8.

2 Photosynthesis:
4.2 Overview An Overview
of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis – process by which plants make food
using energy from the sun
• Plants are autotrophs that make their own source of
chemical energy.
• Chemical equation of photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O Æ C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Occurs in chloroplasts sun

CO2
O2
ATP
enzymes
H2O sugars
8.2 Photosynthesis:
4.2 Overview An Overview
of Photosynthesis
Chloroplast structure:
• Double membrane structure
• Light-dependent reactions take place
in the membrane of the thylakoids
(stacks of thylakoids = grana) grana (thylakoids)
• Light-independent reactions take chloroplast
place in stroma (fluid interior of
chloroplast)

stroma

leaf leaf cell chloroplast

8.2 Photosynthesis:
4.2 Overview An Overview
of Photosynthesis

Plant pigments in chloroplasts absorb sunlight.

• Absorb light at different wavelengths (what you don’t see)
• Reflect what is not absorbed (what you see).
8.2 Photosynthesis:
4.2 Overview An Overview
of Photosynthesis

Plant pigments absorb sunlight.

• Main pigment
– chlorophyll a
– absorb at blue and red region
and reflect green
• Accessory pigments
– chlorophyll b, carotenoid,
xanthophyll, carotene
– absorb closer to green region
allowing plant to use light
energy across spectrum
8.2 Photosynthesis:
4.2 Overview An Overview
of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.

sun

ENERGY
building
reactions
(Light Rxn)
ADP ATP
NADP NADPH

SUGAR used immediately

building
reactions to synthesize sugars
(Dark Rxn)

CO2
sugar
H2O
8.2 Photosynthesis:
4.2 Overview An Overview
of Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.

• Light-dependent reaction
- requires sunlight (aka “light reaction”)
- only runs during daytime
- energy-building reaction (making ATP & NADPH)
- occurs in thylakoid of chloroplast
• Light-independent reaction
- does not require sunlight (aka “dark reaction” or
“Calvin Cycle”)
- runs all day
- sugar-building reaction (making glucose)
- occurs in stroma of chloroplast
8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail

Light-Dependent Reactions
• First set of reactions – depend on sun for energy
– Occur in membrane of thylakoids
– Produces ATP and NADPH – energy carrier
molecules which will be used to run Light
Independent Reactions
8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail

Light-Dependent Reactions
• The light-dependent reactions include groups of
molecules called photosystems.
• Photosystem II absorbs sunlight at 680 nm (P680).
• Photosystem I absorbs sunlight at 700 nm (P700).
8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail

• Photosystem II captures and transfers energy.

1) PS II absorbs
sunlight at 680 nm.
2) H2O molecules are
split; O2 is released;
energized e- enter
ETC.
PS II
3) H+ ions are
transported down
ETC and pumped
across thylakoid
membrane
8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail
• Photosystem I captures energy and produces energy-
carrying molecules.
4) PS I absorbs sunlight at
700 nm
5) energized electrons are
used to make NADPH
6) hydrogen ions flow
through ATP synthase in PS I
the thylakoid membrane
7) ATP synthase makes
ATP from ADP
8) NADPH and ATP are
sent to stroma to run
Light-Independent
Reaction
8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail

Summary of Light-Dependent Reaction

8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail

Light-Independent Reactions
• Second set of reactions
– Do not depend on sunlight
– Occur in stroma
– Use CO2 as source of carbon to build glucose via
Calvin Cycle
8.3 The Reactions ofinPhotosynthesis
4.3 Photosynthesis Detail
Light-Independent Reactions
• The Calvin Cycle (aka “Carbon Fixation”)
1) Carbon from CO2 enter the cycle and add to 5-C molecule to
form 6-C molecules.
2) ATP and NADPH from Light-Dependent Reactions are used
to split the 6-C molecules to 3-C molecules.
3) 3-C molecules are rearranged to form high-energy 3-C
molecules. Two 3-C
molecules form 2

one 6-C glucose. 3

4) 3-C molecules are
1 SIX CO2 make
changed back to
ONE glucose!!
5-C molecules to
continue the cycle.
4
8.1 Energy and
4.1 Chemical Life and ATP
Energy
The chemical energy used for most cell processes is
carried by ATP.
• Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.

Starch molecule

Glucose molecule
8.1 Energy and
4.1 Chemical Life and ATP
Energy

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• ATP is the energy molecule most cells use for cellular
processes
adenosine triphosphate
• ATP is made up of 3 parts:
- a nitrogen base (adenine)
- a 5-carbon sugar (ribose)
- 3 phosphate groups

adenosine diphosphate
8.1 Energy and
4.1 Chemical Life and ATP
Energy

• ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food

molecules to cell functions.
– Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed.
(ATP Æ ADP)
– Energy is stored when a phosphate group is added.
(ADP Æ ATP)
9.1 Chemical Pathways
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
• All cells have to use cellular respiration to make energy
in the form of ATP.
Electrons carried in NADH
Electrons carried
in NADH and
Pyruvic FADH2
acid

Glucose Glycolysis

Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
9.1 Chemical Pathways
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
Chemical Equation of Cellular Respiration

This is why we eat. The energy released from

Plants don’t eat; the glucose is stored in
they make this with molecules of ATP for later
sunlight. use.

Glucose Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Water Energy

This is why we The water

This is why we we can use.
breathe oxygen. breathe out
carbon dioxide.
9.1 Chemical Pathways
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration
Two types of Cellular Respiration
• Aerobic Respiration
- requires oxygen
- aka “Oxidative Respiration” mitochondrion
• Anaerobic Respiration
- does not require oxygen
- aka “Fermentation”
- Alcohol Fermentation
occurs in yeast cells
animal cell
- Lactic Acid Fermentation
occurs in muscle cells
9.1
4.5 Cellular Respiration
Chemical
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular in Details
Respiration

Glycolysis
• Both types of respiration begin with glycolysis
– anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
– takes place in cytoplasm
– glucose is broken down
– 6-C glucose is split into two 3-C pyruvates
Electrons carried in NADH

Pyruvic
acid
Glucose Glycolysis

Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
9.1
4.5 Cellular Respiration
Chemical
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular in Details
Respiration

Glycolysis
• 2 pyruvates (or pyruvic acids) are produced
• 4 ATP are produced, but 2 ATP are used
= net production of 2 ATP
• 2 NADH produced (NADH is a temporary energy-
carrying molecule which will enter ETC to make ATP)
• If no oxygen is available Æ fermentation
• If oxygen is available Æ Krebs Cycle Æ ETC
9.1
4.6 Chemical
Fermentation
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

alcohol

lactic acid
9.1
4.6 Chemical
Fermentation
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

• Two types:
1) Alcohol fermentation
- pyruvate (3-C) is converted into alcohol (2-C)
and CO2 (1-C)
- used by bacteria and yeast in food production
(bread, wine, cheese)
- makes 2 ATPs from glycolysis
9.1
4.6 Chemical
Fermentation
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

2) Lactic Acid fermentation
- pyruvate (3-C) is converted into lactic acid (3-C)
- occurs in muscle cells during strenuous exercise for
short periods of time due to oxygen debt
- makes 2 ATPs from glycolysis
9.1
4.5 Cellular Respiration
Chemical
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular in Details
Respiration

Aerobic Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration that 1 mitochondrion ATP
requires O2 matrix (area enclosed and
by inner membrane) 6CO2
• Pyruvate from glycolysis enters
the mitochondrion energy
2
• Many ATP are made – approx 3
energy from
36 ATP per glucose glycolysis inner membrane ATP
and
and
• Much more efficient than 6O2 6H2 O

anaerobic respiration (only 2

ATP) 4

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Æ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

9.1
4.5 Cellular Respiration
Chemical
4.4 Overview Pathways
of Cellular in Details
Respiration

Aerobic respiration occurs in three steps:

• Glycolysis (in the cytoplasm)
• Krebs cycle (in the matrix of the mitochondria)
• Electron Transport system (in the inner membrane of the
mitochondria)
Electrons carried in NADH

Pyruvic
acid
Glucose Glycolysis

Cytoplasm Mitochondrion
9.2
4.5 Cellular
The Krebs
4.4 Overview Respiration
ofCycle andin
Cellular Electron
Details Transport Chain
Respiration

Krebs Cycle
• takes place in mitochondrial matrix
• 2 pyruvates enter the cycle
• 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 1 CO2 (waste product)
are produced
• NADH and FADH2 are temporary energy-carrying
molecules which will enter ETC to make ATP
9.2
4.5 Cellular
The Krebs
4.4 Overview Respiration
ofCycle andin
Cellular Electron
Details Transport Chain
Respiration

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

• takes place in mitochondrial inner membrane
• All NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
are converted to ATP
• 32 ATPs are produced
• O2 is necessary for aerobic respiration to act as the
final acceptor of the electrons to form H2O
9.2
4.5 Cellular
The Krebs
4.4 Overview Respiration
ofCycle andin
Cellular Electron
Details Transport Chain
Respiration

Summary of ATP Production

per Glucose Molecule

• Glycolysis 2 ATP
• Krebs Cycle 2 ATP
• ETC 32 ATP

TOTAL: 36 ATP
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

• The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the
products of cellular respiration.
4.4 Overview of Cellular Respiration

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration
Occurs only in presence of light in Occurs in all cells with or without
plant cells light
Stores energy in glucose Releases energy from glucose to
form ATP
CO2 and H2O are raw materials CO2 and H2O are products
Glucose and O2 are products Glucose and O2 are raw materials
Chloroplast is double membrane Mitochondrion is double membrane
organelle organelle
Has an electron transport system Has an electron transport system