
IL = = = 38.81 A
3 VL 3 (840)

P.P.12.9
The phase currents are
VAB 200∠0°
I AB = = = 17.89∠26.56°
Z AB 10 − j5

VBC 200∠ - 120°

I BC = = = 12.5∠ - 120° = -6.25 − j10.825
Z BC 16

VCA 200∠120°
I CA = = = 20∠83.13°
Z CA 8 + j6

The line currents are

I a = I AB − I CA = (16 + j8) − (2.392 + j19.856)
= 13.608 − j11.856 = 18.05 ∠ - 41.06 ° A

I b = I BC − I AB = (-6.25 − j10.825) − (16 + j8)

= -22.25 − j18.825 = 29.15 ∠ 220.2 ° A
 I c = I CA − I BC = (2.392 + j19.856) − (-6.25 − j10.825)
I c = 8.642 + j30.681 = 31.87 ∠74.27 ° A

P.P.12.10
The phase currents are
220∠0°
I AB = = j44
- j5

220∠0°
I BC = = 22 ∠30°
j10

220 ∠120°
I CA = = 22 ∠ - 120°
10

The line currents are

I a = I AB − I CA = ( j44) − (-11 − j19.05)
I a = 11 + j63.05 = 64 ∠ 80.1 ° A

I b = I BC − I AB = (19.05 + j11) − ( j44)

I b = 19.05 − j33 = 38.1∠ - 60° A

I c = I CA − I BC = (-11 − j19.05) − (19.05 + j11)

I c = -30.05 − j30.05 = 42.5 ∠ 225° A

The real power is absorbed by the resistive load

2
P = I CA (10) = (22) 2 (10) = 4.84 kW

P.P.12.11 The schematic is shown below. First, use the AC Sweep option of the
Analysis Setup. Choose a Linear sweep type with the following Sweep Parameters :
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 100, and End Freq = 100. Once the circuit is saved and
simulated, we obtain an output file whose contents include the following results.

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.000E+02 8.547E+00 -9.127E+01

FREQ VM(A,N) VP(A,N)

1.000E+02 1.009E+02 6.087E+01

From this we obtain,

I bB = 8.547 ∠ - 91.27 ° A , Van = 100.9 ∠60.87 ° V
P.P.12.12 The schematic is shown below.

In this case, we may assume that ω = 1 rad / s , so that f = 1 2π = 0.1592 Hz . Hence,

L = X L ω = 10 and C = 1 ωX c = 0.1 .
Use the AC Sweep option of the Analysis Setup. Choose a Linear sweep type with the
following Sweep Parameters : Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq =
0.1592. Once the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain an output file whose contents
include the following results.

FREQ IM(V_PRINT1) IP(V_PRINT1)

1.592E-01 3.724E+01 8.379E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP(V_PRINT2)

1.592E-01 1.555E+01 -7.501E+01

FREQ IM(V_PRINT3) IP(V_PRINT3)

1.592E-01 2.468E+01 -9.000E+01

From this we obtain,

I ca = 24.68 ∠ - 90° A I cC = 37.25 ∠83.79° A IAB 15.55∠–75.01˚A

P.P.12.13
(a) If point o is connected to point B, P2 = 0 W

P1 = Re (VAB I *a )
P1 = (200)(18.05) cos(0° + 41.06°) = 2722 W

P3 = Re ( VCB I *c )
where VCB = -VBC = 200 ∠(-120° + 180°) = 200 ∠60°

P3 = (200)(31.87) cos(60° − 74.27°) = 6177 W

(b) Total power is

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 = 2722 + 0 + 6177 = 8899 W

P.P.12.14 VL = 208 V , P1 = -560 W , P2 = 800 W

(a) PT = P1 + P2 = -560 + 800 = 240 W

(b) Q T = 3 ( P2 − P1 ) = 3 (800 + 560) = 2.356 kVAR

Q T 2355.6
(c) tan θ = = = 9.815 ⎯
⎯→ θ = 84.18°
PT 240
 pf = cos θ = 0.1014 (lagging / inductive)
It is inductive because P2 > P1
(d) For a Y-connected load,
V 208
Ip = IL , Vp = L = = 120 V
3 3

80
Pp = Vp I p cos θ ⎯
⎯→ I p = = 6.575 A
(120)(0.1014)

Vp 120
Zp = = = 18.25
Ip 6.575
Z p = Z p ∠θ = 18.25 ∠ 84.18° Ω

The impedance is inductive.

P.P.12.15 Z Δ = 30 − j40 = 50∠ - 53.13°

The equivalent Y-connected load is

Z
Z Y = Δ = 16.67 ∠ - 53.13°
3
440
Vp = = 254 V
3
Vp 254
IL = = = 15.24
ZY 16.67

P1 = VL I L cos(θ + 30°)
P1 = (440)(15.24) cos(-53.13° + 30°) = 6.167 kW

P2 = VL I L cos(θ − 30°)
P2 = (440)(15.24) cos(-53.13° − 30°) = 0.8021 kW

PT = P1 + P2 = 6.969 kW

Q T = 3 (P2 − P1 ) = 3 (802.1 − 6167 )

Q T = - 9.292 kVAR