SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

MANAGEMENT & GRAMOTHAN

JAIPUR-302017

ECL-01
LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE NAME: - RF SIMULATION LAB

COURSE CODE: - 5EC4-21

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

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VISION AND MISSION OF INSTITUTE

VISION (SKIT)
“To Promote Higher Learning in Advanced Technology and Industrial Research to make
our Country a Global Player”

MISSION (SKIT)
“To Promote Quality Education, Training and Research in the field of Engineering by
establishing effective interface with Industry and to encourage Faculty to undertake Industry
Sponsored Projects for Students”

QUALITY POLICY (SKIT)

“We are committed to ‘achievement of quality’ as an integral part of our institutional policy
by continuous self-evaluation and striving to improve ourselves.

Institute would pursue quality in:

 All its endeavors like admissions, teaching-learning processes, examinations, extra
and co-curricular activities, industry-institution interaction, research &
development, continuing education, and consultancy.
 Functional areas like teaching departments, training & placement cell, library,
administrative office, accounts office, hostels, canteen, security services, transport,
maintenance section and all other services.”

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VISION AND MISSION OF DEPARTMENT

VISION
Vision
To evolve the department as a center of excellence in the field of Electronics &
Communication Engineering for enriched education, higher learning, research and
development.

MISSION
To empower students by imparting quality education in Electronics and Communication
Engineering for better employability and preparing them to be competent in dealing with
industrial and societal challenges.

Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)

The graduates will be able:
PEO 1: To pursue their career successfully in the field of Electronics & Communication
Engineering and advance in their profession.
PEO 2: o excel in pursuing higher education and life-long learning.
PEO 3: To hold high ethical standards and work effectively in multidisciplinary teams with
strong management and team work skills

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Table of Content
S. No. Content Page No.
1. Vision, Mission of Institute and Department 2
2. Vision, Mission and PEOs of Department 3
3. Syllabus and PO’s 5-6
4. PSO’s, COs and Mapping of Cos 7-9
5. Lab Ethics and Safety Measures 10-11
6. Introduction to HFSS 12-17
7. Observe the field pattern of various modes inside a rectangular and 18-30
circular waveguide.
8. Find the change in characteristics impedance and reflection 31-37
coefficients of the transmission line by changing the dielectric
properties of materials embedded between two conductors.
9. Design and simulate the following Planar Transmission Lines: 38-64
1. Strip line and micro strip lines
2. Parallel coupled strip lines and micro strip lines
3. Slot lines and Coplanar lines
Determine their Field patterns and Characteristic impedance.
10. 65-93
Design and simulate the following;
1. 3-dB branch line coupler,
2. Backward wave coupler,
3. Wilkinson power dividers
4. Rat- race hybrid ring.
5. Low pass filters
6. Band pass filters.
11. Design RF amplifier using microwave BJT. 94-96

12. 97-100
Design RF amplifier using microwave FET.
13. 101-105
Design a Micro strip Patch Antenna for 4GHz.

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5EC4-21: RF SIMULATION LAB

Class: V Sem. B.Tech. Evaluation

Branch: Electronics & Communication Engg. Examination Time = Two (2) Hours
Schedule per Week Maximum Marks = 75 (Credit: 1.5)
Practical Hrs.:3 [Mid-term (45) & End-term (30)]
S. no List of Experiment
Study of field pattern of various modes inside a rectangular and circular
1
waveguide.
Find the change in characteristics impedance and reflection coefficients of the
2 transmission line by changing the dielectric properties of materials embedded
between two conductors.
Design and simulate the following Planar Transmission Lines:
1. Strip line and micro strip lines
3 2. Parallel coupled strip lines and micro strip lines
3. Slot lines and Coplanar lines
Determine their Field patterns and Characteristic impedance.
Design and simulate the following;
1. 3-dB branch line coupler,
2. Backward wave coupler,
4 3. Wilkinson power dividers
4. Rat- race hybrid ring.
5. Low pass filters
6. Band pass filters.

5 Design RF amplifier using microwave BJT.

6 Design RF amplifier using microwave FET.

Beyond Syllabus
1. Design a Micro strip Patch Antenna for 4GHz.

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2. Programme Outcomes:

After the completion of the program, engineering graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering Knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem Analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend
and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and
give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member
and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

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3. Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
After the completion of the program, engineering graduates will be able to:
1. Understand principles and applications of electronic components, circuits and devices.
2. Develop proficiency in Electronics and Communication Engineering to enhance
employability skills.

4. Course outcomes
After completion of this lab course, students will be able to-

5EC4-21.1 Differentiate the different field pattern of various modes in waveguides

5EC4-21.2 Explain the effect of dielectric properties of material in transmission line

5EC4-21.3 Implement various types of transmission lines on microwave frequency

Implement various types of microwave devices like Coupler, power divider,
5EC4-21.4
filters etc.
Analyze the VSWR, return loss, current distribution obtained from
5EC4-21.5
simulation

5. PI Indicator mapping with Cos

PSO
Bloom's
Course Outcomes PO Indicators Indicator
Level
s

Differentiate the 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 1.1.1,

different field 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 1.1.2,
5EC4- pattern of various 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 4.1.4, 5.1.1, 1.2.2,
L2
21.1 modes in 5.1.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 10.1.1, 1.2.3,
waveguides 10.1.2, 10.1.3, 10.2.1, 10.3.1, 12.1.1, 2.2.1,
12.1.2, 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.1, 12.3.2 2.2.2

Explain the 1.1.1,

effect of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.1, 2.1.2, 2.1.3, 1.1.2,
dielectric 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 1.1.4,
5EC4- 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 5.1.1, 5.1.2,
properties of L2 1.2.2,
21.2 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2,
material in 1.2.3,
transmission line 10.1.3, 10.2.1, 10.3.1, 12.1.1, 12.1.2, 2.2.1,
12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.1, 12.3.2, 2.2.2

Implement 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.1, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 1.1.1,

5EC4- various types of 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 1.1.2,
L3
21.3 transmission 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 3.1.4, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 1.1.3,
lines on 3.3.1, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 1.1.4,

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microwave 4.1.4, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 5.1.1, 1.2.1,
frequency 5.1.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 10.1.1, 1.2.2,
10.1.2, 10.1.3, 10.2.1, 10.3.1, 12.1.1, 1.2.3,
12.1.2, 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.1, 12.3.2 2.2.1,
2.2.2

Implement 1.1.1,
various types of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.1, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 1.1.2,
microwave 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 1.1.3,
devices like 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 3.1.4, 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 1.1.4,
5EC4- 3.3.1, 3.4.1, 3.4.2, 4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.1.3,
Coupler, power L3 1.2.1,
21.4 4.1.4, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.3.1, 4.3.4, 5.1.1,
divider, filters 1.2.2,
5.1.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 10.1.1, 1.2.3,
etc.
10.1.2, 10.1.3, 10.2.1, 10.3.1, 12.1.1, 2.2.1,
12.1.2, 12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.1, 12.3.2 2.2.2

Analyze the 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.3.1, 1.4.1, 2.2.1, 2.2.2, 1.1.1,

VSWR, return 2.2.3, 2.2.4, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 1.1.2,
loss, current 2.4.3, 2.4.4, 4.1.2, 4.1.3, 4.1.4, 4.2.1, 1.1.4,
5EC4-
distribution L4 4.3.1, 4.3.2, 4.3.3, 4.3.4, 5.1.1, 5.1.2, 1.2.2,
21.5
obtained from 5.2.1, 5.2.2, 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 10.1.1, 10.1.2, 1.2.3,
simulation 10.1.3, 10.2.1, 10.3.1, 12.1.1, 12.1.2, 2.2.1,
12.2.1, 12.2.2, 12.3.1, 12.3.2 2.2.2

6. Mapping of course outcomes with POs:

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2

5EC4-
3 3 - 1 3 - - - - 3 - 3 2 2
21.1
5EC4-
3 3 - - 3 - - - - 3 - 3 3 2
21.2
5EC4-
3 3 2 3 3 - - - - 3 - 3 3 2
21.3
5EC4-
3 3 2 3 3 - - - - 3 - 3 3 2
21.4
5EC4-
3 3 3 3 - - - - 3 - 3 3 2
21.5

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7. Beyond Syllabus Experiments

1. Design and simulate microstrip patch antenna at 2.4 GHz and analyzed its radiation
characteristics
8. Mapping of beyond syllabus experiments with POs:

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

B1 3 3 3 3 3 - - - - 3 - 3 3 2

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Lab Ethics

DO’S
1. Shut down the computers before leaving the lab.
2. Keep the bags outside in the racks.
3. Enter the lab on time.
4. Maintain the decorum in the lab.
5. Utilize lab hours in the corresponding experiment.
6. Keep your mobile phone switched off or in vibration mode in bags.
7. Students should get the experiment allotted for next turn, before leaving the lab.

DON’TS
1. Do not touch or attempt to touch the mains power supply wire with bare hands.
2. Do not overcrowd the tables.
3. Do not bring any external material in the lab.
4. Do not leave the lab without permission from the teacher.
5. Do not delete or make any modification in system files.
6. Do not make noise in the lab.
7. Do not litter in the lab.

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Safety Measures

1. UPS and power MCB have been installed in the lab to avoid any power boosting.
2. Avoid direct contact with any voltage source and power line voltage. (Otherwise and
such contact may subject you to electrical shock).
3. Hand gloves must be used during PCB fabrication.
4. Students must not allow touching the chemicals in the dark room.
5. Proper cleaning of hands should be done after completing the PCB fabrication.
6. Students must not look directly into the UV exposer.

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High Frequency Simulator Structure (HFSS)

HFSS is a high-performance full wave electromagnetic (EM) field simulator for arbitrary
3D volumetric passive device modeling that takes advantage of the familiar Microsoft
Windows graphical user interface. It integrates simulation, visualization, solid modeling,
and automation in an easy to learn environment where solutions to your 3D EM problems
are quickly and accurate obtained. Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM),
adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to give you unparalleled performance and insight
to all of your 3D EM problems. Ansoft HFSS can be used to calculate parameters such as
S-Parameters, Resonant Frequency, and Fields.

To set up an HFSS design, follow this general procedure.

I - Insert an HFSS design into a project.

 On the Project menu, click Insert HFSS Design
The new design is listed in the project tree. It is named HFSS Design by default,
where n is the order in which the design was added to the project. The 3D Modeler
window appears to the right of the Project Manager. You can now create the model
geometry.

II -Selecting the Solution Type

Before you draw the model, specify the design’s solution type.
 On the HFSS menu, click Solution Type. The Solution Type dialog box appears.
 Select Driven Modal in the solution types.
We select Driven Modal as our model is a rectangular waveguide and Driven modal
is used for calculating the mode-based S-parameters of passive, high-frequency
structures such as micro strips, waveguides, and transmission lines, which are
“driven” by a source.

III- Setting the Model’s Units of Measurement

You can then choose to display the model’s dimensions in the new units, or rescale the
model’s dimensions to the new units.
To set the model’s units of measurement:
 On the 3D Modeler menu, click Units. The Set Model Units dialog box appears.
 Select the new units for the model from the “Select units” pull-down list.
You can select the “Rescale to new units” option to rescale the dimensions to the new
units. Clear the Rescale to new units option (the default) to convert the dimensions to
the new units without changing their scale
 Click OK to apply the new units to the model.
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IV- Drawing a Model

You can create 3D objects by using HFSS’s Draw commands. Objects are drawn in the
3D Modeler window.
To draw a WR-90 Rectangular waveguide,
 On the HFSS menu, click Draw. The Draw dialog box appears. Select Box
 Dimensions of the box can be specified while drawing the box .At the lower end of
the screen on the right is the Coordinate entry fields.
 Enter the Initial XYZ coordinates and then enter the length in XY&Z direction in
dX, dY & dZ.
E.g. to draw the box with initial point to be origin and propagation along X axis. Since it
is a WR-90 rectangular waveguide the dimensions are a=2.286cm, b=1.016cm.
Once you draw the box the properties window opens up, you can also specify the
coordinates and size of the box here.

V- Assigning Materials
 Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to get the 3D Modeler menu
 On the 3D Modeler menu, click Assign Material.
 The Select Definition window appears. By default, it lists all of the materials in
Ansoft’s global material library as well as the project’s local material library.
 Select a material from the list. Select Air or vacuum for the whole box as our
rectangular waveguide is not filled with any dielectric.
 Click OK.
The material you chose is assigned to the object.

VI- Assigning Boundaries

Boundary conditions specify the field behavior at the edges of the problem region and
object interfaces.
 Right click on the 3D Modeler Window to select faces
 Click on the faces to select the faces which are to be assigned to be a perfect
conductor
 On the HFSS menu, click Boundaries. Select Assign and choose Finite conductivity.
Assign Finite conductivity to 4 faces excluding the Port 1 and Port 2 Select Face.

VII- Assigning Excitations

Excitations in HFSS are used to specify the sources of electromagnetic fields and charges,
currents, or voltages on objects or surfaces in the design.
Assigning excitations is a two step process
a) Assign Ports b) Assign an Integration Lines or Terminal lines separately for each
mode
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a) Assigning Ports
 Select the object face to which you want to assign the port.
 Click H FSS > Excitations > Assign > Wave Port.
Wave port represents the surface through which a signal enters or exits the geometry.
Hence 2 ports are required to be defined. HFSS assumes that each wave port you define
is connected to a semi-infinitely long waveguide that has the same cross-section and
material properties as the port. HFSS generates a solution by exciting each wave port
individually.
 The Wave Port wizard appears.
 Type the port’s name in the Name text box or accept the default name, and then click
next.
 To specify more than one mode to analyze at the port, type a new value in the
Number of Modes box, and then click Update. The mode spreadsheet is updated to
include the total number of modes.

b) Defining Integration Line

An integration line needs to be specified to define a port mode. Since we are analyzing
the WR-90 waveguide for the first 4 modes we need to specify 4 integration lines
 Select New Line from the mode’s Integration Line list.
 The dialog box disappears while you draw the vector
 Select the start point of the vector in one of the following ways
 Click the point. Or Type the point’s coordinates in the X, Y, and Z boxes at the
lower end of the screen
 Select the endpoint of the vector using the mouse or the keyboard. The endpoint
defines the direction and length of the integration line.
 The Wave Port or Lumped Port dialog box reappears.
.
VIII- Solution Setup
a) Adaptive solution setup
b) Frequency sweep setup
a). Adaptive solution setup
 On the HFSS menu, point to Analysis Setup, and then click Add Solution Setup
 The Solution Setup dialog box appears. It is divided among the following tabs:
General - Includes general solution settings
Advanced - Includes advanced settings for initial mesh generation and adaptive analysis
Ports - (if a port was defined) Includes mesh generation options for model ports
Defaults - Enables you to save the current settings as the defaults for future solution setups
or revert the current settings to HFSS’s standard settings.

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 Click the General tab.
For Driven solution types, do the following:
1. Enter the Solution Frequency in the frequency units.
The minimum value for adaptive Mesh Frequency is 2/3rd of the final frequency
required. Although it is recommended to just adapt to the Final frequency. Since we are
analyzing the first 4 modes of the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-Off Frequency of the last
mode is 16 GHz. Hence the Final Frequency is a value, which is higher than that.
For e.g. 20 GHz

2 .Enter the Maximum Number of Passes = 10

The Maximum Number of Passes value is the maximum number of mesh refinement
cycles that you would like HFSS to perform. This value is a stopping criterion for the
adaptive solution; if the maximum number of passes has been completed, the adaptive
analysis stops. If the maximum number of passes has not been completed, the adaptive
analysis will continue unless the convergence criteria are reached
3. Enter the Delta s =. 002
The delta S is the change in the magnitude of the S-parameters between two consecutive
passes.
4. Click Ok
Or
Frequency Sweep setup
1. In the HFSS menu Select Analysis Setup and then select Add sweep
2.The Edit Sweep Dialog Box opens.
3.Select Discrete and enter the Start and stop Frequency.
Since we are analyzing the first 4 modes of the WR-90 waveguide the Cut-Off Frequency of
the last mode is 16 GHz. Hence the Stop Frequency is a value, which is higher than that.
For e.g. 20GHz
4.Click OK
SELECT

VIII – Running a Simulation

To validate your model
1. Select HFSS menu > Validate Check
2. Click OK
To Analyze
1. On the HFSS menu, click Analyze
While a simulation is running, you can monitor the solution’s progress in the Progress window.
You can also view the following solution data at any time during or after the solution
Convergence data-- by clicking HFSS>Analysis Setup>Convergence.
Matrices computed for the S-parameters, impedances, and propagation constants by clicking
HFSS>Analysis Setup>Profile

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Once the simulation is completed HFSS Informs you in the message window.

Results
HFSS > Results > Solution Data
The solution data window appears
HFSS computes the following matrix data
S, Y, and Z Parameters
VSWR
Excitations: - Gamma and Zo
Plotting the results

HFSS> Results> Create Report

Or you can also go to the project tree and right click on results and click create report. The
Create report window dialog box appears.
1) Select the report type you want to view from the pull down list on the top of the dialog
box
2) Select the type of plot you want to create, from the display type pull down list.
3) Click OK
The Traces dialog box appears
4) In the Solution list, click the solution containing the data you want to plot.
5) In the domain list, click a domain. For modal and terminal S- parameter reports, the
domain can be frequency or time. In this case we want frequency domain.
6) Click on Add Trace, click done

Analysis and Results

1) Analyze the propagation constant for the first four modes.
2) Determine the wavelength at different frequencies for the first four modes.
3) Determine the intrinsic impedance at different frequencies for the first four modes
4) Analyze E and H field patterns for the first four modes.

Plot of propagation constant vs. frequency for TE10, TE20, TE01, TE and TM11 using
HFSS
Note that the mode propagates only when the propagation constant has is real and the
operating frequency is greater than its cutoff frequency. As the traveling waves are
functions of exp (-jβ z), has to be real and make exp (-jβ z) imaginary.

Plot of propagation constant vs. frequency for the first four modes using Theoretical
values.
Similarly you can draw plots for wavelength vs. frequency and impedance vs. frequency
from the data given in the solution data box.
1. In the project tree, right-click the solution setup of interest and then click Matrix Data
on the shortcut menu. The Solution Data dialog box appears. The Matrix Data tab is
selected.

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2. In the Simulation pull-down list, click the solution setup and solved pass - adaptive,
single frequency solution, or frequency sweep - for which you want to view matrices.
3. Select the type of matrix you want to view: S, Y, and Z matrices or Zo (characteristic
impedance.). The wavelength data is displayed when you check the gamma box. The
available types depend on the solution type.
4. Select the format — Magnitude/ Phase, Real/ Imaginary, dB/ Phase, Magnitude, Phase,
Real, Imaginary, or dB — in which to display the matrix information. The available
formats depend on the matrix type being displayed.

The solution data window appears

Impedance vs. Frequency for the first four modes
Wavelength vs. frequency for the first four modes

Field Patterns for E and H fields

On the project tree click on Port Field Display > wave port 1 > mode1
The TE10 mode will be displayed in the model
Similarly click on mode2, mode3 and mode 4
TE20
TE01
TE, TM11

To view E and H field patterns

Select the face for which you want to view the field pattern
On the HFSS menu click on Fields > plot fields > mag E
For H field pattern click on Fields > plot fields > mag H
Create field dialog box appears: select mag E under Quantity and the model name under
volume or you can also select all objects.

E field pattern in [v/m]

The colors indicate the intensity of the field decreasing from top to bottom.
H Field Pattern in [v/m]

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Experiment No. 1(a)

Aim: Design a rectangular waveguide having a cut off frequency of 6.56 GHz in the TE10
mode and observe the E and H-field patterns for TE10 and TE20 modes inside the rectangular
waveguide

Requirement: HFSS software (version16.2)

Theory:

Rectangular Waveguide
A rectangular waveguide is a hollow metallic tube with a rectangular cross section. The
conducting walls of the waveguide confine the electromagnetic fields and thereby guide the
electromagnetic wave. The rectangular waveguide is basically characterized by its
dimensions i.e., width ‘a’ and height ‘b’ along x and y directions and ‘d’ is the length of
waveguide in z direction as shown in Fig.1.1
Waveguide propagation modes depend on the operating wavelength, polarization and the
shape and size of the guide. The modes of the waveguide are typically classified into
following types:
 TE modes (Transverse Electric) have no electric field component in the direction of
propagation.
 TM modes (Transverse Magnetic) have no magnetic field component in the direction
of propagation.
 TEM modes (Transverse Electromagnetic) have neither electric nor magnetic field
component in the direction of propagation.

Fig.1.1 Rectangular Waveguide

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A rectangular waveguide supports TM and TE modes but not TEM waves because we
cannot define a unique voltage, since there is only one conductor in a rectangular waveguide.
The shape of a rectangular waveguide as a waveguide component is as shown in Fig.1.2.
A hollow rectangular waveguide has air filled inside it and it is having a finite conductive
boundary. We can observe the change in the field pattern, i.e. electric and magnetic field
patterns with the change in modes inside a rectangular waveguide. One can observe the field
patterns of various modes in xy, xz and yz planes for different frequency bands.

Fig.1.2: Rectangular Waveguide

Design formula
The formula for cut off wavelength (𝜆 ) inside a rectangular waveguide is given by
2
(𝜆 ) =
𝑚 𝑛
+
𝑎 𝑏

Where:

a= inside width, longest dimension

b= inside height, shortest dimension

m= Number of half wavelength variations of field in the “a” direction

n= Number of half wavelength variations of field in the “b” direction

λc= cutoff wavelength 𝑐

(𝜆 ) =
𝑓

Where:

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c= velocity of light
fc = cutoff frequency

We need to design an RWG with a cut off frequency of 6.56 GHz in TE10 mode

The corresponding cut off wavelength is calculated to be 4.57 cm

For TE10 mode m=1 and n =0 so

By the formula 𝜆 =2a

By calculations

x = a = 2.286 cm
y = b ≈ a/2 ≈1.143 cm
z = length of Waveguide is any multiple of wavelength for TE10 mode, here we are
taking three times of wavelength i.e about 14 cm

Waveguide design on HFSS:

Waveguide type= WR90
x = a = 2.286 cm
y = b = 1.106 cm
z = 14 cm
Mode= TE10 and TE20

Procedure:
1. Draw a box on HFSS having center position (0,0,0) and x size=2.285 cm, y
size=1.106 cm and z size=14 cm
2. Select the faces excluding the wave port faces of this rectangular waveguide and
assign the boundary finite conductivity to all surfaces.
3. Assign the wave port on the two port faces and define two modes for each port.
4. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep
5. Validate the design and further analyze it.
6. Observe the field patterns for TE10and TE20 modes in the Port field Display option
in Project Manager.
7. Plot the corresponding ‘E’ and ‘H’ field patterns.

Results:

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Fig: Design Waveguide Structure

Fig: TE10 field pattern

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Fig: TE20 field pattern

Fig: E- field pattern

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Fig: H field pattern

.
Conclusion: E- field and H-field pattern is successfully simulated for rectangular
Waveguide. E- Field is maximum in center of Surface and the intensity of E-field is reduces
at a corner. In H-Field pattern at center the intensity of H-field is minimum and at corner H-
Field is maximum.

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Discussions
Q1.Which of the following modes is dominant in rectangular waveguide (x > y)?
a) TE01 b) TE11 c) TE10 d) TM14
Q2.A waveguide section in a microwave circuit will act as a
a) low pass filter c) band pass filter
b) high pass filter d) band stop filter
Q3.In a hollow rectangular waveguide, the phase velocity
a) is same as in the free space
b) is greater than its value in free space
c) is independent of frequency
d) is same as in the coaxial cable
Q4. Degenerate modes in a waveguide are characterized by
a) same cut off frequencies but different field distributions
b) same cut off frequencies and same field distributions
c) different cut off frequencies but same field distributions
d) different cut off frequencies and different field distributions
Q5. The cut-off frequencies of the dominant mode and the next higher order mode in a
designated waveguide are fc1 and fc2 respectively. The typical operating frequency range for
this waveguide is
a) fc1 < f < 2*fc2 c) fc1 < f < fc2
b) 1.2*fc1 < f < 0.8*fc2 d) 0.5*fc1 < f < fc2
Q6. The cut off wavelength for TE20 mode for a standard rectangular waveguide is
a) a/2 b) 2*a c) a d) a2
Q7. The X-band rectangular waveguide (a=2.28cm, b=1.02cm) is to be operated in TE10
mode. The minimum operating frequency of the waveguide should be typically
a) 8.0 GHz b) 6.00 GHz c) 5.00 GHz d) 3.75 GHz
Q8. For TE30 mode, which of the following field components exist?
a) Ex b) Ey c) Ez d) Hy
Q9. If in a rectangular waveguide for which a=2b, the cut off frequency for TE10 mode is 12
GHz, the cutoff frequency for TE01 mode is
a) 3GHz b) 12GHz c) 10GHz d) 24GHz
Q10.At microwave frequencies, the waveguides are preferred in comparison to transmission
lines for transporting EM energy because
a) transmission lines are usually operated above cut-off frequency
b) waveguides have larger bandwidth
c) waveguides have lower signal attenuation
d) waveguides support TEM mode

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Experiment No. 1(b)

Object: Design a circular waveguide having a cut off frequency of 879 MHz in the TE11
mode and observe the field patterns of horizontal and vertical orientation for TE11 mode
inside the circular waveguide

Requirement: HFSS software (version16.2)

Theory:

Circular Waveguide

A circular waveguide consists of a hollow metallic cylinder with an inner radius R as in

Fig.1.3. In the inner air-filled volume of the cylinder electromagnetic waves can propagate
above mode-specific cut-off frequencies fc, mn. Solutions of Maxwell's equations can be
found using cylindrical coordinates and involve Bessel functions. As in the case of a
rectangular waveguide the solutions can be divided into TE and TM modes. The different
modes are identified by integer numbers m and n

Fig.1.3 Circular Waveguide

The wave mode with the lowest cut-off frequency (fundamental mode) is TE11. The electric
field distribution in a cross-section area is shown in Fig.1.4. Since the cross-section is a
circle, there is no preferential direction for the orientation of the electric field. We can see a
vertical field orientation and a horizontal field orientation in Fig.1.4. In practical operation
the orientation depends on the excitation of the mode. We can use orthogonal polarized
waves of the fundamental wave mode to transmit two independent data streams
simultaneously. Circular waveguide component is as shown in Fig.1.5

Fig.1.4 Field Orientation for TE11 mode

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Fig.1.5: Circular Waveguide component

Cut off frequency

Similarly, as in the case of rectangular waveguides, propagation in circular waveguides is
determined by a cutoff frequency. The cutoff frequency is unique for a particular waveguide
mode that is supposed to be propagating in a waveguide of a given diameter and determines
the lower frequency of the waveguide’s operating frequency range. The cutoff frequency
for circular waveguide is calculated using the following formula:

where: v stands for a wave velocity in a medium filling the waveguide, c, m,n is a cutoff
phase constant which is calculated according to the formulae given in Table 1.

Now, for TE11 mode if we take the radius of waveguide ‘a’ = 10 cm, then the cut off
frequency comes out to be 879 MHz as per below calculations, values of Bessel functions
are calculated by corresponding tables.

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Waveguide design on HFSS:

a=radius=10 cm
d=length = length of Waveguide is any multiple of wavelength for TE11 mode, here we are
taking it equal to wavelength i.e about 34 cm
Mode= TE11

Procedure:
1. Draw a cylinder on HFSS having center position (0,0,0) and radius=10 cm and
height=34 cm
2. Select the faces excluding the wave port faces of this circular waveguide and assign
the boundary finite conductivity to all surfaces.
3. Assign the wave port on the two port faces and define two modes for each port.
4. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep
5. Validate the design and further analyze it.
6. Observe the field patterns for TE11 modes in the Port field Display option in Project
Manager.
7. Plot the corresponding ‘E’ and ‘H’ field patterns.

Results:

Fig: Design Waveguide Structure

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Fig: TE10 field patterns in orthogonal planes

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Fig: E- field pattern

Fig: H field pattern

.
Conclusion: E- field and H-field pattern is successfully simulated for circular Waveguide.
The field lines are curved for TE11 mode and the electric and magnetic field lines are
perpendicular

Discussions
1. In TE mode of a circular waveguide, EZ=0. The wave equation is:
a) ∇2HZ+k2HZ=0
b) ∇2HZ-k2HZ=0
c) ∇2HZ-HZ=0
d) ∇2HZ+HZ=0
2. The lowest mode of TE mode propagation in a circular waveguide is:
a) TE10mode
b) TE00mode

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c) TE01mode
d) TE11mode
3. What is the cutoff frequency for TE11 mode in a circular waveguide of radius 2 cm with
X’11=1.841?
a) 5.5GHz
b) 4.3GHz
c) 7.7GHz
d) 8.1GHz
4. In a circular waveguide, if the propagation is in TE21 mode with X21=3.054, with a
diameter of 60 mm, then the cutoff frequency for the mode is:
a) 5.6GHz
b) 6.4GHz
c) 3.5GHz
d) 4.8GHz
5. For a circular waveguide in TM11 mode of propagation with inner radius of 30mm, and
the phase constant being equal to 0.3, then the wave impedance is equal to:
a) 0.16Ω
b) 0.15Ω
c) 0.5Ω
d) 0.4Ω
6. In TM mode, what is the first propagating mode?
a) TM01 mode
b) TM11 mode
c) TM12 mode
d) TM10 mode

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Experiment no: 2

Aim: Find the change in characteristics impedance and reflection coefficients of the coaxial
transmission line by changing the dielectric material embedded between two conductors
having dielectric constants r as1, 2.25 and 4 for X band (8 GHz-12 GHz) frequency range

Requirement: HFSS software (16.2)

Theory:

Characteristic impedance is also known as natural impedance, and it refers to the equivalent
resistance of a transmission line if it were infinitely long, owing to distributed capacitance
and inductance as the voltage and current “waves” propagate along its length at a
propagation velocity equal to some large fraction of light speed.

A transmission line's characteristic impedance (Z0) increases as the conductor spacing

increases. If the conductors are moved away from each other, the distributed capacitance
will decrease (greater spacing between capacitor “plates”), and the distributed inductance
will increase (less cancellation of the two opposing magnetic fields). Less parallel
capacitance and more series inductance results in a smaller current drawn by the line for any
given voltage. Conversely, bringing the two conductors closer together increases the parallel
capacitance and decreases the series inductance. Both changes result in a larger current
drawn for a given applied voltage, equating to a lesser impedance.

A coaxial transmission line consists of two round conductors in which one completely
surrounds the other, with the two separated by a continuous solid dielectric as shown below
in Fig.2.1

Fig: Coaxial line

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The Reflection Coefficient Transformation:

The load at the end of some length of a transmission line (with characteristic impedance
(ZO)) can be specified in terms of its impedance ZL or its reflection coefficient ΓL.
When a transmission line is terminated with impedance, ZL, that is not equal to the
characteristic impedance of the transmission line, ZO, not all of the incident power is
absorbed by the termination. Part of the power is reflected back So that phase addition and
subtraction of the incident and reflected waves creates a voltage standing wave pattern on
the transmission line. The ratio of the maximum to minimum voltage is known as the
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and successive maxima and minima are spaced by
180o (lambda /2)
Γ = OR Z = Z
𝐸 𝐸 −𝐸
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
𝐸 𝐸 +𝐸
Where
Emax = maximum voltage on standing wave
Emin= minimum voltage on standing wave
Ei = incident voltage wave amplitude
Er = reflected voltage wave amplitude

If the equation for VSWR is solved for the reflection coefficient, it is found that:

Reflection Coefficient:
(𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 − 1)
|Γ| =
(𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 + 1)

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HFSS Design

We will be designing a coaxial transmission line having inner and outer conductor radius to
be 0.73 mm and 4.7 mm and the overall outer radius to be 6.2 mm, the length of the
transmission line will be 20 mm, after that the dielectric constants will be changed and
effects will be analyzed on characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient

Procedure:

1. Draw three concentric cylinders of height 20 mm and radius of 0.73 mm, 4.7 mm and
6.2 mm respectively
2. Subtract the cylinders to separate inner, outer conductors and dielectric
3. Assign materials to inner and outer conductors as Copper.
4. Choose the starting dielectric material ‘air’ having r=1
5. Draw circles at two ends of transmission line and assign ports.
6. Create the solution setupset solution frequency add frequency sweep (8-12 GHz)
7. Validate the design and further analyze it.
8. Observe the plots for characteristic impedance and reflection coefficient with
frequency
9. Change the dielectric material and again observe the two plots for each dielectric
material.

Results:

Fig: Coaxial transmission line

1. Dielectric is air: εr= 1

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Fig: Magnitude of Characteristics impedance versus Frequency

Fig: Return Loss versus Frequency

2. Dielectric is polyethylene: εr= 2.25

Fig: Magnitude of Characteristics impedance versus Frequency

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Fig: Return Loss Curve versus Frequency

3. Dielectric is Polyimide Quartz: εr= 4

Fig: Magnitude of Characteristics impedance versus Frequency

Fig: Return Loss versus Frequency

We observe the values at center frequency of 10 GHz, the characteristic impedance can be
verified from the formula as in theory in Table 2

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We can observe that with increase in dielectric constant Z0 decreases and the reflection
coefficient also decreases because as the value of Z0 reaches 50 ohms the reflection
coefficient approaches a value of about zero.

Table 2: Impedance and return loss value for different Material

At center frequency F=10 GHz

r=1 r=2.25 r=4
Z0 (ohms) 111.8 74.6 55.9
S11 (dB) -49.6 -58 -59.6

Conclusion: We have simulated the Coaxial Transmission line for different dielectric
constant. Characteristic impedance reduces with the increasing value of dielectric constant.

Discussions
Q1. Define the relation between Dielectric Constant and Characteristics Impedance.
Q2. What is Return Loss?

Q3. The transmission line parameters are

(a) Discrete (b) Lumped (c) Distributed (d) None of these
Q4. A line is matched when
(a) The load impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line
(b) The source impedance is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line
(c) The load impedance is less than the characteristic impedance of the line
(d) The load impedance is equal to half of the characteristic impedance of the line
Q5. In which of the following transmission lines, there is a mismatch in phase velocity
during transmission?
(a) Coaxial transmission lines
(b) Strip lines
(c) Micro strip lines
(d) Parallel plate transmission lines
Q6. Which of the following transmission lines support Quasi-TEM mode
(a) Coaxial transmission lines
(b) Parallel plate transmission lines
(c) Strip lines
(d) Micro strip lines
Q7. Calculate the characteristic impedance (Zo) of the RG-142 coaxial line with outer
conductor and inner conductor dimensions of 0.116" and 0.035" respectively, and a
dielectric with εr = 2.2?
(a) 48.416 (b) -106.5170 (c) 50.614 (d) 49.102
Q8. In the microstrip lines, effective dielectric constant (εeff) satisfies the condition

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(a) εe>εr (b) 1 <εe<εr (c) εe ≤ εr (d) none of these
Q9. The input impedance Zin is a function of
(a) ƒ (Zo, ZL) (b) ƒ (Zo, l, f, β) (c) ƒ (l, f) (d) none of these
Q10.The effective dielectric constant of micro strip line, with εr = 2.2, the substrate
thickness d = 0.117 and Width = 0.391 is
(a) 2.87 (b) 1.1 (c) 1.87 (d) 2.2
Q12.In which of the following transmission lines, loss is maximum?
(a) Coaxial lines
(b) Parallel plate transmission lines
(c) Strip lines
(d) Micro strip lines

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Experiment- 3(a)

Object: Design a Planar Transmission Lines (Strip Line) for F= 2GHz frequency and
determine their field patterns and Characteristic impedance.

Requirement: HFSS software (11.0)

Theory:

Strip line:

A strip line uses a flat strip of metal which is sandwiched between two parallel ground
planes. The insulating material of the substrate forms a dielectric. The width of the strip, the
thickness of the substrate and the relative permittivity of the substrate determine
the characteristic impedance of the strip which is a transmission line. As shown in the
diagram, the central conductor need not be equally spaced between the ground planes. In
the general case, the dielectric material may be different above and below the central
conductor.

Fig: Strip Line

To prevent the propagation of unwanted modes, the two ground planes must be shorted
together. This is commonly achieved by a row of vias running parallel to the strip on each
side.
Like coaxial cable, strip line is non-dispersive, and has no cutoff frequency. Good
isolation between adjacent traces can be achieved more easily than with micro strip. Strip
line provides for enhanced noise immunity against the propagation of radiated RF
emissions, at the expense of slower propagation speeds when compared to micro strip lines.
The effective permittivity of strip lines equals the relative permittivity of the dielectric
substrate because of wave propagation only in the substrate.

Calculation: The impedance of strip line is calculated as

𝟑𝟕𝟕∗𝑯
𝒁𝟎 =
𝑾∗ 𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝒐𝒉𝒎 (1)
𝜺𝒓 𝟏 𝜺𝒓 𝟏
𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐
+ (2)
𝑯
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝑾

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𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳= 𝒇∗ 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇
∗𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 (3)

Where 𝑍 = characteristics Impedance (50Ω)

h= height of substrate from ground to center of Strip line (for strip line h=1.6mm)
W= width of strip line
𝜀 = effective refractive index of material (For FR4 𝜀 = 3.9)
F= frequency of operation (F=2GHz)
so, from equation (1)
377 ∗ 𝐻
𝑊= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍 ∗ 𝜀
377 ∗ 0.8
𝑊= 𝑚𝑚
50 ∗ √3.9
W=3.054mm
from equation (3)
c 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
f ε 2

3 ∗ 10 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
2 ∗ 10 √3.9 2
L= 0.0379 meter
Procedure:
1. Select the desired frequency (F=2 GHz) and the dielectric material (FR4 with εr=4.4 and
height of substrate is h=1.6mm).
2. Draw dielectric substrate box of size x=20 mm, y=38 mm and z=3.2 mm with starting
point (-10, -19, -1.6).
3. Draw ground plane1 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, -1.6)
4. Draw ground plane2 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, 1.6)
5. Draw strip line x=3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point (-1.525, -19, 1.6)
6. Draw vacuum box of size x=30mm, y=38mm and z=10mm with starting point (-15, -19,
-3).
7. Select ground plane1, ground plane2 and strip line and assign perfect E for finite
conductivity.
8. Select one side of strip line and assign excitation.
9. Follow step 8 for another side of strip line.
10. Select four sides of vacuum box except the sides of excitation and assign radiation to
measure the radiation effect.
11. Create solution setup by assigning the solution frequency F=2 GHz. Add start
frequency=1GHz, Stop Frequency= 3 GHz and step of 0.1 GHz frequency.
12. Validate the design and simulate the design structure

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13. Create model solution data plot for S11 parameter, radiation pattern and Characteristics
Impedance

Result:

Fig: Design Structure of strip Line

Fig: Design Structure of Strip Line

Return Loss

Fig: Return Loss versus Frequency

Characteristic impedance

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Fig: Characteristics Impedance versus Frequency

Fig: Electrical Field Pattern for Strip Line

Conclusion: we have designed the strip line for F=2 GHz and obtain the minimum reflection
coefficient (S11-parameter) for the f =1.9GHz frequency. So, the error in reflection
coefficient is 5%. The characteristics impedance for 1.9GHz is 59ohm.

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Experiment- 3(b)

Object: Design a Planar Transmission Lines (microstrip Line) for F= 2GHz frequency and
determine their field patterns and Characteristic impedance.

Software Requirement: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Micro-strip line:

In simple terms, Micro strip is the printed circuit version of a wire over a ground plane, and
thus it tends to radiate as the spacing between the ground plane and the strip increases. A
substrate thickness of a few percent of a wavelength (or less) minimizes radiation without
forcing the strip width to be too narrow. ·
In Strip line, the two-media nature (substrate discontinuity) of Micro strip causes its
dominant mode to be hybrid (Quasi-TEM) not TEM, with the result that the phase velocity,
characteristic impedance, and field variation in the guide cross section all become mildly
frequency dependent. · The Micro strip line is dispersive. With increasing frequency, the
effective dielectric constant gradually climbs towards that of the substrate, so that the phase
velocity gradually decreases. This is true even with a non-dispersive substrate material (the
substrate dielectric constant will usually fall with increasing frequency).

Fig: Micro-strip Line

In Micro strip development a new concept of Effective Dielectric Constant εeff was
introduced, which considers that most of the electric fields are constrained within the
substrate, but a fraction of the total energy exists within the air above the board. · The
Effective Dielectric Constant εeff varies with the free-space wavelength λ0. The dispersion
becomes more pronounced with the decreasing ratio of strip width to substrate thickness,
W/h. Dispersion is less pronounced as the strip width becomes relatively wider, and the
Micro strip line physically starts to approach an ideal parallel-plate capacitor.

Calculation: The impedance of strip line is calculated as

𝟖𝟕 𝟓.𝟗𝟖𝑯
𝒁𝟎 = 𝒍𝒏 𝟎.𝟖𝑾 𝑻
𝒐𝒉𝒎 (1)
𝜺𝒓 𝟏.𝟒𝟏

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𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳= 𝒇∗ 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇
∗𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 (2)

Where 𝑍 = characteristics Impedance (50Ω)

h= height of substrate from ground to center of Strip line (for strip line h=1.6mm)
W= width of strip line
T= Thickness of conducting surface
F= frequency of operation (F=2GHz)
so, from equation (1)
𝟖𝟕 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔
𝟓𝟎 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒐𝒉𝒎
√𝟒. 𝟒 + 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝑾 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
W=3.056mm
from equation (3)
c 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
f ε 2

3 ∗ 10 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
2 ∗ 10 √3.9 2
L= 0.0379 meter
Procedure:
14. Select the desired frequency (F=2 GHz) and the dielectric material (FR4 with εr=4.4
and height of substrate is h=1.6mm).
15. Draw dielectric substrate box of size x=20mm, y=38mm and z=1.6mm with starting
point (-10, -19, -0.8).
16. Draw ground plane x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, -0.8)
17. Draw micro-strip line x=3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point (-1.525, -19, 0.8)
18. Draw vacuum box of size x=30mm, y=38mm and z=10mm with starting point (-15, -
19, -2).
19. Select ground plane1 and strip line and assign perfect E for finite conductivity
20. Select one side of microstrip line and assign excitation
21. Follow step 8 for another side of strip line.
22. Select four surfaces of vacuum box except excitation side and assign radiation pattern
23. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep.
24. Validate the design
25. Analysis the design
26. Show the result (create rectangular plot s11 plot) radiation pattern and
Characteristic Impedance

Result:

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Fig: Micro Strip line design in HFSS software for F=2GHz

Fig: Micro strip line design in HFSS software for F=2GHz

Return Loss

Fig: Return Loss versus Frequency

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Characteristic impedance

Fig: Characteristics Impedance versus Frequency

Fig: Electrical Field Pattern for Micro-strip Line

Conclusion: we have designed the microstrip line for F=2 GHz and obtain the minimum
reflection coefficient (S11-parameter) for the f =2.05GHz frequency. So, the error in
reflection coefficient is 5%. The characteristics impedance of 50 ohm is obtained 1.95GHz.

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Experiment- 3(c)

Object: Design a Planar Transmission Lines (Parallel Coupled Microstrip Line) for F=
2GHz frequency and determine their field patterns and Characteristic impedance.

Software Requirement: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Parallel Coupled Micro-strip line:

Parallel lines consist of low loss dielectric sandwiched between two parallel conductor’s
strips. The strip width w, the separation s, and relative dielectric constant of the dielectric
slab is ∈ . Usually width is much greater than the conductor spacing and the metal thickness
is quite small. Parallel strip line can be easily fabricated on dielectric by using printed circuit
technology.

Fig: Parallel Coupled Micro-strip Line

Calculation: The impedance of microstrip line is calculated as

𝟖𝟕 𝟓.𝟗𝟖𝑯
𝒁𝟎 = 𝒍𝒏 𝟎.𝟖𝑾 𝑻
𝒐𝒉𝒎 (1)
𝜺𝒓 𝟏.𝟒𝟏

𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳=𝒇∗ 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇
∗𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 (2

Where 𝑍 = characteristics Impedance (50Ω)

h= height of substrate from ground to center of Strip line (for strip line h=1.6mm)
W= width of strip line
t= Thickness of conducting surface
F= frequency of operation (F=2GHz)
so, from equation (1)
𝟖𝟕 𝟓. 𝟗𝟖 ∗ 𝟏. 𝟔
𝟓𝟎 = 𝒍𝒏 𝒐𝒉𝒎
√𝟒. 𝟒 + 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏 𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝑾 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
W=3.056mm

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from equation (3)
c 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
f ε 2

3 ∗ 10 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
2 ∗ 10 √3.9 2
L= 0.0379 meter
Procedure:
1. Select the desired frequency (F=2 GHz) and the dielectric material (FR4 with εr=4.4
and height of substrate is h=1.6mm).
2. Draw dielectric substrate box of size x=20mm, y=38mm and z=1.6mm with starting
point (-10, -19, -0.8).
3. Draw ground plane1 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, -0.8)
4. Add variable $a for vary the spacing between parallel strip line
Project Project Variable Add Variable unit type Length (mm)
5. Draw micro strip line1 x=3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point ($a, -19, 0)
6. Draw micro strip line1 x=-3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point (-$a, -19, 0)
7. Draw vacuum box of size x=30mm, y=38mm and z=10mm with starting point (-15, -
19, -2).
8. Select ground plane1, micro stripline1 and micro stripline2 and assign perfect E for
finite conductivity.
9. Draw four rectangles for the transmission of two different signals at the surface.
10. Rectangle1: x=3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point ($a, -19, -0.8).
11. Rectangle2: x=-3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point (-$a, -19, -0.8)
12. Rectangle3: x=3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point ($a, 19, -0.8)
13. Rectangle1: x=-3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point (-$a, 19, -0.8)
14. Select each rectangle and assign excitation
Assign Excitation assign port wave port
15. Select four surfaces of vacuum box except excitation side and assign radiation pattern
16. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep.
17. Validate the design
18. Analysis the design and show the result (create rectangular plot s11 plot).

Result:

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Fig: Design structure of Parallel coupled micro strip line

Fig: Electric field pattern for Parallel coupled micro strip line

Return Loss

Fig: Return loss S11 parameter v/s frequency

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Fig: Real Impedance v/s frequency

Fig: Transmission Parameter v/s frequency

Fig: Coupling Parameter v/s frequency

Conclusion: we have designed the parallel coupled micro strip line for F=2 GHz and obtain
the minimum reflection coefficient (S11-parameter) for the F=2.1GHz frequency and

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maximum transmission (S12-parameter) for the F= 2GHz frequency. So, the error in
reflection coefficient s11 is 5% and error in S12 parameter is 0%

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Experiment- 3(d)

Object: Design a Planar Transmission Lines (Parallel Coupled Strip Line) for F= 2GHz
frequency and determine their field patterns and Characteristic impedance.

Requirement: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Parallel Coupled Strip line:

Parallel lines consist of low loss dielectric sandwiched between two parallel conductor’s
strips. The strip width w, the separation s, and relative dielectric constant of the dielectric
slab is ∈ . Usually width is much greater than the conductor spacing and the metal
thickness is quite small. Parallel strip line can be easily fabricated on dielectric by using
printed circuit technology.

Fig: Parallel Coupled Strip Line

Calculation: The impedance of strip line is calculated as

𝟑𝟕𝟕∗𝑯
𝒁𝟎 =
𝑾∗ 𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇
𝒐𝒉𝒎 (1)

𝜺𝒓 𝟏 𝜺𝒓 𝟏
𝜺𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟐
+ (2)
𝑯
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏𝟐𝑾

𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳= 𝒇∗ 𝜺𝒆𝒇𝒇
∗𝟐 𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 (3)

Where 𝑍 = characteristics Impedance (50Ω)

h= height of substrate from ground to center of Strip line (for strip line h=1.6mm)
W= width of strip line
𝜀 = effective refractive index of material (For FR4 𝜀 = 3.9)
F= frequency of operation (F=2GHz)
so, from equation (1)
377 ∗ ℎ
𝑊= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑍 ∗ 𝜀
377 ∗ 0.8
𝑊= 𝑚𝑚
50 ∗ √3.9

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W=3.054mm
from equation (3)
c 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
f ε 2

3 ∗ 10 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
2 ∗ 10 √3.9 2
L= 0.0379 meter
Procedure:
1. Select the desired frequency (F=2 GHz) and the dielectric material (FR4 with εr=4.4 and
height of substrate is h=1.6mm).
2. Draw dielectric substrate box of size x=20mm, y=38mm and z=1.6mm with starting point
(-10, -19, -0.8).
3. Draw ground plane1 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, -0.8)
4. Draw ground plane2 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, 0.8)
5. Add variable $a for vary the spacing between parallel strip line
Project Project Variable Add Variable unit type Length (mm)
6. Draw strip line1 x=3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point ($a, -19, 0)
7. Draw strip line1 x=-3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point (-$a, -19, 0)
8. Draw vacuum box of size x=30mm, y=38mm and z=10mm with starting point (-15, -19,
-2).
9. Select ground plane1, Ground plane 2, stripline1 and stripline2 and assign perfect E for
finite conductivity.
10. Draw four rectangles for the transmission of two different signals at the surface.
11. Rectangle1: x=3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point ($a, -19, -0.8).
12. Rectangle2: x=-3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point (-$a, -19, -0.8)
13. Rectangle3: x=3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point ($a, 19, -0.8)
14. Rectangle1: x=-3.05mm, z=1.6mm with starting point (-$a, 19, -0.8)
15. Select each rectangle and assign excitation
Assign Excitation assign port wave port
16. Select four surfaces of vacuum box except excitation side and assign radiation pattern
17. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep.
18. Validate the design
19. Analysis the design and show the result (create rectangular plot s11 plot).
20. Create model solution data plot for S11 parameter, radiation pattern and Characteristics
Impedance

Result:

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Fig: Designing of parallel coupled strip line for F=2GHz

Return Loss

Fig: Return Loss versus Frequency

Fig: Transmission Parameter versus Frequency

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Characteristic impedance SKIT/ECE/V SEM/RFS LAB

Fig: Characteristics Impedance versus Frequency

Fig: Electrical Field Pattern for Parallel Coupled Strip Line

Conclusion: we have designed the parallel coupled strip line for F=2 GHz and obtain the
minimum reflection coefficient (S11-parameter) for the F =2.1GHz frequency. So, the error
in reflection coefficient is 5%. The characteristics impedance for 2GHz is 17ohm.

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Experiment- 3(e)

Object: Design a Planar Transmission Lines (Slot line) for F= 2GHz frequency and
determine their field patterns and Characteristic impedance.

Requirement: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Slot line:

Structure consists of a slot etched from the conducting layer on the one surface and other is
without any conducting layer. The structure is thus complimentary to that of a micro-strip
line. The series and parallel elements can be connected without much difficulty in this type
of structure. It is useful alternative to micro-strip in the fabrication of microwave integrated
circuits. The electric and magnetic field of waves propagating in slot line is non-TEM mode.
The electric field is essentially across the slot while the magnetic field has both transverse
and longitudinal components.

Fig: Design Structure of slot Line

Fig: Field Pattern of slot Line

Calculation: The impedance of slot line is calculated as

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Where q0 is 2 for the frequency less than 18GHz.

t=thickness of slot line (35micron)
r= permittivity of dielectric material
weq= w-Δw
w is the width of microstrip line (From the reference of first part= 3.056mm)
weq=2.95mm
c 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
f ε 2

3 ∗ 10 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
2 ∗ 10 √3.9 2
L= 0.0379 meter
Procedure:
1. Select the desired frequency (F=2 GHz) and the dielectric material (FR4 with εr=4.4
and height of substrate is h=1.6mm).
2. Draw dielectric substrate box of size x=20 mm, y=38 mm and z=1.6 mm with starting
point (-10, -19, -0.8).
3. Draw ground plane1 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, -0.8)
4. Draw ground plane2 x=20mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, 0.8)
5. Draw strip line x=3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point (-1.525, -19, 0.8)
6. Subtract strip line from ground plane2 for slot cutting
7. Draw vacuum box of size x=30mm, y=38mm and z=10mm with starting point (-15, -
19, -2).
8. Select ground plane1, ground plane2 and strip line and assign perfect E for finite
conductivity
9. Select one side of strip line and assign excitation
10. Follow step 8 for another side of strip line.
11. Select four surfaces of vacuum box except excitation side and assign radiation pattern
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12. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep.
13. Validate the design
14. Analysis the design and show the result (create rectangular plot s11 plot).
15. Create model solution data plot for S11 parameter, radiation pattern and Characteristics
Impedance
Result:

Fig: Slot line design structure

Fig: Electric field pattern of slot line

Return Loss

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Fig: Return loss v/s frequency for slot line design

Fig: Real Impedance v/s frequency for slot line design

Fig: Electrical Field Pattern for Slot Line

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Conclusion: we have designed the slot line for F=2 GHz and obtain the minimum reflection
coefficient (S11-parameter) for the f = 1.9GHz frequency and real impedance is 23.19 ohm
at f = 2GHz frequency. So, the error in reflection coefficient s11 is 5%.

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Experiment- 3(f)

Object: Design a Planar Transmission Lines (Co-planer Transmission line) for F= 2GHz
frequency and determine their field patterns and Characteristic impedance.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:
Co-planar line:
A coplanar line is a structure in which all the conductors supporting wave propagation are
located on the same plane, i.e. generally the top of a dielectric substrate. There exist two
main types of coplanar lines: the first, called coplanar waveguide (CPW), that we will study
here, is composed of a median metallic strip separated by two narrow slits from an infinite
ground plane, as may be seen on the figure below. The other coplanar line, called a coplanar
slot (CPS) is the complementary of that topology, consisting of two strips running side by
side.

Fig: Co-planer Transmission Line

Fig: Co-planer Transmission Line

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Fig: Field Pattern of Co-Planar Line
Calculation: The impedance of Co-planar line is calculated as
60𝜋 1
𝑍 =
𝜀 𝐾(𝑘) 𝐾(𝑘𝑙)
𝐾(𝑘 ) + 𝐾(𝑘𝑙 )

𝑘 = 𝑎 𝑏 and 𝑘′ = √1 − 𝑘

𝑘𝑙′ = √1 − 𝑘𝑙 and 𝑘𝑙 =

Where a= width of microstrip line (calculated in microstrip line design)

b = 2G+W (2* Gap between Microstrip line and Ground + width of strip line). It should be
less than λ/2 for best performance.
𝜀 = refractive index of material (For FR4 4.4)
From the microstrip design the width of co-planer line is w
W=a=3.054mm
b= 6.1 mm (Approximate)= 2*G+W
So, the gap should by
6.1-3.054=2*G
G=1.5 mm (Approx)
c 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
f ε 2

3 ∗ 10 1 1
L= ∗ ∗ meter
2 ∗ 10 √3.9 2
L= 0.0379 meter
The exact value of gap between micro stripline and ground should be calculated by
parametric analysis.
Procedure:
1. Select the desired frequency (F=2 GHz) and the dielectric material (FR4 with εr=4.4 and
height of substrate is h=1.6mm).
2. Draw dielectric substrate box of size x=20mm, y=38mm and z=1.6mm with starting point
(-10, -19, -0.8).
3. Add variable a.
4. Draw ground plane1 x= (8.475mm -$a), y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, 0.8)
5. Draw ground plane2 x=-(8.475mm -$a), y=38mm with starting point (10, -19, 0.8)
6. Draw ground plane3 x=mm, y=38mm with starting point (-10, -19, - 0.8)
7. Draw strip line x=3.05mm, y=38mm with starting point (-1.525, -19, 0.8)
8. Subtract strip line from ground plane2 for slot cutting

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9. Draw vacuum box of size x=30mm, y=38mm and z=10mm with starting point (-15, -19,
-2).
10. Select ground plane1, ground plane2, ground plane3 and strip line and assign perfect E
for finite conductivity
11. Select one side of strip line and assign excitation
12. Follow step 8 for another side of strip line.
13. Select four surfaces of vacuum box except excitation side and assign radiation pattern
14. Create the solution setup set solution frequency add frequency sweep.
15. Validate the design
16. Analysis the design and show the result (create rectangular plot s11 plot).
17. Create model solution data plot for S11 parameter, radiation pattern and Characteristics
Impedance
Result:

Fig: Design structure of Coplanar Transmission Line

Fig: Design structure of Coplanar Transmission Line

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Return Loss

Fig: Return loss v/s frequency for Coplanar line

Fig: Real Impedance v/s frequency for Coplanar line design

Fig: Electrical Field Pattern for Co-Planer Line

Conclusion: we have designed the Co-planer line for F=2 GHz and obtain the minimum
reflection coefficient (S11-parameter) for the F = 2.2GHz frequency and real impedance is
26.4 ohm at F = 2GHz frequency. So, the error in reflection coefficient s11 is 10%.

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Discussion:
Q1. Which mode of propagation is supported in a microstrip line?
Ans: The exact fields of a microstrip line constitute a hybrid TM-TE wave. In most practical
applications, the dielectric substrate is very thin and so the fields are generally quasi-TEM
in nature.
Q2. What is the effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line?
Ans: The effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line is given by (∈r + 1)/2 + (∈r-1)/2 *
1/ (√1+12d/w). Along with the relative permittivity, the effective permittivity also depends
on the effective width and thickness of the microstrip line.
Q3. Calculate the wave number of a microstrip-line operating at a frequency of 10 GHz.
Ans: The wave number in air is given by the relation 2πf/C. Substituting the given value of
frequency and ‘C’, the wave number obtained is 209.
Q4. What is the conductor loss for Microstrip lines?
Ans: Surface resistivity of the conductor (microstrip line) contributes to the conductor loss
of a microstrip line. Hence, conductor loss is more significant in a microstrip line than
dielectric loss.
Q5. Which mode of propagation is supported by a strip line?
Ans: Since a strip-line has 2 conductors and a homogeneous dielectric, it supports a TEM
wave, and this is the usual mode of operation.
Q6. The media from which strip-line can be compared
Ans: A strip-line has an inner conductor enclosed by an outer conductor and are uniformly
filled with a dielectric medium, these are similar to a coaxial cable. Hence it can be
compared to a flattened coaxial cable.
Q7. Calculate the wave number of a strip-line operating at a frequency of 10 GHz.
Ans: The wave number of a microstrip line is given by the expression 2πf√(∈r/c), c is the
speed of light in space, ∈r is the relative permittivity of the dielectric medium. Substituting
the given values in the equation, the wave number is 310.
Q8. Write down the expression for the characteristic impedance of strip lines.
𝟑𝟕𝟕∗𝑯
Ans: 𝒁𝟎 = 𝑾∗ 𝜺 𝒐𝒉𝒎
𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒇

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Experiment No. : 4.A
Object: Design and simulate a 3-dB branch line coupler at F=2.4GHz frequency and
analyze its S parameter.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Fig.: 3-dB branch line coupler

Figure shows the simplest form of 3-dB branch line coupler. The Branch line coupler is a
signal divider that can separate an incoming signal into two equal powers, but 90-degree
phase shifted signals. It consists of 4 ports: Input (1), Output 1 (2) and Output 2 (3). The
fourth port (4) is terminated at 50 ohms for the signal splitter and is isolated from the input.
The branch line coupler consists of four transmission lines, each a quarter-wavelength long
at the target frequency. Z0 is the characteristic impedance of transmission line which is 50
ohm and λ is the wavelength of the target frequency.
Design formula:
1. Wavelength:
λ= (4.A.1)
where: λ is wavelength,
f is target frequency
c is velocity of light
2. Width of transmission line with Z0 characteristic impedance:
= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 <2 (4.A.2)
Where: W is width of transmission line
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h is the height of substrate
.
𝐴= + 0.23 + (4.A.3)

Z0 is characteristic impedance
εr is dielectric constant
Design Parameters:
Frequency (f) = 2.4GHz
Z0 = 50 ohm
Substrate: FR4 Epoxy, εr= 4.4
h=1.6mm
Calculation:
Using equation 4.A.1
λ = 125mm
λ/4 =31.25mm
Using equation 4.A.3
A1= 1.529 when impedance is Z0
A2= 1.128 when impedance is 0.707Z0
Using equation 4.A.2
W1= 3.05mm when impedance is Z0
W2= 5.24mm when impedance is 0.707Z0

Procedure:

1. Insert HFSS design in project and save.

2. Draw a box with Position (0,0,0), x size=62.3mm, y size=36.49mm and z size= 1.6mm.
3. Rename the box as substrate and assign FR4 epoxy material to substrate.
4. Draw a rectangle 1 with position (0,0,0), x size=62.25mm, y size=36.49mm and axis is
Z. Rename as ground.
5. Draw a rectangle 2 with position (14,0,1.6), x size = 34.25mm, y size = 36.49mm and
axis is Z.
6. Draw a rectangle 3 with position (17,5.2,1.6), x size = 28.25mm, y size = 26.05mm and
axis is Z.
7. Subtract rectangle 3 from rectangle 2.
8. Draw a rectangle 4 with position (0,2.2,1.6), x size = 14mm, y size = 3mm and axis is
Z.
9. Draw a rectangle 5 with position (0,31.25,1.6), x size = 14mm, y size = 3mm and axis
is Z.
10. Draw a rectangle 6 with position (48.25,2.2,1.6), x size = 14mm, y size = 3mm and axis
is Z.

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11. Draw a rectangle 7 with position (48.25,31.25,1.6), x size = 14mm, y size = 3mm and
axis is Z.
12. Unit all rectangle 3,4,5,6,7 and rename it as Branch line.
13. Assign “Perfect E” boundary to ground and branch line.
14. Assign wave ports to all four ports and assign integration line to input port.
15. Add solution setup with “2.4GHz” solution frequency, “15” number of passes and
“0.02” maximum delta.
16. Add frequency sweep with “fast” sweep type and range between 2GHz to 3 GHz with
0.01GHz step size.
17. Validate and analyze all.
18. After normal completion generate results.

Result:

1. Designed geometry

Fig: 3-dB branch line Coupler Design

Fig: 3-dB branch line Coupler Design

2. Return Loss (S11):

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Fig: Return loss vs frequency

3. Coupling (S31):

Fig: Coupling parameter vs frequency

4. Isolation: (S41):

Fig: Isolation parameter vs frequency

Conclusion:
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We studied about 3dB branch line coupler and perform the same in software for 2.4GHz
frequency. Parametric analysis is done on the length of main line and coupled line. Length
is varied by 0.5mm. As per results Return loss at 2.4GHz frequency is below -30dB and
isolation at port 4 is also below -20dB. Power received at 3 is nearly -3.5dB.

Discussion:

1. What is 3dB branch line coupler?

2. What are the applications of it?
3. How it works?
4. Explain its S matrix.
5. Write the relation of characteristic impedance and w/h for the condition w/h>2.
6. Why the relation for condition w/h>2 is not used here?

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Experiment No. : 4.B
Object: Design and simulate a Wilkinson power divider at 2.4GHz frequency and analyze
its S parameter.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Fig.: Wilkinson power divider

Figure shows the basic structure of Wilkinson power divider. Wilkinson Power divider is a
3-port device in which one input port and two output ports. It splits an input signal into two
equal phase output signals, or combines two equal-phase signals into one in the opposite
direction. When the power is fed at input port P1, power will emerge from the other two
ports P2 and P3. It is impossible to match all the ports of power divider. In order to match
all the three ports, an isolation resistance of 2Z0 is added between ports P2 and P3. With this
the proper isolation is provided between ports P2 and P3.

Design formula:

Wavelength:

λ= (4.B.1)
where: λ is wavelength,
f is target frequency
c is velocity of light
Width of transmission line with Z0 characteristic
impedance:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 <2 (4.B.2)
=
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Where: w is width of transmission line

h is height of substrate
.
𝐴= + 0.23 + (4.B.3)

Where:
Z0 is characteristic impedance
εr is dielectric constant
Design Parameters:

Frequency (f) = 2.4GHz

Z0 = 50 ohm
Substrate: FR4 Epoxy, εr= 4.4
h=1.6mm

Calculation:

Using equation 4.B.1

λ = 125mm
λ/4 =31.25mm
λ/2 =62.5mm
Using equation 4.B.3
A1= 1.529 when impedance is Z0
A2= 1.936 when impedance is 1.414Z0
Using equation 4.B.2
w1= 3.05mm when impedance is Z0
w2= 1.93mm when impedance is 1.414Z0

Procedure:

1. Insert HFSS design in project and save.

2. Draw a box with Position (-19.657,-12.857,-1.6), x size=39.314mm, y size=25.714
mm and z size=1.6mm.
3. Rename the box as substrate and assign FR4 epoxy material to substrate.
4. Draw a rectangle 1 with position (-19.657,-12.857,-1.6), x size=39.314mm, y size
=25.714mm and axis is Z. Rename as ground.
5. Draw a circle 1 with center position (0,0,0), radius= 11.857mm and axis is Z.
6. Draw a circle 2 with center position (0,0,0), radius= 9.927mm and axis is Z.
7. Subtract circle 2 from circle 1, and rename as power divider.
8. Draw a rectangle 2 with position (9.8,-1.5,0), x size=2.2mm, y size=3mm and axis is
Z.
9. Subtract rectangle 2 from power divider.

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10. Draw a rectangle 3 with position (-19.657,-1.5,0), x size =7.8mm, y size = 3mm and
axis is Z.
11. Draw a rectangle 4 with position (11.5,1.5,0), x size=7.8mm, y size = 3mm and axis is
Z.
12. Draw a rectangle 5 with position (11.5,-1.5,0), x size=7.8mm, y size=-3mm and axis is
Z.
13. Draw a rectangle 6 with position (16.657,1.5,0), x size = 3mm, y size = 11.357mm and
axis is Z.
14. Draw a rectangle 7 with position (16.657,-1.5,0), x size = 3mm, y size = -11.357 mm
and axis is Z.
15. Unite power divider and all rectangle ports.
16. Assign “Perfect E” boundary to ground and power divider.
17. Assign wave ports to all three ports and assign integration line to input port.
18. Add solution setup with “2.4GHz” solution frequency, “15” number of passes and
“0.02” maximum delta.
19. Add frequency sweep with “fast” sweep type and range between 2GHz to 3 GHz with
0.01GHz step size.
20. Validate and analyze all.
21. After normal completion generate results.

Result:

1. Designed geometry

Fig: Wilkinson Power Divider

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Fig: E- Field pattern of Wilkinson Power Divider

2. Return Loss (S11):

Fig: Return loss vs frequency curve

3. Power divided (S21):

Fig: Transmission parameter (Divided Power) vs frequency curve

4. Power divided (S31):

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Fig: Transmission parameter (Divided Power) vs frequency curve

Conclusion:

We studied about Wilkinson power divider and perform its simulation on software at
2.4GHz frequency. Return loss at 2.4GHz frequency is below -10dB. Power received at
port2 and port3 is above -4.2dB. These results have good correlation with theoretical results
at 2.4 GHz frequency. It shows, equal power is delivered at port 2 and port 3.

Discussion:

1. What is Wilkinson power divider?

2. What are the applications of it?
3. How it works?
4. Explain its S matrix.

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Experiment No. : 4.C
Object: Design and simulate a backward wave coupler at 2.4GHz frequency and analyze
its S parameter.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Fig.: Backward wave coupler

Above figure shows the basic structure of backward wave coupler or quarter wavelength
directional coupler. The power on the coupled line flows in the opposite direction to the
power on the main line, for this reason it is called a backward coupler. The main line is the
section between ports 1 and 2 and the coupled line is the section between ports 3 and 4.
Since the directional coupler is a linear device. Any port can be the input, which will result
in the directly connected port being the transmitted port, the adjacent port being the coupled
port, and the diagonal port being the isolated port.

Design formula:
1. Impedance of quarter wavelength line

𝑍 =𝑍 (4.C.1)

Where:
Zoe is impedance of quarter wavelength line
Zo is port impedance
Cv is coupling factor (absolute value)
2. Impedance of gap between lines

𝑍 =𝑍 (4.C.2)

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Where:
Zoo is impedance of gap between lines
Zo is port impedance
Cv is coupling factor (absolute value)
3. Wavelength:
λ= (4.C.3)
where: λ is wavelength,
f is target frequency
c is velocity of light

4. Width of transmission line with Z0 characteristic impedance:

= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 <2 (4.C.4)

Where:
W is width of transmission line
h is height of substrate
.
0.23 +
𝐴= +
(4.C.5)

Z0 is characteristic impedance
εr is dielectric constant

Design Parameters:

Frequency (f) = 2.4GHz

Zo = 50 ohm
Substrate: FR4 Epoxy, εr= 4.4
h=1.6mm
Coupling factor: 10dB or 0.316 (absolute valve)

Calculation:

Using equation 4.C.1

Zoe = 69.37 ohm
Using equation 4.C.2
Zoo =36.04 ohm
Using equation 4.C.3
λ = 125mm
λ/4 =31.25mm
Using equation 4.C.5
A1= 1.529 when impedance is Z0 =50 ohm

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A2= 1.899 when impedance is Zoe = 69.37 ohm
A3= 0.986 when impedance is Zoo = 36.04 ohm
Using equation 4.C.4
W1= 3.05mm when impedance is Z0 =50 ohm
W2= 2.00mm when impedance is Zoe = 69.37 ohm
W3= 6.62mm when impedance is Zoo = 36.04 ohm
Where: W1 is port width
W2 is quarter wavelength line width
W3 is gap

Procedure:

1. Insert HFSS design in project and save.

2. Draw a box with Position (0,0,0), x size=37.25mm, y size=69.12mm and z size=1.6mm.
3. Rename the box as substrate and assign FR4 epoxy material to substrate.
4. Draw a rectangle 1 with position (0,0,0), x size=37.25mm, y size=69.12mm and axis is
Z. Rename as ground.
5. Draw a rectangle 2 with position (0,0,1.6), x size=3mm, y size=31.25mm and axis is Z.
6. Draw a rectangle 3 with position (3,29.25,1.6), x size =31.25mm, y size = 2mm and
axis is Z.
7. Draw a rectangle 4 with position (34.25,0,1.6), x size=3mm, y size =31.25mm and axis
is Z.
8. Unit rectangle 2,3and 4. Rename as coupler.
9. Make a mirror image of coupler in x-y plane and symmetry around y=34.56mm line.
10. Assign “Perfect E” boundary to ground and coupler.
11. Assign wave ports to all ports and assign integration line to input port.
12. Add solution setup with “2.4GHz” solution frequency, “15” number of passes and
“0.02” maximum delta.
13. Add frequency sweep with “fast” sweep type and range between 2GHz to 3 GHz with
0.01GHz step size.
14. Validate and analyze all.
15. After normal completion generate results.

Result:

1. Designed geometry of backward wave coupler

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Fig: Backward Wave Coupler Designed Structure

2. Return Loss (S11):

Fig: Return Loss S11 V/s Frequency

3. Power at port 2 (S21):

Fig: Transmission Parameter S21V/s Frequency

4. Isolation (S41):

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Fig: Isolation S41V/s Frequency

5. Coupling (S31):

Fig: Coupling Parameter S31V/s Frequency

Conclusion:

We have designed a backward wave coupler at 2.4GHz frequency with 10dB coupling.
Return loss at 2.4GHz frequency is below -25dB. Power received at port 2 is approximately
0.684 times of input power at port 1 and remaining 0.316 times power is received at port 3.
Port 4 is isolated. These results have good correlation with theoretical results.

Discussion:
5. What is Backward wave coupler?
6. What are the applications of it?
7. How it is work?
8. Explain its S matrix.

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Experiment No. : 4.D
Object: Design and simulate a Hybrid ring (Rat race) at 2.4GHz frequency and analyze its
S parameter.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Fig.: Hybrid ring

Above Figure shows the basic structure of hybrid ring. As shown it has four ports which are
λ/4 away from the other in the top half of the hybrid ring (i.e. between P1 and P2, P2 and
P3, P3 and P4). In the bottom half of the hybrid ring P1 and P4 ports are 3*λ/4 wavelengths
away from each other. It is also called rat race coupler. The ring has a characteristic
impedance of 1.414Z0, where Z0 is characteristic impedance of port.

Fig.: Operational diagram of Hybrid ring

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Rat-race couplers are used to sum two in-phase combined signals with essentially no loss or
to equally split an input signal with no resultant phase difference between its outputs. It is
also possible to configure the coupler as a 180-degree phase-shifted output divider or to sum
two 180-degree phase-shifted combined signals with almost no loss.

Design formula:
1. Wavelength:
λ= (4.D.1)
where: λ is wavelength,
f is target frequency
c is velocity of light

2. Width of transmission line with Z0 characteristic impedance:

= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 <2 (4.D.2)
Where: W is width of transmission line
h is the height of substrate

.
𝐴= + 0.23 + (4.D.3)

Where:
Z0 is characteristic impedance
εr is dielectric constant

Design Parameters:

Frequency (F) = 2.4GHz

Port impedance Z0 = 50 ohm
Substrate: FR4 Epoxy, εr= 4.4
h=1.6mm

Calculation:

Using equation 4.D.1

λ = 125mm
λ/4 =31.25mm
3λ/4 =93.75mm
Using equation 4.D.3
A1= 1.529 when impedance is Z0
A2= 1.936 when impedance is 1.414Z0
Using equation 4.D.2
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w1= 3.05mm when impedance is Z0
w2= 1.93mm when impedance is 1.414Z0

Procedure:
1. Insert HFSS design in project and save.
2. Draw a box with Position (-47.78, -47.78, -1.6), x size=95.56mm, y size=95.56mm and
z size=1.6mm.
3. Rename the box as substrate and assign FR4 epoxy material to substrate.
4. Draw a rectangle 1 with position (-47.78, -47.78, -1.6), x size=95.56mm, y size= 95.56
mm and axis is Z. Rename as ground.
5. Draw a circle 1 with center position (0,0,0), radius= 31.78mm and axis is Z.
6. Draw a circle 2 with center position (0,0,0), radius=29.85mm and axis is Z.
7. Subtract circle 2 from circle 1, and rename as rat race.
8. Draw a rectangle 2 with position (-47.78, -1.525,0), x size=16.3mm, y size=3.05mm
and axis is Z.
9. Draw a rectangle 3 with position (47.78, -1.525,0), x size =-16.3mm, y size = 3.05mm
and axis is Z.
10. Draw rhombus1 using lines, position is (-15.89,31.5,0) and length extended to edge of
substrate.
11. Draw mirror image of rhombus 1 around Y axis.
12. Unit rat race and all rectangles.
13. Assign “Perfect E” boundary to ground and power divider.
14. Assign wave ports to all four ports and assign integration line to input port.
15. Add solution setup with “2.4GHz” solution frequency, “15” number of passes and
“0.02” maximum delta.
16. Add frequency sweep with “fast” sweep type and range between 2GHz to 3 GHz with
0.01GHz step size.
17. Validate and analyze all.
18. After normal completion generate results.

Result:

1. Designed geometry of Rat-Race Hybrid Ring

Fig: Rat-race hybrid ring

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2. Return Loss (S11):

Fig: Return Loss S11 v/s Frequency

3. Power at 2 (S21):

Fig: Transmission parameter S21 vs Frequency

4. Power at 3(S31):

Fig: Transmission Parameter at port 3 S31 v/s Frequency

5. Power at 4 (S41):

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Fig: Transmission Parameter at port 4 S41 v/s Frequency

Conclusion:

We have designed a hybrid ring at 2.4GHz frequency. Return loss at 2.4GHz frequency is
below -10dB. Simulation has shown that it works according to its principle. Power received
at port 2 and port 4 when feed at port 1. S31 at Port 3 shows isolation. These results have
good correlation with theoretical results.

Discussion:

1. What is hybrid ring or rat race?

2. Why it is called rat race?
3. What are the applications of it?
4. How it is work?
5. Explain its S matrix.

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Experiment No. : 4.E

Object: Design and simulate 5th order Low pass filter at cut of frequency of 2.5GHz and
pass band ripple of 0.01dB, and analyze its S parameter.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Figure: Low pass filter

Figure shows one of the structures of low pass filter. It has many different structures also.
This is designed using stepped impedance technique. The design procedure of step
impedance microstrip structure is based on the insertion loss (IL) method. The IL methods
allows a high degree of control over the pass band and stop band amplitude and phase
characteristics, with a systematic way to synthesize a desired filter response.

Figure: Schematic of desired LPF

Figure shows the schematic of desired LPF. There we have skipped all theory related to
LPF. Using insertion loss method this schematic can be found. And then microstrip
equivalent impedances (ZH and ZL) can be found. Here, we have used ZH (higher impedance)
of 100 ohm and ZL (lower impedance) of 24 ohms. Length of Microstrip line can be found
using relationship between transmission line length and inductance and capacitance at cut
off frequency.

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Design formula:
1. Width of transmission line with Z0 characteristic impedance:

= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 <2 (4.E.1)

Where: W is width of transmission line

h is height of substrate

𝐴= .
0.23 + (4.E.2)
+
Z0 is characteristic impedance
εr is dielectric constant

Design Parameters:

Frequency (F) = 2.5GHz

Order N =5
Pass band ripple=0.01dB
ZH = 100 ohm
ZL = 24 ohm
Substrate: RO3203, εr= 3.02
h=0.8mm

Calculation:

Using equation 4.E.1

W1= 1.836mm when impedance is 50 ohms
W2= 6.352mm when impedance is 24 ohms
W2= 0.4801mm when impedance is 100 ohms
Lengths of strips are taken:
l1= 3.95mm, l2=9.33mm, l3=8.25mm, l4=9.33mm, l5=3.95mm

Procedure:
1. Insert HFSS design in project and save.
2. Draw a box with Position (0,0,0), x size=49.81mm, y size=6.352mm and z size=0.8mm.
3. Rename the box as substrate and assign RO4232 material to substrate.
4. Draw a rectangle 1 with position (0,0,0), x size=49.81mm, y size=6.352mm and axis
is Z. Rename as ground.
5. Draw a rectangle 2 with position (0,2.258,0.8), x size = 7.5mm, y size = 1.836mm
and axis is Z.
6. Draw a rectangle 3 with position (7.5,0,0.8), x size = 3.95mm, y size = 6.352mm
and axis is Z.

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7. Draw a rectangle 4 with position (11.45,2.935,0.8), x size = 9.33mm, y size =
0.4801mm and axis is Z.
8. Draw a rectangle 5 with position (20.75,0,0.8), x size = 8.25mm, y size = 6.352mm and
axis is Z.
9. Draw a rectangle 6 with position (29,2.935,0.8), x size = 9.33mm, y size = 0.4801mm
and axis is Z.
10. Draw a rectangle 7 with position (38.33,0,0.8), x size = 3.95mm, y size = 6.352mm and
axis is Z.
11. Draw a rectangle 8 with position (42.28,2.258,0.8), x size = 7.5mm, y size = 1.836mm
and axis is Z.
12. Unit all rectangle 2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8. and rename it as filter.
13. Assign “Perfect E” boundary to ground and filter.
14. Assign wave ports to all ports and assign integration line to input port.
15. Add solution setup with “2.4GHz” solution frequency, “15” number of passes and
“0.02” maximum delta.
16. Add frequency sweep with “fast” sweep type and range between 2GHz to 3 GHz with
0.01GHz step size.
17. Validate and analyze all.
18. After normal completion generate results.

Result:
1. Designed geometry

Fig: Low pass filter design structure

2. Return Loss (S11):

Fig: Return Loss S11 v/s Frequency

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3. Insertion (S21):

Fig: Transmission parameter S21 vs Frequency

Conclusion:

We have designed a 5th order Low pass filter with cut off frequency is 2.5GHz. Return loss
(S11) before 2.5GHz frequency is -10dB and insertion (S21) is nearly 0dB. Signal attenuated
after 2.5GHz frequency. These results have good correlation with theoretical results.

Discussion:

1. What is Low pass filter?

2. What are the applications of it?
3. How it is work?
4. Explain its S matrix.

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Experiment No.: 4.F

Object: Design and simulate 5th order Band pass filter of center frequency 1.5GHz and
bandwidth of 1 GHz, and analyze its S parameter.

Software Used: HFSS software (13.0)

Theory:

Figure: Band pass filter

Figure shows one of the structures of band pass filter. It has many different structures also.
This is designed using stepped impedance technique. The design procedure of step
impedance microstrip structure is based on the insertion loss (IL) method. The IL methods
allows a high degree of control over the pass band and stop band amplitude and phase
characteristics, with a systematic way to synthesize a desired filter response.

Figure: Schematic of desired BPF

Figure shows the schematic of desired BPF. There we have skipped all theory related to
BPF. Using insertion loss method this schematic can be found. And then microstrip
equivalent impedances (ZH and ZL) can be found. Here, we have used ZH (higher impedance)
of 100 ohm and ZL (lower impedance) of 24 ohms. Length of Microstrip line can be found
using relationship between transmission line length and inductance and capacitance at cut
off frequency.

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Design formula:
Width of transmission line with Z0 characteristic impedance:
= 𝑓𝑜𝑟 <2 (4.F.1)

Where: W is width of transmission line

h is height of substrate

.
𝐴= + 0.23 + (4.F.2)

Z0 is characteristic impedance
εr is dielectric constant

Design Parameters:

Frequency (F) = 1.5GHz

Order N =5
Bandwidth= 1 GHz
ZH = 100 ohm
ZL = 24 ohm
Substrate: RO3203, εr= 3.02
h=0.8mm

Calculation:

Using equation 4.F.1

W1= 1.836mm when impedance is 50 ohms
W2= 6.352mm when impedance is 24 ohms
W2= 0.4801mm when impedance is 100 ohms
Lengths of strips are taken:
l1= 3.95mm, l2=9.33mm, l3=8.25mm, l4=9.33mm, l5=3.95mm
Procedure:
1. Insert HFSS design in project and save.
2. Draw a box with Position (0,0,0), x size=49.81mm, y size=6.352mm and z size=0.8mm.
3. Rename the box as substrate and assign RO3203 material to substrate.
4. Draw a rectangle 1 with position (0,0,0), x size=49.81mm, y size=6.352mm and axis is
Z. Rename as ground.
5. Draw a rectangle 2 with position (0,2.258,0.8), x size = 7.5mm, y size = 1.836mm and
axis is Z.
6. Draw a rectangle 3 with position (7.5,0,0.8), x size = 3.95mm, y size = 6.352mm and
axis is Z.

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7. Draw a rectangle 4 with position (11.45,2.935,0.8), x size = 9.33mm, y size =
0.4801mm and axis is Z.
8. Draw a rectangle 5 with position (20.75,0,0.8), x size = 8.25mm, y size = 6.352mm and
axis is Z.
9. Draw a rectangle 6 with position (29,2.935,0.8), x size = 9.33mm, y size = 0.4801mm
and axis is Z.
10. Draw a rectangle 7 with position (38.33,0,0.8), x size = 3.95mm, y size = 6.352mm and
axis is Z.
11. Draw a rectangle 8 with position (42.28,2.258,0.8), x size = 7.5mm, y size = 1.836mm
and axis is Z.
12. Unit all rectangle 2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8. and rename it as filter.
13. Assign “Perfect E” boundary to ground and filter.
14. Assign wave ports to all ports and assign integration line to input port.
15. Add solution setup with “2.4GHz” solution frequency, “15” number of passes and
“0.02” maximum delta.
16. Add frequency sweep with “fast” sweep type and range between 2GHz to 3 GHz with
0.01GHz step size.
17. Validate and analyze all.
18. After normal completion generate results.

Result:

Designed geometry

Fig: Bow pass filter design structure

Return Loss (S11) and Transmission Parameter (S12):

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Fig: Return Loss S11 and Transmission parameter S12 v/s Frequency

Field Overlay:

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Fig: Field overlay of bandpass structure

Conclusion:

We have designed a 5th order Low pass filter with cut off frequency is 2.5GHz. Return loss
(S11) before 2.5GHz frequency is -10dB and insertion (S21) is nearly 0dB. Signal attenuated
after 2.5GHz frequency.

Discussion:

5. What is Low pass filter?

6. What are the applications of it?
7. How it is work?
8. Explain its S matrix.

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Experiment: 5

Object: Design RF Amplifier using microwave BJT for 900MHz frequency.

Requirement: HFSS Circuit Designer Software (16.0)
Theory:
At microwave frequencies, impedance and admittance parameters of a transistor cannot be
directly measured, whereas the scattering matrix parameters of a transistor can be measured
easily. Therefore, a design methodology based on using the Sij parameters is widely used.
Many of the relationship that occurs in amplifier design involve S-parameters.
Microwave bipolar transistor are similar to low frequency transistors but are fabricated so
as to have improved performance characteristics, such as, smaller transit time. To make the
transit time a small fraction of a cycle, the base layer must be thin. At the same time, the
base resistance must be small so that the inner collector capacitance can have a charging
time, which is almost the same as the period of the operating frequency.
The base doping cannot be made too high because, and then the efficiency with which the
emitter injects minority carriers will be lowered. Hence, the charging time can be kept low
only by making diameter narrow. Therefore, microwave transistors are now made in the
form of many base and emitter strips very narrow and close to each other. The collector base
depletion layer is made thin so that the transit time from the base across the depletion layer
to the collector is small. The emitter charging time is also made very low short. In the
frequency range below 5 GHz Silicon bipolar transistors are preferred except for very low
noise amplifies design.

Design goals:
The following are the useful goals for designing microwave amplifier:
1. Maximum power gain
2. Stable gain, that is, no oscillation.
3. Input and output VSWR as close to unity as possible.
4. Minimum noise figure.

Procedure:
1. Calculate the value of input and output inductor and capacitor.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in fig. below.
3. Provide the proper biasing to this circuit.
4. Apply the input voltage to this circuit.
5. Setup DC Analysis
– Right Click on Analysis folder and select Add Solution Setup/DC Analysis
– Click Add in DC Analysis window
– Select variable VB and define a Linear Step sweep 0.75 to 0.85 step 0.01 Click
Add, Click OK

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– Click Add in DC Analysis window

– For variable VC define two Linear Step sweeps: 0 to 0.5 step 0.01 click Add; then
0.5 to 5 step 0.5, Click Add
– ClickOK, Click OK to finish.
6. Check the stable output voltage.

Circuit diagram

DC=VC
L63

L60
13.1nH
7.7nH

8200
R58

C59
A
C61 C62 1.45pF

PNUM=2
100nH 19.5pF RZ=50ohm
5100

IZ=0ohm
L56
R57

1.4nH

PNUM=1
RZ=50ohm
IZ=0ohm
0

Fig: Circuit Diagram of amplifier using BJT

Input matching circuit is used for the matching of impedance with input port. The input port
impedance is taken as 50ohm. This 50ohm impedance is achieve by component L63 and
C62.
So, magnitude of output impedance j(XL-XC) =50 ohm
(L- 1/C) =50 ohm
where, is the resonating frequency.

Output matching circuit is used for the matching of impedance with output port. The output
port impedance is taken as 50ohm. This 50ohm impedance is achieve by component L60
and C59 that are connected in a parallel combination
So, magnitude of output impedance (1/XL– 1/XC)=1/50 ohm

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(1/jL- jC) =50 ohm
where, is the resonating frequency

Result: Input power is -5dBm

Output power

Fig: Output waveform of BJT Amplifier

Conclusion: BJT Amplifier Amplifies the Output for a Given Input Signal. The applied
input signal is -5dBm and Output signal is 4 dBm at 900MHz frequency.
Discussion
Q1. Explain the working of BJT Amplifier.
Q2. What is Gain Bandwidth product for BJT?
Q3. What is gain of transistor?
Q4. Why transistor use in CE configuration for Amplifier?

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Experiment: 6

Object: Design RF Amplifier using microwave FET for 900MHz frequency.

Requirement: HFSS Circuit Designer Software (16.0)
Theory:
At microwave frequencies, impedance and admittance parameters of a FET cannot be
directly measured, whereas the scattering matrix parameters of a FET can be measured
easily.
FET based general-purpose circuit is used for amplifying radio frequency (RF) signals, and
could be utilized in the first stage of an Amplifier. For the RF signal a 2N3819 JFET
transistor is used as compare to normal JFET. This JFET transistor is fabricated with highly
doping. To make the transit time a small fraction of a cycle, the gate layer must be thin. At
the same time, the gate resistance must be small so that the inner drain capacitance can have
a charging time, which is almost the same as the period of the operating frequency.
An advantage of this transistor is that it has an extremely high input resistance of
approximately 2.2 MΩ making it an ideal component to connect to the ferrite coil of a crystal
radio. This type of circuit can provide a voltage gain of approximately 20 dB, which is useful
for amplifying radio signals.

Design goals:
The following are the useful goals for designing microwave amplifier:
1. Maximum power gain
2. Stable gain, that is, no oscillation.
3. Input and output VSWR as close to unity as possible.
4. Minimum noise figure.

Procedure:
7. Calculate the value of input and output inductor and capacitor.
8. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
9. Provide the proper biasing to this circuit.
10. Apply the input voltage to this circuit.
11. Setup DC Analysis
– Right Click on Analysis folder and select Add Solution Setup/DC Analysis
– Click Add in DC Analysis window
– Select variable VB and define a Linear Step sweep 0.75 to 0.85 step 0.01 Click
Add, Click OK
– Click Add in DC Analysis window
– For variable VC define two Linear Step sweeps: 0 to 0.5 step 0.01 click Add; then
0.5 to 5 step 0.5, Click Add
– Click OK, Click OK to finish.

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12. Check the stable output voltage.
Circuit diagram

Fig: Circuit Diagram of amplifier using FET

Fig: Circuit Diagram of amplifier using FET

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Input matching circuit is used for the matching of impedance with input port. The input port
impedance is taken as 50ohm. This 50ohm impedance is achieve by component L27 and
C28.
So, magnitude of output impedance j(XL-XC) =50 ohm
(L- 1/C) =50 ohm
where, is the resonating frequency.

Output matching circuit is used for the matching of impedance with output port. The output
port impedance is taken as 50ohm. This 50ohm impedance is achieve by component L33
and C34 that are connected in a parallel combination
So, magnitude of output impedance (1/XL– 1/XC)=1/50 ohm
(1/jL- jC) =50 ohm
where, is the resonating frequency

Result: Input power is -15dBm

Output power

Fig: Output waveform of FET Amplifier

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Fig: Different Input and Output Power

Conclusion: FET Amplifier Amplifies the Output for a Given Input Signal. The applied
input signal is -15dBm and Output signal is 1.84 dBm at 900MHz frequency.
Discussion
Q1. Explain the working of FET Amplifier.
Q2. What is Gain Bandwidth product for FET?
Q3. What is gain of Field Effect Transistor?
Q4. Why transistor use in CS configuration for Amplifier?

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BEYOND CURRICULUM EXPERIMENT
Experiment: 7
Object: Design Microstrip Patch Antenna for 4GHz.

Requirement: HFSS Software 13.0)

Theory: In high-performance spacecraft, satellite and aircraft, where low size, low weight,
moderate cost, ease of installation are constraints, low profile antenna may be required. To
meet these requirements, micro-strip antennas can be used. Micro-strip antenna technology
has been the most rapidly developing topic in the antenna field in the last fifteen years,
receiving the creative attentions of academic, industrial, and government engineers and
researches throughout the world.
Micro-strip antenna has quickly evolved from academic novelty to commercial reality with
applications in a wide variety of microwave systems. In fact, rapidly developing markets in
a personal communications system (PC’s), mobile satellite communications, direct
broadcast televisions (DBT) wireless local area network (WLAN’s) and intelligence
vehicle highway system suggest that the demand for micro-strip antenna and arrays will
increase further.

Fig: Basic structure of micro-strip patch antenna

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Fig: Common shape of micro-strip patch antenna

Fig: E-field distributions for first dominant mode in MSP antenna

Design Calculation:

1. Calculation of the Width (W) -

𝑐
𝑊=
𝜀 +1
2𝑓
2
2. Calculation of the Effective Dielectric Constant. This is based on the height, dielectric
constant of the dielectric and the calculated width of the patch antenna.

𝜀 = + 1 + 12
3. Calculation of the Effective length
𝑐
𝐿 =
2𝑓 𝜀
4. Calculation of the length extension ΔL
𝑤
𝜀 + 0.3 ℎ + 0.264
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ 𝑤
𝜀 − 0.258 ℎ + 0.8
5. Calculation of actual length of the patch
𝐿= 𝐿 − 2∆𝐿
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Where the following parameters are used

f0 is the Resonance Frequency

W is the Width of the Patch
L is the Length of the Patch
h is the thickness
εr is the relative Permittivity of the dielectric substrate
c is the Speed of light: 3 x 108
from these equations: at F=4GHz
Design parameter:

Patch width: 23mm

Patch length: 18mm
Substrate height: 1.6mm
Material FR4 epoxy Dielectric constant: 4.4
Inset length (z): 6mm Strip length (y): 15 mm
Strip width (x): 3mm

Procedure:
1. Design a rectangular patch for dimension of x= 23mm, y=18mm and z=1.6mm.
2. Design and a rectangular strip line for the x=3mm and y=21mm.
3. Inset this strip line in a rectangular patch.
4. Subtract that part from the patch and combine with insect strip line.
5. Apply a feed line at the corner of strip line.
6. Create a air box across the patch antenna to check the radiation pattern.
7. Simulate this design and check the radiation pattern and return loss for the design.

Design Patch:

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Fig: Design of MicroStrip Patch Antenna

Result:

Fig: Return Loss vs Frequency

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Ansoft Corporation Radiation Pattern 1 HFSSDesign1

0 Curve Info max

dB(GainTotal)
-30 30 2.2925
Setup1 : LastAdaptive
0.00

-5.00
-60 60
-10.00

-15.00

-90 90

-120 120

-150 150

-180

Fig: Radiation pattern

Conclusion: We have designed the Micro strip patch antenna for 4 GHz. the minimum
return loss parameter (S11) is -31.29 dB for this antenna is at 3.9 GHz. Error in return loss
is 2.5%

Discussion

Q1. What is antenna? Define the application of antenna.

Q2. What is the gain of antenna?

Q3. What is micro strip patch antenna?

Q4. Define the formulas for calculating the size of micro strip patch antenna.

Q5. Write down the application of micro strip patch Antenna.

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