12-Th Chemistry Tamil Medium Material-copy

www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.
in
L
A
D
A
IK
LV
A
K
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in
CHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT FOR OUR LIFE

!!!!!!
nzG! !!!!!!!!himl<! hg<gl<!
!
2! dOziguqbz<! 2!
! 3! P okiGkq!keqlr<gt<!.!I 21!
4! P okiGkq!keqlr<gt<!.!II 31!
-jmfqjz!keqlr<gt<!lx<Xl<!
5! 3:!
L
dt<-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!
A
6! nj{U!Oukqbqbz<! 49!
D
7! kqm!fqjzjl! 62!
8! Oukquqje!Ouguqbz<!
A 71!
IK
9! nbeqs<!slfqjz! 78!
:! lqe<!Oukqbqbz<! 85!
LV
21! Hxh<hvh<H!Oukqbqbz<! 93!

jam<vig<sq!Osi<lr<gt<!lx<Xl<!
22! :1!
A
=ki<gt<!
gii<hjez<!Osi<lr<gt<!lx<Xl<!
K
23! gii<hig<sqzqg<!nlqzr<gt<!
:6!
24! giql!jfm<v\e<!Osi<lr<gt<! 212!
25! dbqvqbz<!&zg<%Xgt<! 215!
26! ne<xim!uip<uqz<!Oukqbqbz<! 221!
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
www.kalvikadal.in 1
https://material.kalvikadal.in
* dbi<uig!fqjek<kiz<!dbi<f<kqm!LcBl<!*
23.Nl<!uGh<H!Oukqbqbz<!
2/!dOziguqbz<!
!2/!geqll<!.!kiK!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! !!!!!!geqll<! !!!!!!!kiK!
keqk<k!nz<zK!Osi<l!fqjzbqz<!!
dOzigk<jk!nkqgl<!ogi{<Mt<t!
2/! dOzigk<jk!ogi{<Mt<t!!!!!!!!!!!
geqll<!
-bx<jg!ohiVt<!
L
geqlk<kqzqVf<K!dOzigk<jk! kiKuqzqVf<K!dOzigk<jk!wtqkqz<!
3/!
wtqkqz<!hqiqg<g!LcbiK! hqiqg<gzil<!
A
4/! wz<zi!geqlr<gTl<!kiKg<gt<!nz<z! wz<zi!kiKg<gTl<!geqlr<gt<!NGl<!
5/! nZlqeqbk<kqe<!geqll<!.!gtqle<! nZlqeqbk<kqe<!kiK!-!hig<jsm<!!
D
!!!!!! A
!3/!K~b!dOzigr<gjt!nke<!kiKuqzqVf<K!hqiqk<okMg<Gl<!hz<OuX!hcgt<!biju@!
• !kiKju!nmi<h<hqk<kz<!
IK
• !h{<hmi!dOzigk<jk!hqiqk<okMk<kz<!
• !h{<hmi!dOzigk<jk!K~b<jlbig<Gkz<!
!4/!-tg<gq!we<xiz<!we<e@!-Vl<jh!Fe2O3 bqzqVf<K!hqiqk<okMh<hkqz<!S{<{il<Hg<gz<zqe<!!!
!!!hbe<!biK@!
LV
• kiKuqz<!dt<t!dVgik!liSg<gjt!dVg<gq!hqiqg<g!hbe<hMl<!ohiVt</!
• S{<{il<Hg<gz<!-tg<gqbig!osbz<hMgqxK!
• -K!sqzqg<giju!giz<sqbl<!sqzqOgm<!we<El<!gsmig!lix<XgqxK/!
!
A
!5/!giq!lx<Xl<!CO!Ngqb!-v{<cz<!ZnO !yMg<g!sqxf<k!yMg<Gl<!giv{q!wK@!
giq!.!ZnO !yMg<g!sqxf<k!yMg<Gl<!giv{q!
K
•
• giv{l<!.!C!bqzqVf<F!CO2 dVuig!gqh<^<!gm<czi!Nx<xz<!GjxU!
• wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<kqz<!ZnO dVuikZg<gie!ujvOgiM!gii<hEg<G!Olz<!
dt<tK/!!
• OlZl<!CO!NeK!ZnO ju!uqm!nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlBjmbK/!!
!6/!Fjvlqkh<H!Ljx!lx<Xl<!HuqbQi<h<H!Ljxbqz<!wu<ujg!kiKg<gt<!
nmi<h<hqg<gh<hMgqxK!w/gi!kVg/!
• !Fjvlqkh<H!Ljx!.!sz<jhM!kiKg<gt<!.!gzQei![PbS], \qr<g<!hqtie<m<![ZnS] !
• !HuqbQi<h<H!Ljx!!.!Ng<jsM!kiKg<gt<!.!out<tQbg<gz< , Oaljmm<!
!!
www.kalvikadal.in 2
!7/!liS!nz<zK!geqlg<gpqUgt<!ujvbX/!
!!!!kiKg<gTme<!dt<t!liSg<gtie!hijx!lx<Xl<!l{<!Ohie<xju!liS!weh<hMl</!!
w/gi!.!SiO2!
!8/!gsM!ujvbX!
!!!!-tg<gqBme<!liSg<gjt!Osi<g<Gl<!OhiK!dVuiuK!gsM/!!
!!!!S{<{il<Hg<gz<!sqzqg<giju!giz<sqbl<!sqzqOgm<!we<El<!gsmig!lix<XgqxK/!
!!!!!!! !
!9/!nmi<h<hqk<kz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nmi<hqk<kzqe<!hz<OuX!Ljxgjtg<!%X/!
!!!!kiKg<gTme<!dt<t!liSg<gtie!hijx!lx<Xl<!l{<!Ohie<xjugjt!fQg<Gl<!!!
L
!!!!osbz<!Ljx!nmi<h<hqk<kz<!weh<hMl</!!!
2/!Fjvlqkh<H!Ljx!!3/!HuqbQi<h<H!Ljx!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
4/!Oukqg<gPUkz<!!!5/!gif<kh<!hqiqh<H!Ljx!
!:/!Hzk<!K~b<jlbig<gz<!Ljxbqje!uquiq/!
D
• -l<Ljx!hqe<e!hcglig<gz<!Ljxjb!nch<hjmbigg<!ogi{<mK/
A
• liSt<<t!dOzigl<!yV!k{<M!ucuqz<!wMk<Kg<!ogit<th<hMgqxK/!
• -f<k!k{<M!yV!fgVl<!ouh<hh<hMk<kq!&zl<!ouh<hh<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-keiz<!dOzigl<!dVGgqxK/ !
IK
• ouh<hh<hMk<kq!dOzig!k{<ce<!yVLjebqz<!-Vf<K!lXLjeg<G!fgVl<OhiK!
liSg<gTl<!nkEme<!fgVgqxK/!
• -s<osbjz!lQ{<Ml<!lQ{<Ml<!osb<uke<!&zl<!K~b<jlbie!dOzigl<!
ohxh<hMgqxK/!!
LV
• w/!gi/!-!sqzqg<gie<.Si, o\i<lieqbl<.Ge. !
!21/ fqg<gjz!K~b<jlbig<g!hbe<hMl<!yV!Ljxbqje!uquiq/
!!!!!li{<m<!Ljx!
A
K
!22/!uiB!)Nuq*!fqjzjlk<!K~b<jlbig<gZg<gie!nch<hjmk<!Okjugjt!kVg/!!
• !wtqkqz<!NuqbiGl<!Osi<lk<jk!kVl<!yV!giv{qBme<!dOzigl<!!
!uqjeh<hMk<kh<!hMgqxK/!
• !hqe<!Nuqbie!Osi<lk<jk!sqjkujmbs<!osb<K!K~b!dOzigl<!ohxh<hMgqxK/!
• !w/gi!.!!fqg<gz<!.!li{<m<!Ljx,!!jmm<Omeqbl<!.!uie<!Ni<gz<!Ljx!
!!
www.kalvikadal.in 3
!23!nZlqeqbk<kqe<!lqe<eix<!dOziguqbjz!uqtg<Gg/!
!!!!aiz<!oaviz<M!Ljx!
• Ofi<lqe<!uib<!!:!gii<he<!k{<M!!!
• wkqi<lqe<!uib<!:!gii<he<!H,sh<hm<m!-Vl<H!okim<c!!!
• lqe<hGtq!!!!!:!nZlqei! + giz<sqbl<!GOtijvM!!!
• ouh<hfqjz!!!: 1270 K!!!
• lqe<eix<!hGk<kzqe<OhiK!K~b!nZlqeqbl<<!wkqi<lqe<!uibqz<!hcgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!! !
L
A
!24/!lqe<eix<!K~b<jlbig<gz<!kk<Kuk<kqje!yV!dkiv{k<Kme<!uqtg<Gg/!
• Ofi<lqe<!uib<!!:!liS!gzf<k!dOzigl<!!!
D
• wkqi<lqe<!uib<!:!K~b!dOzigl<!!!
• lqe<hGtq!!!!!:!dOzigk<kqe<!dh<Hg<gjvsz<! + fQi<k<k!nlqzl<!!
A
• lqe<eix<!hGk<kzqe<OhiK!K~b!dOzigl<!wkqi<lqe<!uibqz<!hcgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!sqz<uiqe<!lqe<eix<!K~b<jlbig<gz<!
IK
• Ofi<lqe<!uib<!!:!liS!gzf<k!sqz<ui<!
• wkqi<lqe<!uib<!!:!K~b!sqz<ui<!!!
• lqe<hGtq!!!!!:!sqz<ui<!jfm<Ovm<!+ jfm<iqg<!nlqzl<!
• lqe<eix<!hGk<kzqe<OhiK!K~b!sqz<ui<!wkqi<lqe<!uibqz<!hcgqxK/!
LV
!!!!!!!!! !
A
!25/!hqe<uVl<!osbz<Ljxgtqe<!hbe<him<cje!uquiq<!!!
!!!!n/!gih<hi<!hqiqk<okMk<kzqz<!sqzqg<gi!
K
!!!!!!!sqzqg<gi!ohi<v^<!Ng<jsjm!ohi<v^<!sqzqg<Ogm<!we<El<!gsmig!lix<XgqxK/!
!!!!!!!!! !
!!!!N/!nZlqeqbl<!hqiqk<okMk<kzqz<!gqjvObijzm<!
!!!!!!!gqjvObijzm<!gzjubqe<!dVG!fqjzjbg<!Gjxg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!!!!-/!Fjv!lqkh<H!Ljxbqz<!Osicbl<!sbjeM!
!!!!!!!Osicbl<!sbjeM!Gjxg<Gl<!giv{qbig!osbz<hMgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-K!lx<x!dOzig!sz<jhMgt<!w{<o{bqz<!Fjvk<K!uVujk!kMg<gqxK/!
!!
www.kalvikadal.in 4
!26/!Ofi<lqe<!liSg<gt<!nz<zK!NOeiM!liSg<gt<<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
• lqe<eix<!hGk<kzqe<!OhiK!Gjxuie!Ofi<lqe<SjlBjmb!liSg<gt<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ofi<lqe<!!uibqe<!ncbqz<!kr<Ggqe<xe/!!
• nju!Ofi<lqe<!liSg<gt<!nz<zK!NOeiM!liSg<gt<!weh<hMl</!
27/!uie<.Ni<gz<!Ljxbqz<!jmm<Omeqbl<!wu<uiX!K~b<jlbig<gh<hMgqxK@!
28/!Huq!=i<h<H!Ljx!nz<zK!YMl<!fQiqz<!gPUkz<!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• !fe<G!K~t<!osb<bh<hm<m!kiK!YMl<!fQiqz<!gPuh<hMgqxK/!
L
• !Ozsie!liSg<gt<!YMl<!fQiqz<!nck<Ks<!osz<zh<hMgqxK/!
• !gelie!kiKg<gt<!keqOb!Osgiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
A
• !-l<Ljxbqz<!out<tQbg<gz<!nmi<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
D
!29/!uXk<kz<!we<xiz<!we<e@
!!!!kiKju!yV!djzbqz<!nke<!dVGfqjzjb!uqm!Gjxf<k!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!!!
A
!!!!nkqgtU!Ng<sq\e<!osZk<kq!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!njmbs<!osb<kz</!
IK
2:/!gix<xqz<zi!$pzqz<!uXk<kjz!uquiq</!
!!!!kiKju!gix<xqz<zi!$pzqz<!ouh<hh<hMk<Kl<OhiK!fQi<!lx<Xl<!giqls<Osi<lr<gt<!!!
!!!!outqObXgqxK/
LV
31/!dVg<Gkz<!we<xiz<!we<e@
kiKju!-tg<gq!lx<Xl<!nZlqeqbl<!Ohie<x!yMg<Gl<!giv{qgjtg<!ogi{<M!!!!
!!!!nke<!dVG!fqjzjb!uqm!nkqg!ouh<h!fqjzbqz<!dVg<gh<hMgqxK/
A
K
www.kalvikadal.in 5
32/!Fjv!lqkh<H!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• sz<jhM!kiK!.!gzqei
L
• Fjv!d{<mig<Gl<!giv{q!.!jhe<!w{<o{b<
• Fjv!Osgiqh<hie<!.!Osicbl<!=k<jkz<!sif<Okm<
A
• Gjxg<Gl<!giv{q!.!Osicbl<!sbjeM
• K~t<!osb<bh<hm<m!kiK!fQi<!lx<Xl<!jhe<!w{<o{Bme<!gzg<gh<hMgqxK/
D
• gix<X!osZk<Kl<!OhiK!nkqgtU!Fjv!d{<migqxK/
• kiKg<gt<!FjvBme<!Osi<k<K!Olz<!hvh<jh!njmf<K!keqOb!Osgiqg<gh<hMgqxK/
• gelie!liSg<gt<!ncbqz<!kr<GgqxK/
A
IK
!33/!gif<k!hqiqjg!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!!
• -l<Ljxbqz<!ohv<Ovi!gif<kk<!ke<jlBt<t!out<tQbg<gz<!kiK!nmi<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
• fe<G!K~t<!osb<bh<hm<m!kiK!lqe<gif<kh<!hqiqh<hie<!lQK!uqPliX!osb<bh<hMgqxK/!
• lqe<gif<kh<!hqiqh<hie<!sg<gvr<gtqe<!upqOb!yV!fgVl<!hm<jm!-br<GgqxK/!
LV
• kiKuqz<!dt<t!gif<kk<!ke<jlBt<t!ohiVm<gt<!sg<gvr<gTg<G!nVgqz<!!
Guqbzig!uqPgqxK/!
• gif<kk<!ke<jlbx<x!ohiVm<gt<!sg<gvr<gTg<G!nh<hiz<!uqPgqxK/!!
A
!34/!Oukqg<!gPUkz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!hz<OuX!Ljxgjtg<!%X/!
• fe<G!K~tig<gh<hm<m!kiK!yV!kGf<k!gjvh<hieqz<!gjvg<gh<hMgqxK/!
K
• kiKuqz<!dt<t!dOzigl<!nke<!dh<hig!liXgqxK/!
• gjvbik!liSg<gt<!ncbqz<!kr<GgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• Oukqg<!gPUkzqe<!hz<OuX!Ljxgt<!!!!!!!!!
2/!nlqz!Oukqg<!gPUkz<!!!!3/!giv!Oukqg<!gPUkz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4/!sbjeM!Oukqg<!gPUkz<!!5/!nl<Olieqbi!Oukqg<!gPUkz<!
!
! !zm<sqbl<!-Vg<Glqmk<kqz<//!
!!!!
! !nzm<sqbl<!-Vg<giK/!
!
www.kalvikadal.in 6
35/!sbjeM!Oukqg<!gPUkz<!Ljxbqz<!kr<gl<!wu<uiX!hqiqk<okMg<gh<hMgqxK@!
!!!kr<gl<!fQi<k<k!Osicbl<!sbjeMme<!Osi<k<K!sbjeM!nj{Us<!Osi<llig!!
!!!lix<xh<hMgqxK/!
hqxG!\qr<!Osi<k<K!kr<gl<!yMg<gh<hMgqxK/!-K!yMg<gq!uQp<hcuig<gz<!weh<hMl</!!!!!!!!
!36/!nZlqOei!ouh<h!yMg<g!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• !GOvilqg<!Ng<jsM!.!nZlqeqbl<!K~t<!gzju!yV!kQg<gtql{<!Gh<hqbqz<!
!wMk<Kg<ogit<th<hMgqxK/!
L
• !Ohiqbl<!ohvig<jsM!.!olg<eQsqbl<!K~t<!gzju!nke<!Olz<!jug<gh<hMgqxK/!
• !-f<k!gzjujb!wiqB,m<Ml<OhiK!nkqg!ntU!ouh<hl<!outqh<hMgqxK/!
A
• !-keiz<!nZlqeqbl<,!GOvilqg<!Ng<jsjm!yMg<GgqxK/!
!37/!Sb!yMg<g!uqjejb!uquiq/!
D
A
!!!sqz!kiKg<gjt!uXg<Gl<OhiK!yMg<Gl<!giv{q!-z<zilOzOb!dOzigk<jk!kVuK/
IK
38/!uijz!uck<kz<!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• -l<Ljxbqz<!K~b<jlbx<x!dOzigk<jk!ouh<hh<hMk<kq!Nuqbig<gh<hMgqxK/
• gqjmk<k!Nuqjb!Gtqvs<osb<K!K~b!dOzigl<!ohxh<hMgqxK/
LV
• w/gi/!-!Kk<kfigl</
39/!dVg<gqh<!hqiqk<kz<!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• !nkqg!ogikqfqjz!djmb!liSg<gjt,!Gjxf<k!ogikqfqjz!djmb!!!
A
!dOzigr<gtqz<!-Vf<K!hqiqg<Gl<!LjxbiGl</
• liSt<t!dOzigl<!wkqi<!nez<!djzbqz<!sib<uie!hGkqbqz<!jug<gh<hMgqxK/!
K
• !gix<xqz<z!$pzqz<!dOzigl<!nkqg!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!ouh<hh<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!
• !K~b!dOzigl<!dVgq!keqOb!Osgiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
• !liSg<gt<!nh<hcOb!kr<gquqMgqe<xe/!
• !w/gi/!.!ce<,!giiQbl<!!
!3:/!gii<hje!ogi{<M!yMg<Gl<!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
!!!!dOzigk<kqe<!Ng<jsM!kiKju!giqBme<!Osi<k<K!DK!djzbqz<!!!!
!!!!ouh<hh<hMk<kqeiz<!dOzigl<!keqOb!hqiqgqxK/
!!
www.kalvikadal.in 7
!41/!ogih<htg<gih<hi<!we<xiz<!we<e@
gih<hi<!dOzigk<kqzqVf<K!SO2!uiB!outqObXukiz<!nke<!Olz<Okix<x!njlh<hqz<!!
ogih<htr<gt<!Ohiz!gi{h<hMgqxK/!-f<k!gih<hi<!ogih<htg<gih<hi<!weh<hMl</!!!!!
!42/!gih<hi<!nke<!kiKuqzqVf<K!wu<uiX!hqiqk<okMg<gh<hMgqxK@!
!!!2/!kiK!:!gih<hi<!jhjvm<!
!!!3/!nmi<hqk<kz<!:!Fjv!lqkh<H!Ljx!!!!
!!!4/!uXk<kz<!:!!!
!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!! !
L
!!!5/!dVg<gq!hqiqk<kz<!:
A
!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!! !
D
!!!!!! !
!!!6/!lqe<eix<!K~b<jlbig<gz<!:!
A
!!!!!!Ofi<lqe<!uib<!!!:!liS!gzf<k!gih<hi<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
wkqi<lqe<!uib<!!:!K~b!gih<hi<<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IK
lqe<hGtq!!!!!!:!CuSO4 + fQi<k<k H2 SO4!!
!!!!!!lqe<eix<!hGk<kzqe<OhiK!K~b!gih<hi<<!wkqi<lqe<!uibqz<!hcgqxK/!!!!!!!!!
!43/!wzqr<gl<!ujvhml<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
LV
!!!!ouh<h!fqjzbqjeh<!ohiVk<K!nu<uqjegtqe<!kqm<m!gm<czi!Nx<xz< )∆G0)!!
lkqh<hqz<!Wx<hMl<!liXhiMgjt!ujvhmlig!Gxqh<hqMuK!wzqr<gl<!ujvhml<!NGl</!
!!!wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!
A
• wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<kqz<!Ag2O!lx<Xl<!HgO!Ngqbju!Olx<hGkqbqz<!njlf<Kt<tK/!
weOu!njugt<!lqklie!ouh<hfqjzgtqz<!%m!fqjzh< H k< k e< j lbx< x ju/!
K
NgOu!wu< u qk!yMg< G !giv{qBl< ! hbe< h Mk< k ilz< ! njugjt!yMg< g !

-bZl< / !
• wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<jk!hbe<hMk<kq!yV!dOzig!Ng<jsjm!lx<oxiV!!
dOzigk<kiz<!yMg<gl<!osb<ukx<gie!ouh<h!-bg<guqbz<!sik<kqbk<!ke<jljb!
kQi<lieqg<g!-bZl</!w/gi!-!nZlqeqbl<!dOzigl< Cr2O3 - jb!yMg< G l< / !
• wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<kqz<!gii<heqe<!Ofi<OgimieK!ohVl<hizie!dOzig!
Ng<jsMgtqe<!Ofi<OgiMgjt!oum<MgqxK/!weOu!nk<kjgb!Ng<jsMgjt!!
nkqg!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!gii<heiz<!yMg<g!-bZl</!
!
!
www.kalvikadal.in 8
!44/!wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<kqe<!uvl<Hgt<!biju@!
• uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!uqtg<guqz<jz/!
• Kje!uqjegt<!fqgp<ukx<gie!sik<kqbk<ke<jljb!uqtg<guqz<jz/!
• uqjehMohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!uqjeuqjt!ohiVm<gt<!slfqjzbqz<!dt<tOhiK!!!!
∆G!.!e<!wz<zi!fqhf<kjegTl<!d{<jlbz<z/!
!45/!wzqr<gl<!ujvhmk<kqzqVf<K!d{vh<hMhju!biju@!
• dOzig!Ng<jsM!dVuiGl<!uqjeg<G!Ofi<Gxq!lkqh<H!sib<U!gqjmg<gqxK/!!!!!
∆S!wkqi<Gxq!lkqh<jh!ohXgqxK/!!
• gii<he<!Olieig<jsM!dVuiGl<!uqjeg<G!wkqi<Gxq!lkqh<H!sib<U!gqjmg<gqxK/!!
∆S!Ofi<Gxq!lkqh<jh!ohXgqxK/!weOu!gii<he<!Olieig<jsM!nkqg!
ouh<hfqjzbqZl<!nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlBjmbK/!
L
• MgO!Ohie<x!sqz!dOzig!Ng<jsMgTg<G!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!
sib<uqz<!kqCove!lix<xl<!Wx<hMgqxK/!-kx<G!fqjzlix<xl<!giv{liGl</!
A
!46/!dOziguqbzqe<!lqe<Oukqk<!kk<Kuk<jk!uqtg<Gg/
D
nkqg!uqjekqxe<!ogi{<m!dOzigk<jk!yh<hQm<M!ntuqz<!Gjxuie!uqjekqxe<!!
!!!!ogi{<m!dOzig!nbeqgjtg<!ogi{<Mt<t!gjvszqz<!Osi<k<kiz<,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!!!!nkqg!uqjekqxe<!ogi{<m!dOzigl<!gjvsZg<Gt<!osz<gqxK/!
o o
!!!!!!!∆G = - nFE !
IK
n = wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!!!!F =!0hivOm!!!
o
!!!!!!!!E = Ng<sq\Oex<x!yMg<g!-j{bqe<!lqe<Lje!lqe<ePk<kl<!
!!!!!yV!ke<eqs<jsbie!osbz<Ljxg<G!!
LV
o
!!!!!!!!!E = Ofi<Gxq!lkqh<H!!!
o
!!!!!!!!!∆G = wkqi<Gxq!lkqh<H !
47/!nZlqeqbk<kqe<<!hbe<gt<!biju @!
A
• sjlbz<!gze<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !Ngib!uqlier<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
K
• lVk<Ku!dhgv{r<gt< kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !dbi<!nPk<k!lqe<gl<hqgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
48/!\qr<g<!)Kk<kfigl<*!dOzigk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju @!
• -Vl<H!KVh<hqcg<gilz<!hiKgig<g!Kk<kfigLzil<!H,sh<hMgqxK/
• lqe<!sikeh<!ohiVm<gt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/
• Kk<kfigNg<jsM!-!ohbqe<m,< !vh<hi<, lVf<Kh<!ohiVm<gt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/
• Kk<kfig!sz<jhM!-!ytqVl<!ohbqe<m,< !ytqVl<!uqtg<Ggt<!kbiiqg<gh<!!
hbe<hMgqxK/
www.kalvikadal.in 9
49/!-Vl<hqe<!hbe<gt<!biju @!
• !oum<Ml<!gVuqgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !gif<kr<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !Olim<mii<!uige!hGkqh<!ohiVm<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !gm<cmk<okipqzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/
4:/!kilqvk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju @!
• !lqe<gl<hqgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !Gpib<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !kilqvl<!.!kr<gl<!dOzigg<!gzju!Nhv{r<gt<<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
L
!51/!kr<gk<kqe<<!hbe<gt<!biju @!
• !fi{br<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
A
• !kilqvl<!.!kr<gl<!dOzigg<!gzju!Nhv{r<gt<<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• !jgg<gcgivr<gTg<G!kr<g!Lzil<!H,sh<hbe<hMgqxK/
D
• kr<g!fiOei!Kgt<gt<!.!Osizii<!osz<gtqe<!kqxje!nkqgiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
IK
!!!!!!!!!
!
LV
!
!
A
!
K
!! !!! !
www.kalvikadal.in 10
3/!P okiGkq!keqlr<gt<!.!I
!2/!lf<k!-j{!uqjtU!ujvbX/!
!!!P okiGkqbqz<!OlzqVf<K!gQpigs<!osz<Zl<OhiK,!!!
• S.Ni<hqm<mizqe<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!Oukqh<hqj{h<Hg<G!dm<hmilz<,!!
• P.Ni<hqm<mizqe<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!lm<Ml<!Oukqh<hqj{h<Hg<G!dm<hMuK/!
!3/ P – okiGkq!keqlr<gtqz<!Lkz<!keqlr<gtqe<!Lv{<hm<m!h{<Hgt<!hx<xq!%X/!
P – okiGkq!keqlr<gtqz<!Lkz<!keqlr<gtqe<!Lv{<hm<m!h{<Hg<gie!giv{l<!
• sqxqb!dVutU!!!
• !nkqg!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xz<!!
L
• !nkqg!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxe<!
• outqg<%m<cz<!d Ni<hqm<miz<gt<!-z<zijl/!
A
!!!w/gi/!
• 24!Nl<!okiGkq!Ohivie<!.!dOzigh<!Ohizq,!lx<xju!dOzigr<gt</
• !25!Nl<!okiGkq!gii<he<!.!nOzigl<,!hz<hqj{h<Hgjt!dVuig<Gl</
D
• 26!Nl<!okiGkq!jfm<v\e<!.!jmbigif<kk<!ke<jlBjmbK,!hz<hqj{h<Hgjt!!
dVuig<Gl</
A
• 27!Nl<!okiGkq!Ng<sq\e<!.!=v[!&zg<%X,!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<jh!
dVuig<Gl</
IK
• 28!Nl<!okiGkq!HTiqe<!!.!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<jh!dVuig<Gl</
nkqg!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxEjmbK/!
nkqg!uqje!HiqBl<!ke<jlBjmbK/!
.2!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!lm<Ml<!djmbK/ !
LV
!4/!hqe<uVux<xqx<G!dkiv{l<!kVg/!
• JOgisi\e<gt<!.!Ohivie<,!nZlqeqbl<,!gizqbl< ,!-{<cbl,<!kizqbl</!
• omm<vi\e<gt<!!.!gii<he<,!sqzqgie<, o\i<lieqbl<,!ce<,!ozm</!
A
• fqg<Omi\e<gt<!!.!jfm<v\e<,!hi^<hv^<,!Ni<seqg<,!N{<cleq,!hq^<lk</!
• siz<Ogi\e<gt<!.!Ng<sq\e,<!sz<hi,<!oszqeqbl< ,!omz<ZIiqbl,<!ohiOzieqbl</!!
K
!5/!P-okiGkqbqe<!dOzigh<!h{<jh!uquiq/!
• yV!keqll<!wzg<m<vije!-pf<K!nke<!Ofi<lqe<!nbeqjb!dVuig<Gl<!kqxe<!
dOzigk<!ke<jl!weh<hMl</!
• -h<h{<H!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xjzh<!ohiXk<K!njlgqxK/!
• ohiKuig!okiGkqbqz<!OlzqVf<K!gQOp!osz<Zl<OhiK!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xz<!
GjxgqxK/!weOu!dOzigh<!h{<H!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• OlZl<!uiqjsbqz<!-mlqVf<K!uzlig!osz<Zl<OhiK!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xz<!
nkqgiqg<gqxK/!weOu!dOzigh<!h{<H!GjxgqxK/!
• weOu P-okiGkqbqz<!-mKHxl<!gQp<hGkqbqz<!dt<tju!dOzigr<gtigUl<,!
uzKHxl<!Olz<hGkqbqz<!dt<tju!nOzigr<gtigUl<!dt<te/!!!!
!6/ nZlqeqbk<kqz<!-Vf<K!kizqbl<!ujv!nbeqbig<Gl<!we<kiz<hq!wu<uiX!liXgqxK@!
• lqgg<!Gjxf<k!ntOu!liXgqxK/!
• giv{l<!.!2/!Gjxf<k!kqjxljxU!uqjtU/!
!!!!!!!3/!nkqg!osbZX!lqe<Sjl/!
!!!!!!!4/!d!lx<Xl<!f!wzg<m<vie<!-Vh<hK/!
!7/!Ohivie<!We<!upg<gk<kqx<G!lixie!Hkqb!sgh<hqj{h<Hgjt!dVuig<GgqxK@!
• sqxqb!dVutU!
• nkqg!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xz<!
• gii<hEme<!yk<k!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxe<!lkqh<H/!
!8/!Ohivig<^<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
L
!!!! !
A
!9/!Ohivig<^qe<!ouh<h!uqjejb!wPK/!)n*!Ohivig<^<!l{qgt<!wu<uiX!dVuigqxK@!
D
!!!! A !
!:/!Ohiiqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!ouh<h!uqjejb!wPK/
IK
LV
!21/!OhiOvm<!dXh<jh!wu<uiX!g{<mxquib<@!)n*!wk<kqz<!OhiOvm<!Nb<jug<!%X/!
Ohiiqg<!nlqzl<!wk<keiZme<!nmi<!gf<kg!nlqzk<kqe<!Le<eqjzbqz<!!!!!!!
uqjehm<M!m<jv!wk<kqz<!OhiOvm<!wEl<!w^<mjv!kVgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
-K!hs<js!fqxs<!SmVme<!wiqgqxK/!
!B(OH)3 + 3C2H5OH nmi< H2SO4 B(O C2H5)3 + 3H2O

K
!22/!Ohiiqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!givk<Kul<!hx<xq!uquiq/!
• Ohiiqg<!nlqzl<!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!yV!givk<Ku!nlqzl</!!
-
• -K!HOvim<mije!upr<Gukx<G!hkqzig!OH !nbeqjb!Wx<Xg<!ogit<gqxK/!
!
!23/!Ohiiqg<!nlqzk<jk!wu<uiX!Ohivie<!jfm<jvmig!lix<Xuib<<@!
!!!!Ohiiqg<!nlqzk<jk!nOlieqbiUme<!ouh<hh<hMk<k!Ohivie<!jfm<jvmig!liXl</!
!!!!! !
!24/!jam<Ovi!OhiOvx<x!uqjejb!wPK/!
!!!!jmOhiOve<! +!Nz<gQe<!!!=ki<! !!m<jv!Nz<jgz<!OhiOve<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!! !
!25/!jmOhiOve<!nl<OlieqbiUme<!HiqBl<!uqjejb!wPK/!!)nz<zK*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
OhivOsiz<!)geql!ohe<sQe<*!kbiiqk<kjz!wPKg/!
jmOhiOve<! +!nl<Olieqbi!!!!! !!!OhivOsiz<!)geql!ohe<sQe<*
!26/!jmOhiOve<!dOzig!jam<jvMgTme<!HiqBl<!uqjejb!wPK/!
L
!!!! !
A
!27/!Nb<ugk<kqz<!Ohivie<!m<jv!HTjvM!kbiiqk<kjz!uquiq/!
C6H5N2BF4 ∆ BF3 + C6H5F + N2!

!28/!jmOhiOveqe<!njlh<jh!uqtg<Gg!
D
A
IK
!!!! !!!
LV
• -v{<M!BH2 nzGgt<!-v{<M!jam<v\e<!hizr<gtiz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
• olik<kl<!wm<M!B-H!hqj{h<HgTl<,!23!-j{kqxe<!wzg<m<vie<gTl<!dt<tK/!
• fie<G!wzg<m<vie<gjt!ogi{<M!-v{<M B-H-B!hiz!hqj{h<Hgt<!dVuigqxK/!
A
• -h<hqj{h<H!3c-2e!hqj{h<H!weh<hMl</!
3
• -kqz<!Ohivie< SP !-eg<gzh<H!djmbK/!
K
• yV!Ohivie<!n[uqe<!hikq!fqvl<hqb!-eg<gzh<H!Ni<hqm<miZl<!lx<oxiV!Ohivie<!
n[uqe<!oux<X!-eg<gzh<H!Ni<hqm<miZl<,!jam<v\e<!n[uqe<!hikq!fqvl<hqb!!!!
S Ni<hqm<miZl<!Olx<ohiVf<kq!B-H-B!hiz!hqj{h<Hgt<!dVuigqxK/!
• -K!uijph<hp!hqj{h<H!weUl<!njpg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!29/!Ohivieqe<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
• !vig<ogm<!wiqohiVt<!wiqB,m<c/!
• !n[!djzgtqz<!lm<Mh<hMk<kq/!
• !kiuv!osz<Suiqz<!Lg<gqb!hGkqh<ohiVt</!
!
!2:/!Ohivig<^qe<!hbe<gjt!kVg/!!
• fqxLt<t!dOzig!nbeqgjt!g{<mxqb!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• g{<{ic!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• -tg<gqbig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• d{U!hkh<hMk<kqbig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!31/!Ohivqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!hbe<gjt!wPK!
• hthth<hie!l{<hi{<mr<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/
• g{<!lVf<kig!hbe<hMgqxK/
• d{U!hiKgih<hieig!hbe<hMgqxK/
!32/!jmOhiOveqe<!hbe<gjt!wPK!
L
• df<kqgtqz<!dbi<!Nx<xz<!wiqohiVtig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
• yMg<Gl<!giv{qbig hbe<hMgqxK/!
• dOzigr<gjt!ym<m!jug<Gl<!Smiqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
D
!33/!olg<g0hq!osbz<Ljxbqz<!nZlqeqbl<!m<jv!GOtijvM!kbiiqk<kjz!uquiq/!
2Al2O3 + 3C + 6Cl2 4AlCl3 + 3CO2
A
34/!nZlqeqbl<!m<jv!GOtijvce<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
IK
• sibr<gt<, lVf<Kgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• geql!w{<o{b<gjts<!sqjkk<K!ohm<Oviz<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• fQvx<x!AlCl3 h<iQmz<!gqvi0h<m<!uqjegtqz<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
LV
35/!ohim<mi]<!hcgivl<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
• nZjfm<!hcgivg<!gz<jz!fe<G!K~tig<gq,!fQi<k<k!H2SO4!Osi<k<K!!!!!!!!
ogikqg<g!jug<g!Ou{<Ml</!
• hqxG!g{g<gqmh<hm<m!K2SO4!Osi<k<K!hcglig<gh<hMgqxK/
A
K
!36/!wiqg<gh<hm<m!hcgivl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!!
• ohim<mi]<!hcgivk<jk!586 K!.!611K!ouh<hh<!hMk<kqeiz<!fQi<!&zg<%Xgjt!
-pf<K!dVuk<kqz<!ohiqkigqxK/!!
• -K!wiqg<gh<hm<m!hcgivl<!weh<hMl</!
!37/!ohim<mi]<!hcgivk<kqe<!ouh<h!uqjejb!wPK!
!!!! !
!38/!ohim<mi]<!hcgivk<kqe<!hbe<gjt!wPK!
• fQjv!Sk<kqgiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !fQi<!ym<mik!Njmgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !-vk<k!gsqju!kMg<Gl<!lVf<kig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !gigqkl<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/ !
!39/!sr<gqzqk<!okimi<!Ng<gl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!h{<hqje!wPK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
L
!!!!sr<gqzqk<!okimi<!Ng<gl<!we<hK!yV!keqlk<kqe<!n[s<sr<gqzq!dVuig<Gl<!kqxe</!!!!!
!!!h{<Hgt<!
A
• keqlk<kqe<!-j{kqxe<!-v{<M!nz<zK!nkx<GOlz<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</
• !nOk!keqlk<Kme<!Sb!hqj{h<jh!Wx<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</
D
• !Sb!hqj{h<H!uzqjlbiekig!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</
• lx<x!&zg<%XgTme<!uqjeHiqukqz<!lf<kk<!ke<jlbig!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</
A
!3:/!gii<hje!dkiv{ligg<!ogi{<M!HxOux<Xjl!ucur<gjt!uqtg<Gg/!
IK
• yOv!-bx<hqbz<!fqjzjlbqz<!ye<Xg<G!Olx<hm<m!hcg!ucur<gjth<!ohx<Xt<t!
keqlr<gt<!HxOux<Xjl!ucur<gt<!weh<hMl</!
• gii<heqe<!HxOux<Xjl!ucur<gt<!.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
juvl<,!!gqvijhm,<!!gqvih<hqe<,< !!Hz<ziqe<,< gii<he<!fiOei!Gpib<gt</!
LV
!41. gqvi0jhm<!.!juvl<!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! !!!gqvi0jhm<! !!!!juvl<!
2/! lqVKuieK! gcelieK!
A
3/! lqe<!gmk<Kl<! lqe<!gmk<kiK!

K
4/! keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!djmbK! keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz!

2 3
5/! SP !-eg<gzh<H!djmbK/! SP !-eg<gzh<H!djmbK/!
uzqjl!Gjxf<k!ui{<mi<uiz<^<!
6/! uzqjl!lqGf<k!sgh<hqj{h<HjmbK/!!
uqjsBjmbK/!!
nXr<Ogie!km<jmbie!kit<!
7/! fie<Lgq njlh<HjmbK/
njlh<HjmbK/!
8/! dbUh<!ohiVtig!hbe<hMgqxK/! g{<{icjb!oum<m!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!!
!!
!42. Hz<ziQeqe<!njlh<jh!uqtg<Gg/!
• !-K!C50, C60, C70!Ohie<x!&zg<%XgTme<!%{<M!ucu!njlh<HjmbK/!
• !-kqz<!C60!&zg<%X!giz<hf<K!ucu!njlh<jh!ohx<Xt<tK/!
!-K!hg<gqhiz<!we<X!njpg<gh<hMgqxK/!
• !-kqz<!31!NX!n[!ujtbr<gTl<,!23!Jf<K!n[!ujtbr<gTl<!dt<te/!
2
• !-kqz<!dt<t!gii<he<!SP !-eg<gzh<HjmbK/!
• !-kqz<!C - C!hqj{h<H!fQtl<!2/55!Ao/!
• !-K!nOviOlm<cg<!ke<jl!ogi{<mK/!
43. gqvi0hQeqe<!njlh<jh!uqtg<Gg/!
• !-K!yx<jx!kit<!ucuLjmbK/!
L
• !Oke<%M!Ohie<x!hcg!njlh<jh!djmbK/!
2
• !-kqz<!dt<t!gii<he<!SP !-eg<gzh<HjmbK!
A
D
A
!44/!gii<he<!fiOei!Gpib<gtqe<!hbe<gjt!wPK!
IK
• lVf<Kgt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/
• hzhcgt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/
• uqjeOug!lix<xqbigh<<!hbe<hMgqxK/
LV
45/!0hq]<]i<!.!m<Ovih<]<!okiGh<H!uqjejb!wPK/!
!!!!!gii<he<!Olieig<jsM!!!H2 / Cu / 50atm!!!!!jam<Ovi!gii<he<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
500 K - 700 K
A
!!!!!!CO + 3 H2 Cu / 50atm CH4 + H2O

500 K - 700 K
K
!46/!Ng<Osi!osbz<Ljx!uqjejb!wPK/!
gii<he<!Olieig<jsM, jam<v\e<!lx<Xl<!wk<kqzQEme<!uqjeHiqf<K!!!!!!
Nz<cjajmk<!kVuK/
!47/!dx<hk<kq!uiB!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!gii<he<!Olieig<jsM!jam<v\e<!ogi{<m!gzju!dx<hk<kq!uiB!weh<hMl</!
!48/!CO )gii<he<!Olieig<jsM*!yV!yMg<Gl<!giv{q/!-jk!yV!wMk<Kg<gim<Mme<!uquiq/!!!!!
gii<he<!Olieig<jsM!Fe2O3 -jb Fe Ng!yMg<GgqxK!!!
!
!49/!Nb<ugk<kqz<!gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsM!kbiiqk<kjz!uquiq/!
!!!! !
!4:/!okipqx<sijzgtqz<!gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsM!kbiiqk<kjz!uquiq/!
!!!!gz<giqbqz<!nkqg!ntU!gix<X!osZk<kq!gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsM!kbivqg<gh<hMgqxK/!!
L
51/!fQi<!uiB!slfqjz!uqjejb!wPKg/!
A
!!!!! !
D
!52/!gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsce<!Ng<sq\Oex<xh<!h{<jh!wPK/!
A
53/!gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsce<!nlqzh<!h{<jh!wPK/!
IK
gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsce<!fQi<g<gjvsz<!gii<hieqg<!nlqzk<jk!d{<mig<Gl</!
LV
!54/!CO!lx<Xl<!CO2!.uqe<!us!njlh<Hgjt!ujvg/
• CO!&zg<%X!.!Ofi<Ogim<M!njlh<H;
A
• CO2 &zg<%X!.!Ofi<Ogim<M!njlh<H
K
!!
!-zm<sqbl<!-z<zik!uip<g<jg,!KMh<H!-z<zik!hmjgh<!Ohie<xK///!
KMh<H!we<El<!Lbx<sqjb!dVuig<gq!ogi{<miz<////!!!!!!!!!!
oux<xq!wEl<!uip<g<jgh<!hmjgs<!sqxh<hig!osZk<kzil<"""!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!55/!gii<he<!jm!Ng<jsce<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
• !kQbj{h<hie<gtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !Gtqi<!hier<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !kiuv!ytqs<Osi<g<jgbqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/ !
!56/!gii<he<!Olieig<jsce<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
• !sqxf<k!yMg<Gl<!giv{q/!
• !sqxf<k!=eq/!weOu!dOzig!gii<hjez<!Osi<lr<gjt!dVuig<Gl</!
• !fQi<!uiB,!dx<hk<kq!uiB!.!okipqx<sijzgtqz<!wiqohiVtig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
57. sqzqOgie<gt< we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!kbiiqk<kz<!lx<Xl<!ujggjt!uqtg<Gg/!
• sqzqOgie<gt<!we<hK!giql!sqzqg<gie<!hzhcbiGl</!
L
• ohiKuie!uib<h<hiM!R2SiO.!
!
A
!! !
D
A
IK
LV
!!!!sqzqOgie<gtqe<!ujggt<!
!!!!!2/!Ofi<Ogim<M!sqzqOgie<gt<!
!!-ju!R3SiCl!jb!fQvix<hGh<hke<!&zl<!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
A
!!sqzqOgie<!-vh<hi<!.!olk<kqzqe<!okiGkqgjtg<!ogi{<mK!
!!sqzqOgie<!hqsqe<gt<!.!sqzqOgie<gjt!giql!hqsqe<gTme<!gzf<K!ohxh<hMgqxK/!
K
!!!!!3/!ujtb!sqzqOgie<gt<!
!!-ju!R2SiCl2!jb!fQvix<hGh<hke<!&zl<!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
4/!GXg<G!hqj{h<H!sqzqOgie<gt<!
!!-ju!RSiCl3!jb!fQvix<hGh<hke<!&zl<!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!58/!sqzqOgieqe<!h{<Hgjt!%Xg/!
• fQi<!ouXg<Gl<!ke<jlBjmbK/!
• ouh<hl<!lx<Xl<!lqe<sivk<jk!gmk<kiK/!
• lf<k!Oukqk<!ke<jl!ogi{<mju/!
!
!
!59/!sqzqOgieqe<!hbe<gjt!%Xg/!
• !fQi<!uqzg<Gl<!Njmgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !dbUh<!ohiVtig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !lqe<Olim<mii<gTg<G!lqe<gih<H!ohiVtig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !oux<xqm!hl<Hgt<!lx<Xl<!w{<o{b<k<!okim<cgtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!
• !$iqb!ytqbqeiz<!hikqg<gh<hmik!ohbqe<Mgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!!
!5:/!\qObijzm<Mgt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
• \qObijzm<Mgt<!we<hju!nZlqeqbl<,!sqzqg<gie<!lx<Xl<!Ng<sq\jeg<!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ogi{<m!Lh<hiqli{!hcg!kq{<lr<gt</!
• sqzqg<gie<!lx<Xl<!nZlqeqbl<!nEg<gt<!Ng<sq\Eme<!fie<Lgq!njlh<hqz<!
dt<te/!
L
• -ju!fQOvxqb!Osicbl<!nZlqOei!sqzqg<Ogm<Mgt</!
• F{<Kjt!njlh<Hjmbju/!
A
• Osicbl<!nbeqgTl<!fQi<!&zg<%XgTl<!-k<Kjtgtqz<!kti<uig!
jug<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
D
• -ju!%Mgjtg<!ogi{<m!Oke<%m<M!hcg!njlh<jh!ohx<Xt<te/!
• F{<Kjtgt<!upqOb!fQi<!&zg<%Xgt<!dt<OtBl<!outqObBl<!lqg!wtqkig!
A
fgi<gqe<xe/!
• -ju!&zg<%X!sz<zjm!Ohie<X!osbz<hMgqe<xe/!
IK
• -ux<xqe<!ohiK!uib<h<hiM!NaO. Al2O3. x SiO2. y H2O.!
!61/!-v{<mil<!uiqjs!giv!dOzigl<!A-e< ! jam< j vM!NeK!B!we<x!Ohivieqe<!

Osi<lk<Kme<!uqjeHiqf<K!C we<x!yMg<Gl<!giv{qjbk<!kVgqxK/!A, B, C!Jg<!
g{<mxqg/!
LV
!!!!!-v{<mil<!uiqjs!giv!dOzigl<!A!.!Li!!!
!!!!!A.e< ! jam< j vM!+ Ohivie<!Osi<ll<!)B*!!!!!!!!yMg<Gl<!giv{q!)C*!!!!

A
!!!!!!!!!!2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4

K
• A - Li
• B - B2 H 6
• C - LiBH4
!!
!
!!
!62/!sqzqOgm<Mgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!ujggjt!uqtg<Gg/
4-
!!!sqzqg<gie<!lx<Xl<!Ng<sq\je!ogi{<m!fie<Lgq!nzGgt<![SiO4] !ouu<OuX!
ucur<gtqz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<M!gqjmg<Gl<!geqlr<gt<!sqzqOgm<Mgt<!weh<hMl</!
L
A
D
A
IK
LV
A
K
!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
4/ P!okiGkq!keqlr<gt<!.!II
2/!0h<Tiqe<!We<!.2!Ng<sq\e<!fqjzjb!lx<Xl<!ohx<Xt<tK@!
• sqxqb!dVutU!
• nkqg!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxe<!lkqh<H/!
!3/!0h<Tiqe<!We<!nkqg!uqjeHiqBl<!ke<jljbBjmbK@!
• sqxqb!dVutU!
• nkqg!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxe<!lkqh<H!
• F - F!hqj{h<H!Nx<xz<!lqgg<!GjxU!!
!4/!hqe<uVl<!Osi<lr<gtqz<!Oaz\e<gtqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzbqjeg<!Gxqh<hqMg/!
L
A
!!!!!! !!!!
D
A
!
IK
LV
!
A
!
!5/!Oaz\e<!-jms<!Osi<lr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nju!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
K
• yV!Oaz\e<!lx<oxiV!Oaz\Eme<!Osi<f<K!dVuiGl<!Osi<lr<gt<!
• w/gi/!ClF, IF5
• Cl2 + F2 473K 2ClF

!6/!Oaz\e<!-jms<!Osi<lr<gtqe<!h{<Hgjt!%Xg/!!
• jlb!dOzig!n[!ohiqb!n[uig!njlb!Ou{<Ml</!
• -v{<M!Oaz\e<gTg<gqjmOb!lm<Ml<!-ju!dVuiGl</!
• -ju!Sb!nbeqbikZg<G!dm<hMl</! !
!!
!
!7/!aQzqbk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@
• !lqkg<Gl<!hZie<gtqz<!fqvh<h!!
• !Ngib!uqlier<gtqe<!mbi<gjt!fqvh<h!!
• He - O2!gzju!fQiqz<! &p< Ghui<gt<!Suisqg<g!
• !gqjvObio\eqg<!okipqz<!Fm<huqbzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!8/!fqbieqe<!hbe<gt<!wPK!
• !ytqVl<!Gpz<!uqtg<Ggtqz<!!
• !kiuvr<gt<!uti<ujk!K~{<m!
• !nkqg!lqe<ePk<kk<kqzqVf<K!lqe<siker<gjt!hiKgig<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!9/!Ni<gieqe<!hbe<gt<!wPK!
L
• !$mie!lqe<eqjpgt<!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!njmujk!kMg<gqxK/!
• !lqe<!uqtg<Ggtqe<!NBm<gizl<!fQcg<gqxK/!
A
!:/!gqvqh<mieqe<!hbe<gt<!wPK!
D
• ytqVl<!hz<Hgt<!lx<Xl<!ytqi<!uQs<S!hz<Hgtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• uqlie!fqjzbr<gtqz<!n[Gl<!uqtg<gig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
!21/!oseie<!lx<Xl<!Ovmieqe<!hbe<gjt!wPK!
!!!oseieqe<!hbe<gt<!
IK
• ytqVl<!hz<Hgt<,!ytqi<!uQs<S!hz<Hgt<!lx<Xl<!Ozsi<gtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• Hjgh<hm!fqHei<gt<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!nkqOug!lqe<hib<s<sz<!uqtg<gig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!!!Ovmieqe<!hbe<gt<!!
LV
• Hx<X!Ofib<!osz<gjt!npqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!22/!lf<k!uiBg<gt<!We<!nkqg!nbeq!Ng<Gl<!Nx<xz<!ohx<Xt<tK@!
• lf<k!uiBg<gtqe<!n[g<gV!lqe<Sjl!nkqgl<!
6
• fqjzbie!wzg<m<vie<!nP njlh<jh!ohx<Xt<tK!
A
!23. XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!

K
!!!!! !
!24/!HF!yV!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!nlqzl<!lx<xju!uzqjl!lqg<gK!We<@!
• HF!hqj{h<hqz<!H!lx<Xl<!F!g<G!-jmOb!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxe<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
OuXhiM!nkqgl</!
• !fQi<g<gjvszqz<!HF hGkqbtOu!nbeqbigqxK/!
• !HF!hqj{h<H!uzqjl!lqg<gK/!njk!hqtg<g!nkqg!Nx<xz<!Okjuh<hMgqxK/!!
!25/!HF g{<{ic!him<cz<gtqz<!hiKgig<gh<hMukqz<jz!We<@!)nz<zK*!!!!!!!
g{<{icjb!niqg<Gl<!ke<jl!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• !fQi<l!HF olPG!kmuqb!him<cz<gtqz<!hiKgig<gh<hMgqxK/!!
• giv{l<!.!HF!sqzqgi!lx<Xl<!sqzqOgm<Mme<!uqjeHiqBl</!
!26/!Nb<ugk<kqz<!wu<uiX!GOtiiqje!kbiiqh<hib<@!
!!!!!
27/!omg<gie<!Ljxbqz<!GOtiiqe<!ohVltuqz<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
!511 C!.z<!Gh<v^<!GOtivjM!dt<t!nMg<Ggt<!ogi{<m!gzeqz<!gix<X!!!
O
L
!lx<Xl<!Ng<sq\e<!uqjeHiqf<K!GOtiiqjek<!kVgqxK/!
A
!!!!!! !
!28/!szjuk<!K~t<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
D
!!giz<sqbl<!jam<vig<jsM!+ GOtiiqe<! !!!!!!!szjuk<!K~t<!
A
!!!Ca(OH)2!+ Cl2!!!!!!!!CaOCl2!+ H2O!
!29/!GOtiiqe<!Gtqi<f<k!lx<Xl<!$mie NaOH!dme<!HiqBl<!uqjejb!wPKg/!!!
IK
• !GOtiiqe<!+ Gtqi<f<k!NaOH!!!!!!!!Osicbl< ! jah< O hi!GOtijvm< ! !!!
LV
• GOtiiqe<!+ $mie!NaOH!!!!!!!!Osicbl< ! GOtiOvm< !
!!!!! !
!2:/!GOtiiqeqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!h{<jh!wPKg/!
A
!!!! !
!31/!GOtiiqeqe<!ouTg<Gl<!h{<jh!wPKg/!
K
!!!!!H2O!+ Cl2!!!!!!!HCl + HOCl

HOCl HCl + (O)
!!!!!fqxLt<t!ohiVt< +!hqxuqfqjz!Ng<sq\e<!!!!!!!fqxlx<x!uqjth<!ohiVt<!!
!32/!okiMLjxbqz<!gf<kg!nlqzl<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
S!+ O2!!!!!!!!SO2!!
SO2!+ O2 V2 O5 / 450OC 2SO3!
SO3!+ H2 SO4!!!!!!H2 S2O7 H2O 2H2 SO4 !
!!
!33/ gf<kg!nlqzk<kqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!h{<jh!wPK/
34/ gf<kg!nlqzk<kqe<!givk<Kul<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg/!
• gf<kg!nlqzl<!-V!givk<Ku!nlqzl</
• -K!givr<gTme<!uqjeHiqf<K!3!ujgbie!dh<Hgjt!kVgqxK
H2SO4 + NaOH NaHSO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

!35/ gf<kg!nlqzk<kqe<!fQi<!fQg<Gl<!h{<jh!kGf<k!wMk<Kg<gim<MgTme<!uqtg<Gg/!
L
!!!!
A
36/ gf<kg!jm!Ng<jsce<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!h{<jh!wPK/!
D
!!!!
!37/ gf<kg!jm!Ng<jsce<!yMg<Gl<!h{<jh!wPK/ A
!38/ gf<kg!jm!Ng<jsce<!ouTg<Gl<!h{<jh!wPK/!
IK
LV
39/!26.Nl<!okiGkq!keqlr<gtqe<!-j{kqxe<!%m<M!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<jh!uqtg<Gg/!
2 3
!!!!ohiKuie!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.!ns np
N P As Sb Bi
A
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 4p 5s 5p 6s 6p
!3:/!B,iqbiuqzqVf<K!nl<Olieqbi!kbiiqk<kjz!uquiq!
K
B,iqbiju!fQvix<!hGk<kiz<!nl<Olieqbi!gqjmg<gqxK/!
!!!! !!
!41/!Oahi<!Ljxbqz<!nl<Olieqbi!kbiiqk<kjz!uquiq
!jfm<v\e< + jam<v\e< !!!!!Fe nl<Olieqbi!!!!!!!!!!!
nkqg T Gjxf<k P!!!!!
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!42/ nl<Olieqbiuqe<!yMg<Gl<!h{<jh!wPK/
!!!!! !
!43/!N^<uiz<m<!Ljxbqz<!jfm<iqg<!nlqzl<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
!!!!! !
!!!!! !
!!!!! !
!44/!Oslqk<K!jug<gh<hMl<!jfm<iqg<!nlqzl<!We<!lR<st<!fqxlig!liXgqxK@!
!!!!jfm<iqg<!nlqzl<!ouh<hk<kqeiz<!sqjkujmf<K!jfm<v\e<.jm.Ng<jsM,!fQi<!lx<Xl<!!
!!!!Ng<sq\eig!liXgqxK/!NgOu!lR<st<!fqxlig!liXgqxK/!
L
!!!!! !
A
!45/!jfm<iqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!h{<jh!wPK/!
!46/!jfm<iqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!jfm<Ovi!Wx<x!uqjejb!wPK/!
D
!!!! !!!
A
47/!-vi\!kqviugl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
IK
• &e<X!hr<G!nmi<!HCl,!yV!hr<G!nmi<!HNO3!gzf<k!gzju!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-vi\!kqviugl<!weh<hMl</!
• -K!kr<gl<!lx<Xl<!hqtim<cek<jk!gjvg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
LV
!48/!fqe<oxitqi<kz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!ou{<!hi^<hv^<!Ng<sq\Oex<xljmuke<!giv{lig!-Vtqz<!ytqi<gqxK/!!!!!!
-f<fqgp<s<sq!fqe<oxitqi<<kz<!weh<hMl</!
A
!49/!hi^<hv^qe<!HxOux<Xjl!ucur<gt<!hx<xq!uquiq/!
!!!!2/ou{<!hi^<hv^<!3/squh<H!hi^<hv^<!4/Dki!hi^<hv^<!5/^<gii<ozm<!hi^<hv^<!
K
! !!ou{<!hi^<hv^<! !!!squh<H!hi^<hv^<!
2! uq]k<ke<jl!djmbK! uq]k<ke<jl!nx<xK!
3! H,{<ce<!l{LjmbK! l{lx<xK!
4! -Vtqz<!ytqVl<! -Vtqz<!ytqviK!
njx!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!kieig! njx!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!kieig!
5!
kQh<hx<xq!ogit<Tl<! kQh<hx<xq!ogit<tiK!
6! wiqB,m<Ml<!ouh<hfqjz!GjxU! wiqB,m<Ml<!ouh<hfqjz!nkqgl<!
!!
!4:/!Nb<ugk<kqz<!hi^<hQe<! wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
!51/!hi^<jheqe<!Oukqh<h{<Hgjt!uqtg<Gl<!-V!sle<hiMgjtk!kVg/!
!!!2/!hi^<jheqe<!ouh<huqjeh<!h{<H!
!!!!! !
!!!3/!hi^<jheqe<!yMg<Gl<!h{<H!
!!!!! !
L
!52/! PCl5!\!ouh<hh<hMk<Kl<!OhiK!fqgp<uK!biK@!
A
!53/!hi^<hv^<!nlqzk<kqe<!ouh<huqjejb!wPKg/
D
hi^<hv^<!nlqzk<jk!ouh<hh<hMk<kqeiz<!hi^<hQe<!gqjmg<gqxK!
A
IK
!54/!siz<Ogi\e<gt<!p!.!okiGkq!keqlr<gtiGl<!giv{l<!%X/!
• -k<keqlr<gtqe<!gjmsq!wzg<m<vie<!p!.!Ni<hqm<mizqz<!fqvh<hh<hMgqxK/!!
2 4
• -k<keqlr<gtqe<!ohiKuie!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!ns np
LV
!55/!Nb<ugk<kqz<!YOsie<! wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!
• 20,000 V!lqe<ePk<kk<kqz<!10%!Ng<sq\e<!uiB!YOsieig!lix<xh<hMgqxK/!
• !hqxG!hqe<e!gib<s<sq!uck<kz<!&zl<!K~b!YOsie<!ohxh<hMgqxK/!!
A
K
!!!! !
!56/!YOsieqe<!ucujlh<jh!uquiq/!!
• YOsie<!&zg<%X!ujtf<k!ucul<!lx<Xl<!!
• Ng<sq\e<!n[g<gTg<gqjmOb!sQi<jlbie!dt<tmr<gi!hqj{h<jh!ohx<Xt<tK/!
!!!!! !
!!
!57/ YOsie<!wu<uiX!ntf<kxqbh<hMgqxK@!!)nz<zK*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!YOsieqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<xh<!h{<jh!uquiq/!
• YOsie<!ohim<misqbl<!nObijmjm!nObiceig!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!njmbs<!
osb<gqxK/
• -u<uqje!YOsije!ntf<kxqbh<!hbe<hMgqxK
!!!! !
!58/!Oaiz<l<^<!Le<exquqh<hie<!!
• Kjtbqmh<hm<m!ohm<cbqz<!giz<sqbl<!hi^<jhM!lx<Xl<!!
giz<sqbl<!gii<<jhM!fqvh<hq!gmzqz<!wxqbh<hMgqxK/!!
• fQi<!ohm<cbqz<<!Fjpf<K!nux<Xme<<!uqjeHiqf<K!hi^<hQjeBl<,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
nsqm<czqjeBl<!kVgqxK/!!
L
• hi^<hQe< lx<Xl<!nsqm<czqe<<!gix<Xme<!wiqf<K!d{<miGl<!ohVl<Hjg!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
gmzqz<!dt<t!gh<hz<gTg<G!upq!gim<m!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
!59/!jam<Ovi!GOtiiqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
• GOtiiqe<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
D
• wZl<hqzqVf<K!hjs!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• ^<mii<s<sqzqVf<K!GTg<Ogi^<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
!5:/!gf<kg!nlqzk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
• !dvr<gt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
IK
• !ouc!ohiVm<gt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !fqxlqgt<!kbiiqg<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !dzi<k<Kl<!giv{qbigh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!!!
!61/!jfm<iqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
LV
• !-vi\!kqviugl<!kbiiqk<kzqz<!Ng<sq\Oex<xqbig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !sqz<ui<!jfm<Ovm<!)AgNO3)!Hjgh<hmk<!okipqzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !Osicbl<<!jfm<Ovm<! (NaNO3) Kh<hig<gq!ouclVf<Kgtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!62/!Ng<sq\eqe<<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
A
• !dbqiqer<gt<!uip<ukx<G!Ng<sq\e<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !Ng<sq!.nsqm<czqe<!hx<x!juh<hie<gtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
K
• !kqvu!Ng<sq\e<!vig<ogm<!wiqohiVtig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!63/!gf<kg!jm!Ng<jsce<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
• !Lc,!hm<M,!gl<htq!Ngqbux<jx!ouTg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• !kiuvr<gt<!lx<Xl<!hbqi<gtqz<!gi{h<hMl<!okix<Xgjt!fQg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!64/!GOtiiqeqe<<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
• GcfQjvk<!K~b<jlbig<gh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• hVk<kq!K{qgt<, gigqkl<!lx<Xl<!Ovbie<!Ngqbux<jx!ouTg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• kr<gl<!lx<Xl<!hqtim<cel<!Ngqbux<jx!hqiqk<okMk<kzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!!
!65/!hqe<uVl<!Osi<lr<gtqe<!-eg<gzh<H!lx<Xl<!njlh<jh!wPKg/!
ujg! Osi<ll<! -eg<gzh<H! ucul<!
AX BrF, ClF! sp3! Ofi<OgiM!
AX3 BrF3, ClF3, sp3d T!ucul<!
AX5 BrF5, IF5 sp3d2 sKv!hqvlqM!
AX7 IF7 sp3d3 Jr<Ogi{!-VhqvlqM!
L
A
D
A
IK
!66/!hqe<uVl<!Osi<lr<gtqe<!njlh<jh!ujvg/!
!n/!jfm<iqg<!nlqzl<!!!!!!!!!! N/!jfm<v\e<!ohe<mig<jsM!!!!!!
LV
HNO3 N2O5!
A
K
! !!!!! !
!!-/!Ni<k<Oki!hi^<hv^<!nlqzl<! !!=/!Ni<k<Oki!hi^<hiiqg<!nlqzl<!!
H3PO3 H3PO4
! !!!! !
!!!!
!!d/!jah<Ohi!hi^<hv^<!nlqzl<!! !D/!jah<Ohi!hi^<hiiqg<!nlqzl<!!
H3PO2 H4P2O6
!!!! !! !!!! !
!!w/!jhOvi!hi^<hiiqg<!nlqzl<!! !!W/!hi^<hQe<! PH3
L
!!!!!!!!!!H4P2O7 sp3!.!hqvlqM!ucul<!
A
D
A
IK
! !
!
!
LV
!
A
!
K
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
5!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!!
!2/!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi!kVg/!
• okiGkq!4!Lkz<!23!ujv!dt<t!keqlr<gt</!!
• s!okiGkqg<Gl<!.!p!okiGkqg<Gl<!-jmh<hm<m!keqlr<gt<!
• LPuKl<!fqvh<hh<hmik!d!dm<%m<cje!ohx<Xt<t!keqlr<gt</!
• -k<keqlr<gt<!dVuig<Gl<!Ofi<!nbeqgt<!LPuKl<!fqvh<hh<hmik!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
d!dm<%m<cje!ohx<xqVg<Gl</!
• -Vl<H,!kr<gl<,!sqz<ui<///!
!3/!Nui<k<ke!nm<muj{bqz<!d okiGkqbqe<!-ml<!hx<xq!uquiq/!
L
• !okiGkq!4!Lkz<!23!ujv!dt<t!keqlr<gt<!d!okiGkq!keqlr<gt</!
• !-kqz<!5!uiqjsgt<!dt<te/!
A
2/!4d!uiqjs!)Sc to Zn*! 5!.Nl<!uiqjs/!
3/!5d!uiqjs!)Y to Cd*! 6!.Nl<!uiqjs/!
D
4/!6d!uiqjs!)Hf to Hg*! 7!.Nl<!uiqjs/!
5/!7.Nl<!uiqjs!uiqjsbqz<!dt<t!keqlr<gt<!gkqvqbg<g!ke<jl!ogi{<mju/!
A
• Zn, Cd, Hg!Ngqbju!LPuKl<!fqvh<hh<hm<m!Ni<hqm<miz<gjt!ogi{<Mt<tK/!
Neiz<!-ux<xqe<!h{<Hgt<!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gTme<!yk<Kt<tK/!
IK
!4/!Lkz<!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gtqe<!nbeqbig<Gl<!we<kiz<hq!lix<xk<jk!uqtg<Gg/!
• Sc bqzqVf<K!Ti!ujv!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• Ti!bqzqVf<K!Cr!ujv!!lix<xlqz<jz/!
• Cr!bqzqVf<K!Fe!ujv!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
LV
• Fe!bqzqVf<K!Cu!ujv!sqxqktU!lix<xl<!dt<tK/!
• Cu!bqzqVf<K!Zn!ujv!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
!5/!4d!uvqjs!keqlr<gtqe<!liXhMl<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgjt!uqtg<Gg/!
A
• 4d!uvqjs!keqlr<gt<!liXhMl<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!
• giv{l< : ns!lx<Xl<!(n-1)d .gTg<gqjmObbie!Gjxuie!Nx<xz<!OuXhiM/!!!
K
• wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK,!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jg!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• -j{biGl<!wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK,!Ng<sq\Oex<x!
fqjzgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!GjxgqxK/!
• okimiqe<!Kug<gk<kqz<!+4!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjz!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlBme<!dt<tK/!
• okimiqe<!-Xkqbqz<!+3!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjz!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlBme<!dt<tK/!
• Lkz< keqll<! Sc +4!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjbh<!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• jlb!keqll<!lir<geQS!+3!Lkz< +8!ujv!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• gjmsq!keqll<!gih<hi<!+2!lx<Xl<! +3!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!lm<Ml<!ohx<Xt<tK/!
!6/!4d!uvqjsbqz<!wk<keqll<!+1!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!ogi{<Mt<tK@!
• gih<hi<!lm<Ml<!+2!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• Woeeqz<!gih<hi<!yV!wzg<m<vije!wtqkqz<!-pf<K!fqjzk<k!3d !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
10
+
Ni<hqm<mijzg<!ogi{<m!Cu nbeqjbk<!kVgqxK/!
!7/!5d!uvqjs!keqlr<gtqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgjt!uqtg<Gg/!
• 5d!uvqjs!keqlr<gt<!Ng<sq\e<,!HTiqe<!lx<Xl<!GOtiiqEme<!dVuig<Gl<!
Osi<lr<gtqz<!nkqghm<s!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjz!+9!jb!ohx<Xt<tK/!w/gi/!RuO4!
• Lkz< keqll<!-m<iqbl<!+4!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!lm<Ml<!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• jlb!keqll<!Vk<kQeqbl< +3!Lkz< +9!ujv!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• gjmsq!keqll<!gim<lqbl<!+3!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!lm<Ml<!ohx<Xt<tK/!
L
• sqz<ui<!lm<Ml<!+2!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!ohx<Xt<tK/!
!8/!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!nkqg!dVG!fqjzjbg<!ogi{<Mt<tK!We<@!
A
• !n[g<gTg<gqjmOb!nkqg!gui<s<sq!uqjs/!
D
• !uzqjlbie!dOzig!hqj{h<H/!
9/ d - okiGkq!keqlr<gt<!dOzigg<!gzjujb!dVuig<g!giv{l<!biK@!
A
• !yOv!-j{kqxe<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!hcg!njlh<jh!ohx<Xt<tkiz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
yV!dOzigk<jk!lx<oxiV!dOzigl<!-mh<ohbi<s<sq!osb<K!dOzigg<!
IK
gzjujb!dVuig<Gl<
• !w/gi/!kr<gl<!.!kilqvl<!dOzigg<!gzju/
!:/ dOzigg<!gzjujb!dVuig<g!aqBl<!.!Ovik<kiq!uqkqjbg<!%X/!
LV
• !gjvohiVt<!lx<Xl<!gjvh<hie<!-v{<Ml<!yOv!-j{kqxe<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!!!!!!
hcg!njlh<jh!ohx<xqVg<gOu{<Ml<!
• njugtqe<!n[!Nvr<gTg<gqjmObbie!OuXhiM!26% uqm!Gjxuig!!
-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
A
• !njugtqe<!wzg<m<vie<!gui<kqxe<!OuXhiM!H,\<<bk<kqx<G!nVgijlbqz<!
-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
K
!21/!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gtqe<!n[!Nvl<!wu<uiX!Nui<k<ke!nm<muj{bqz<!!!!
wu<uiX!OuXhMgqxK@!
! !!!!!okiGkqbqz<! !!!uiqjsbqz<!)okimiqz<*!
n[!Nvl<<! !!!!nkqgiqg<Gl<! !!!!GjxBl<!
OsVl<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!Hkqb! OsVl<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!yOv!%m<cz<!OsVl</!!
giv{l<! %m<cz<!OsVl</!! weOu!dm<gV!lqe<Sjl!nkqgiqg<Gl/<!
weOu!dm<gV!lqe<Sjl!
GjxBl</!
!!
!
!22/!gQp<g{<mux<Xt<!wK!fqxLt<tK@!
!! !
!23/!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gjt!d{<mig<GuOke<@
• sqxqb!dVutU!!!
L
• nkqg!Ofi<lqe<!nmi<k<kq!
• wzg<m<vie<gjth<!ohx!hz!oux<X!(n-1)d Ni<hqm<miz<gjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!
A
• w/gi!.! K4[Fe(CN)6]!
!24/!-jms<osVgz<!Osi<lr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
D
!!!!dOzigr<gtqe<!n{qg<Ogijuk<!ktk<kqz<!dt<t!-jms<osVgz<!Kjtgtqz<!!!!
gii<he<,!jam<v\e<,!jfm<v\e<!Ohie<x!sqxqb!n[g<gt<!-ml<ohXukiz<!!!!
A
gqjmg<Gl<!Osi<lr<gt<!-jms<osVgz<!Osi<lr<gt<!weh<hMl</!w/gi/!TiC
!25/!-jms<osVgz<!Osi<lr<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!biju@!!
IK
• gcelieju!
• ouh<hl<!lx<Xl<!lqe<!gmk<Kl<!
• nkqg!dVGfqjz!djmbju!
LV
• -jmfqjz!dOzigr<gtqe<!jam<jvMgt<!uzqjl!lqg<g!yMg<gqgt</!
• dOzig!gii<jhMgt<!Oukq!lf<kk<!ke<jl!djmbju/!
!26/!kqm<m!lqe<Lje!lqe<ePk<k!lkqh<H!ujvbX/!
A
!!!!1 atm!nPk<kl<!lx<Xl<!384K!ouh<h!fqjzbqz<!&zg<%X!jam<v\e<,!!!!!!!!
HOvim<mieig!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!njmBl<!OhiK!lqe<gzeqe<!kqm<m!lqe<eqbg<G!
uqjsbqe<!lkqh<H!kqm<m!lqe<Lje!lqe<ePk<k!lkqh<H!weh<hMl</!
K
!27/!4d!uvqjsbqz<!EO M3+ / M2+!lkqh<hqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gjt!uquiq/!

3+ 2+
• !M lx<Xl< M nbeqgTg<gqjmObbie!yh<hQm<M!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jljb!kVgqxK/!
• Ti, V, lx<Xl<!Cr!Ngqbux<xqe<!wkqi<Gxq!lkqh<hqz<!-Vf<K!njugt<!!!!!!!!!
dbi<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzjb!ohx<Xt<tK!we!nxqbzil</!
3+
• fqzh<Hk<!ke<jlBjmb!Cr !nbeqjb!yMg<g!nkqg!wkqi<Gxq!EO!djmb!!
Kk<kfigl<!hbe<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!
3+ 2+ 3+ 2+
• M / M e<!nkqg!EO!lkqh<hqzqVf<K!M nbeqjbg<!gim<cZl<! M nbeq!
nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jl!djmbK!we!nxqbzil</!!!
!!
!28/!sQg<zi<!.!fim<mi!uqjeOug!lix<xq!we<hK!wK@!nke<!hbe<!biK@!!!
• TiCl4!lx<Xl<!m<jv!Nz<jgz<!nZlqeqbl<!gzf<k!gzju!sQg<zi<!.!fim<mi!
uqjeOug!lix<xq!weh<hMl</!
• -K!hzhcbig<gzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!!!!! !
!29/!jmbi!lx<Xl<!hivi!gif<kk<!ke<jl!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! !jmbi!gif<kk<!ke<jl! !!!!hivi!gif<kk<!ke<jl!
2! keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz!! keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!d{<M!
L
3! gif<kh<!Hzk<kiz<!uqzg<gh<hMl<! gif<kh<!Hzk<kiz<!=i<g<gh<hMl<!
4! Cu +, Zn2+ ! Cu , Ni
2+ 2+
!
A
!
D
!2:/!Cr!lx<Xl<!Cu!uqe<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<jh!wPK/!
2 4
• Cr .e<!wkqv<hii<g<Gl<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H![Ar] 4s 3d
A
d{<jlbie!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H![Ar] 4s 3d !
1 5
2 9
• Cu .e<!wkqv<hii<g<Gl<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H![Ar] 4s 3d
IK
1 10
d{<jlbie!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H![Ar] 4s 3d !
4+ 2+
!31/!Ce lx<Xl< Co !nbeqgtqe<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<jh!wPKg/!
4+ 0 0 0
• Ce .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Xe] 4f 5d 6s !
LV
2+ 7 0
• Co .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d 4s !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
2+ 2+
!32/!Cu nbeq!fqxLt<tK/!Neiz<!Zn nbeq!fqxlx<xK/!We<@!
2+ 9
A
• Cu !.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d !
!!!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!d{<M/!NgOu!fqxLt<tK/!
K
2+ 10
• Zn !.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz/!NgOu!fqxlx<xK/!
2+ 3+
!33/!Fe !lx<Xl<<!Fe !-kqz<!wK!nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!djmbK/!We<@!
2+ 6
• Fe !.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d !
3+ 5
• Fe !.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d !
3+
• Fe !.hikq!fqvh<hh<hm<m!Ni<hqm<miz<gjth<!ohx<Xt<tK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NgOu!nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!djmbK/!
!
4+ 2+
!34/ Mn jb!uqm!Mn !nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!djmbK!We<@!
4+ 3
• Mn !.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d !
2+ 5
• Mn !.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Ar] 3d !
2+
• Mn .hikq!fqvh<hh<hm<m!Ni<hqm<miz<gjth<!ohx<Xt<tK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!35/!Kk<kfigk<jkg<!gim<cZl<!GOvilqbk<kqe<!Lkz<!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xz<!GjxU!We<@!
2 10
• Zn .e<<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H![Ar] 4s 3d !
1 5
• Cr .e<<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H![Ar] 4s 3d !
0 5
• GOvilqbl<!yV!wzg<m<vije!weqkqz<!-pf<K!4s 3d we<x!fqjzk<k!njlh<jh!!
ohXgqxK/!NgOu!GOvilqbk<kqe<!Lkz<!nbeqbig<Gl<!Nx<xz<!GjxU/!!
L
3+ 3+
!36/!Cr NeK!uzqjlbie!Ng<sq\oeiMg<gq/!Neiz<!Mn NeK!uzqjlbie!
A
Ng<sq\Oex<xq!uqtg<Gg/!
3+ 0 3+ 0
D
• Cr .e<!E =!.!1/52!V Neiz< Mn .e<!E = +!2/68!V !
• yV!dOzigk<kqe<!kqm<m!lqe<!nPk<kl<!nkqg!wkqi<Gxq!lkqh<hig!-Vf<kiz<,!!
A
nK!sqxf<k!yMg<Gl<!giv{qbig!osbz<hMl</!
3+
• NgOu!Cr NeK!uzqjlbie!Ng<sq\oeiMg<gq/!
IK
2+ 2+
!37/!Cr nz<zK! Fe !-ux<Xt<!wK!uzqjlbie!Ng<sq\oeiMg<gq@!
2+ 0 2+ 0
• Cr .e<!E =!.!1/:2!V Neiz Fe .e<!E = -!1/55!V !
• yV!dOzigk<kqe<!kqm<m!lqe<!nPk<kl<!nkqg!wkqi<Gxq!lkqh<hig!-Vf<kiz<,!!
nK!sqxf<k!yMg<Gl<!giv{qbig!osbz<hMl</!!!
LV
2+
• weOu!Cr uzqjlbie!Ng<sq\oeiMg<gq/!
0
!38/!kilqvk<kqe<!E lkqh<H!Ofi<Gxq!lkqh<HjmbK!giv{l<!%X/!!
A
2+
• Cu ju!gim<cZl<!keql!fqjz!gih<hi<!nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!djmbK/!
2+
• weOu Cu wtqkqz<!keql!fqjz!gih<hvig!yMg<gl<!njmgqxK/!
K
!39/!sqi<Ogieqbl<!lx<Xl<!aih<eqbl<!yk<kh<!h{<Hgjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!We<@!
!!!!zif<kjeM!GXg<gk<kiz<!3d!lx<Xl<!4d!keqlr<gt<!Wxk<kip!yk<k!n[!
Nvr<gjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!weOu!yk<kh<!h{<Hgjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!
!3:/!GOvijlz<!GOtijvM!Osikjejb!wPK/!
• ohim<misqbl<.jm.GOviOlm<jm,!GOtijvM!dh<H!lx<Xl<!nmi<!H2SO4!dme<!!
$MhMk<kqeiz<!NvR<S!squh<H!fqx!GOvijlz<!GOtijvM!Nuq!gqjmg<gqxK/!
• -u<uqje!h{<hxq!hGh<hib<uqz<!GOtijvM!nbeqjb!g{<mxqb!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!! !!
!41/!GOvijlm<!kiKuqz<!-Vf<K!K2Cr2O7!wu<uiX!hqiqk<okMg<gh<hMgqxK@!
• !kiK!.!GOvijlm<!!
• !nmi<hqk<kz<!.!HuqbQi<h<H!Ljx!
• GOvijlm<! +!Osicbl<!gii<hOem<!!!!O2!!!!Osicbl<!GOviOlm<!!
!
• Osicbl<!GOviOlm<! +!nmi<!H2SO4!!!!!!!!!!Osicbl<!.jm.!GOviOlm<!!
!
• Osicbl<!.jm.!GOviOlm<!!!KCl!!!!ohim<misqbl<!.jm.!GOviOlm<!!
L
!!!!!! !
42/!ohim<misqbl<!jm!GOviOlm<ce<!lQK!ouh<hk<kqe<!uqjtju!wPK!
A
!!!! !
D
!43/!ohim<misqbl<!ohi<lir<gOem<ce<!ouh<h!uqjejb!wPK!
!!!!! !
A
!44/!ohim<misqbl<!jm!GOviOlm<ce<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!uqjejb!wPK!
• nObijmM!nbeqjb!nObiceig!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!osb<gqxK!
IK
!!!!!! !
• sz<jhM!nbeqjb!sz<hvig!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!osb<gqxK!
! !
LV
!45/!ohim<misqbl<!ohi<lir<gOem<ce<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!h{<jh!uqtg<Gg/!
• nlqz!Dmgl<!!
!!!!!! !
• giv!Dmgl<!!
A
! !
• fMfqjz!Dmgl<!!
K
!! !
!46/!ohim<misqbl<!jm!GOviOlm<ce<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
• Okiz<!hkeqMkzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• siblqMkz<!lx<Xl<!ns<Sk<okipqzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• Ng<sq\Oex<xqbigh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!47/!ohim<misqbl<!ohi<lir<gOem<ce<!hbe<gjt!wPK/!
• Okiz<!Ofib<g<G!lVf<kig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• fQjv!K~b<jlbig<Gl<!okipqx<sijzgtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• Ng<sq\Oex<xqbigh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!48/!nlqz,!giv!lx<Xl<!fMfqjz!Dmgr<gtqz<!KMnO4 e<!slie!fqjxjbg<!gi{<g/!
!!!! !!!!!
L
!49/!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!lx<Xl<!gif<fk<!ke<jljb!g{g<gqMg/!
A
D
!!! !
A
IK
LV
A
K
!!!! !
de<!lkqh<oh{<!de<!jgbqz<!
dt<.-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!
!2/!dt<!-jmfqjzk<!keqlr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi!kVg/!
• )n-2* f!Ni<hqm<mizqz<!-Xkq!wzg<m<vie<!uf<K!OsVl<!keqlr<gt</!!
• 4f uiqjs - zif<keib<Mgt< - Ce!Lkz<!Lu!ujv!dt<t!25!keqlr<gt<!
• 5f uiqjs - Ng<ceib<Mgt<! - Th!Lkz<!Lr!ujv!dt<t!25!keqlr<gt<!
!3/!zif<keib<Mgt<!lx<Xl<!Ng<ceib<Mgt<!keql!uiqjs!nm<muj{bqz<!ohx<Xt<t!!
-mk<kqje!fqXUg/!!
• zif<keib<Mgt<!lx<Xl<!Ng<ceib<Mgt<!keq!uiqjs!nm<muj{bqe<!gQOp!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-ml<!ohx<Xt<te/!!
L
• zif<keib<Mgt<!.!okiGkq!4!uiqjs!7!z<!dt<tju!.!5f!uiqjs!keqlr<gt</!
Ce!Lkz<!Lu!ujv!dt<t!25!keqlr<gt<!
A
• Ng<ceib<Mgt<!.!okiGkq!4!uiqjs!8!z<!dt<tju!.!6f!uiqjs!keqlr<gt</!
Th!Lkz<!Lr!ujv!dt<t!25!keqlr<gt<!
D
• uiqjsgtqz<!dt<t!25!keqlr<gTl<!yOv!likqiqbie!h{<Hgjt!ohx<Xt<te/!!
!4/!Ng<ceib<Mgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!&e<X!w/gi!kVg/!
•
A
Ng<ceib<Mgt<!.!okiGkq!4!uiqjs!8!z<!dt<tju!.!6f!uiqjs!keqlr<gt</!
• Th!Lkz<!Lr!ujv!dt<t!25!keqlr<gt</!
IK
• -ju!njek<Kl<!gkqiqbg<g!keqlr<gt</!
• w/gi/!-!Th,!U,!Lr.!
!5/!zif<keib<Mgt<!lx<Xl<!Ng<ceib<Mgtqe<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<jh!wPK/!
0-14 0-1 2
LV
• zif<keib<Mgt<!.![Xe] 4f 5d 6s !
0-14 0-2 2
• Ng<ceib<Mgt<!. ![Rn] 5f 6d 7s !
!6/!zif<kjeM,!Ng<cjeMgtqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgjt!hx<xq!wPK .
! !zif<kjeMgt<! !Ng<cjeMgt<!
A
ohiKuie!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjz! +3 +3
K
hqx!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgt<! +2, +4 +2, +4, +5, +6, +7

!7/!sQiqbl<!)II*!jug<!gim<cZl<!BOvih<hqbl<!)II*!nkqg!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlBjmbK!We<@<!
1 1 0
• !sQiqbl<!)II*!.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Xe]4f 5d 6s !
7 0 0
• BOvih<hqbl<!)II*!.e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!.![Xe]4f 5d 6s !
• BOvih<hqbl<!)II*! .hikq!fqvh<hh<hm<m!Ni<hqm<miz<gjth<!ohx<Xt<tK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
!
“LcbiK?!-bziK!we< x !uii< k < j kgt<!!!!!
li{ui< g tqe< ! ngvikqbqz< ! -Vg< g g< ! %miK” !
3+
!8/!Gd 3+ lx<Xl<!Lu nbeqgt<!fqxlx<xK/!We<@
3+ 7
• Gd - hikq!fqvh<hh<hm<m!4f Ni<hqm<miz<gjth<!ohx<Xt<tK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3+ 14
• !Lu -!LPuKl<!fqvh<hh<hm<m!4f Ni<hqm<miz<gjth<!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• !NgOu!f - f hiqlix<xl<!fqgp<ukqz<jz/!!
• !weOu!-u<ubeqgt<!fqxlx<xju/!
!9/!zif<kjeM!GXg<gk<jk!uqm!Ng<cjeM!GXg<gl<!nkqglig!dt<tK/!We<@!
• !4f wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!kqjv!ljxh<H!uqjtU!nkqgl<!
• !5f wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!kqjv!ljxh<H!uqjtU!GjxU/!
!:/!Lu(OH)3!lx<Xl< La(OH)3!.z<!nkqg!givk<ke<jl!djmbK/!wK@!We<@!
• La(OH)3!.z<!nkqg!givk<ke<jl!djmbK/!
L
3+
• giv{l<!.!zif<kjeM!GXg<gk<kiz<!Lu nbeqbqe<!Nvk<jk!uqm!!!!!!!!
3+
La nbeqbqe<!Nvl<!nkqgl</!!
A
• nbeq!Nvl<!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK!givk<ke<jl!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
!21/!zif<kjeM!GXg<gl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!uqjtUgt<!biju@!
D
!!!zif<kjeM!GXg<gl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
zif<kjeM!uiqjsbqz<!La.uqzqVf<K!Lu!ujv!M3+nbeqgtqe<!Nvl<!lx<Xl<!
hVle<!Gjxf<K!ogi{<Om!uVuK/!
A
!!!giv{l<!.!dt<!%m<cZt<t!4f!wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!sQvx<x!kqjv!ljxh<H/!!
IK
!!!zif<kjeM!GXg<gk<kqe<<!uqjtUgt<!
• !nbeqgtqe<!Nvl<!lx<Xl<!hVle<!GjxgqxK/!
• !givk<ke<jl!GjxgqxK/!
LV
• !yMg<Gl<!h{<H!GjxgqxK/!
• !sgh<hqj{h<Hh<!h{<H!nkqgligqxK/!
• -v{<mil<!lx<Xl<!&e<xil<!uiqjsbqz<!dt<t!d!.!okiGkq!keqlr<gtqe<!!!
h{<HgTme<!nkqg!ntuqz<!yk<Kt<te/!
A
!22/!zif<kjeM!.!Ng<cjeM!OuXhiMgt< biju@!
K
! !!zif<kjeMgt<! !!!Ng<cjeMgt<!
2/! !nbeqgt<!fqxlx<xju! !nbeqgt<!fqxLt<tju!
!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gjt!wtqkqz<!!!! !nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gjt!wtqkqz<!!!!
3/!
!dVuig<giK! !dVuig<Gl<!
!Ng<Osi!Ofi<!nbeqgjt!!!! !Ng<Osi!Ofi<!nbeqgjt!!
4/!
!dVuig<giK/! !dVuig<Gl<!
5/! 4f wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!! 5f !wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!!
!hqj{h<H!Nx<xz<!nkqgl</! !hqj{h<H!Nx<xz<!GjxU/!
6/! 4f wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!! 5f wzg<m<vie<gtqe<!!
!kqjv!ljxh<H!uqjtU!nkqgl</! !kqjv!ljxh<H!uqjtU!GjxU/!
7/! Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgt< +2, +3, +4! +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!6/!nj{Us<Osi<lr<gt<!
!2/!-vm<jm!dh<H!.!nj{Us<!Osi<ll<!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! !!!!!!-vm<jm!dh<H! !!!!!nj{Us<!Osi<ll<!
gjvsz<gtqz<!wtqb!nbeqgtig! gjvsz<gtqz<!wtqb!nbeqgtig!
2!
hqiqjgbjmBl<! hqiqjgbjmbiK!
nbeqgt<!nke<!keqk<ke<jljb! nbeqgt<!nke<!keqk<ke<jljb!
3!
-pg<giK! -pg<Gl<!
-kqz<!Ofi<lqe<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<! -kqz<!wtqb!nbeq!lx<Xl<!
4!
nbeqgt<!dt<te! nj{U!nbeqgt<!dt<te!
5! Olii<!dh<H!FeSO4.(NH4)2 SO4.6H2O K4[Fe(CN)6]
L
!3/!jlb!dOzig!nbeq!ujvbX/!
A
• nj{U!dm<ohiVtqe<!jlbh<hGkqbqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl<!nbeq/!
• -ju!Z~bq!nlqzr<gt</!
2+
D
• K4[Fe(CN)6] !.z<!jlb!dOzig!nbeq!Fe !
!4/!=eq!ujvbX/! A
• jlb!dOzig!nbeqBme<!-j{f<kqVg<Gl<!n[g<gt<!nz<zK!n[g<gt<!
nmr<gqb!okiGkq/!
• -ju!Z~bq!givr<gt</!
IK
-
• K4[Fe(CN)6] .z<!=eq!CN !
!5/!nj{Ug<!Ogitl<!ujvbX/!!
• nj{U!nbeqbqz<!dt<t!jlb!dOzig!nbeq!lx<Xl<!=eqjb!yVr<gqj{k<kK/!
LV
• -ju!sKv!njmh<Hg<Gt<!fqgv!lqe<SjlObiM!Gxqh<hqmh<hMgqxK/!!
4-
< nj{Ug<!Ogitl<![Fe(CN)6] !
• K4[Fe(CN)6] .z!
!6/!nj{Uh<!h{<Lgq!ujvbX/!
A
• jlb!dOzig!nbeqBme<!-j{f<kqVg<Gl<!=eqgt<!Lh<hiqli{!outqbqz<!!!
Gxqk<k!kqjsgtqz<!njlukiz<!Wx<hMuK!nj{Uh<!h{<Lgq!weh<hMl<</!
• K4[Fe(CN)6] .z<!nj{Uh<!h{<Lgq!.!w{<Lgq!
K
!7/!nj{U!w{<!ujvbX/!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeqBme<!-j{f<kqVg<Gl<!=eqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg/!
• K4[Fe(CN)6] .z<!nj{U!w{<!7/!
!8/!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjz!)w{<*!ujvbX/!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeqbqe<!!!!!!!fqgv!lqe<Sjl!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!Ng<sq\Oex<x!w{<!!!=!!!!!!!!-!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)=eqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!X!=eqbqe<!lQkie!lqe<Sjl*!
• K4[Fe(CN)6] .z<!Fe .e<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!w{<!+3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!
!9/!nj{Us<Osi<lr<gtqe<!ujggjt!wPK/!
!!!!=eqgtqe<!ke<jl!nch<hjmbqz<!3!ujgh<hMl<!
• Yiqe!=eq!nj{Us<Osi<ll</!
jlb!dOzig!nbeqBme<!yOv!yV!ujg!=eqgt<!lm<Ml<!hqj{g<gh<hm<cVg<Gl</!
w/gi/!K4[Fe(CN)6]!
• hz<!=eq!nj{Us<Osi<ll<!
jlbdOzig!nbeqBme<!ye<Xg<Gl<!Olx<hm<m!ujg!=eqgt<!hqj{g<gh<hm<cVg<Gl</!
w/gi/!K4[Fe(CN)3 Br3]
!:/!nj{Us<!Osi<ll<!hx<xqb!oui<eiqe<!ogit<jg!
!yu<ouiV!dOzig!n[Ul<!-Vujg!-j{kqxe<gjth<!ohx<Xt<te/!!!!!!
!!!Lke<jl!-j{kqxe<! !!-v{<mil<!fqjz!-j{kqxe< !
L
jlb!dOzig!nbeqbqe<!
jlb!dOzig!nbeqbqe<!nj{U!w{</!
Ng<sq\Oex<x!w{</!
A
nbeqBXl<!-j{kqxe</! nbeqBxi!-j{kqxe</!
D
kqjs!Ofig<gqb!-bz<H!nx<xK/! kqjs!Ofig<gqb!-bz<H!djmbK/!
wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgtiz<!lm<Ml<!fqjxU! Ofi<!)n*!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgt<!)n*!fMfqjz!
osb<bh<hMl</!
A
&zg<%Xgtiz<!fqjxU!osb<bh<hMl</!
IK
LV
oui<eiqe<!ogit<jgbqe!uvl<Hgt<!
!!!!nj{Us<Osi<lr<gtqe<!fqxl<!lx<Xl<!gif<kh<h{<Hgjt!uqtg<guqz<jz/!
A
!21/!K4[Mn(CN)6] nj{Us<!Osi<lk<kqx<<G!hqe<uVueux<jx!Gxq/
K
K4[Mn(CN)6]
jlb!dOzig!nbeqbqe<!!!
Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjz! +2
nj{U!w{<! 7!
-
=eqbqe<!ke<jl!! CN sbOei!.!uzqjllqg<g!=eq
gif<kh<!h{<H! hivi!gif<kk<!ke<jl!)yV!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<*!
w{<Lgq!hcg!Hzk<kqz<! 5 o
wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H! t2g eg
!!
!
!22/!hqe<uVl<!=eqgjt!nux<xqz<!dt<t!upr<gq!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgbqe<!
nch<hjmbqz<!ujgh<hMk<Kg/!
2-
!!!n*!NH3!!!N*!en!!!-*!OX !!!=*!hqiqce<!
upr<gq!n[g<gtqe<!
!=eq! =eqgtqe<!ujg!
w{<{qg<jg!
NH3! 2!(1N)! yV!Lje!=eq!
en! 3!)2N*! -V!Lje!=eq!
2-
OX ! 3!)2O*! -V!Lje!=eq!
!hqiqce<! 2!)1N*! yV!Lje!=eq!
!23/!nj{Us<Osi<lr<gtqz<!gi{h<hMl<!gm<mjlh<H!lix<xqbr<gt<!hx<xq!wPKg/!
!!!nj{U!lix<xqbl<!
L
!!!!-V!nj{Ug<Ogitr<gtqZl<!=eqgtqe<!hr<gQM!OuXhMukiz<!dVuigqxK/!
A
!!!! !
!!!nbeq!lix<xqbl<!
D
!!!yOv!&zg<%X!uib<h<him<jmBl<!gjvszqz<!OuXhm<m!nbeqbiGl<!ke<jlBl<!
ogi{<m!Osi<lr<gt</! A
!!!! !!!!!!!! !!!
!!!-j{h<H!lix<xqbl<!
IK
!!!-V!upq!hqj{h<HXl<!=eqgt<!ke<eqml<!dt<t!ouu<OuX!upr<gq!n[g<gtqe<!!
!!!&zl<!jlb!dOzig!nbeqBme<!hqj{h<hqje!Wx<hMk<KuK/!
! ![Cr(H2O)5 NO2] Br [Cr(H2O)5 (ONO)] Br !
!!!fQOvx<x!lix<xqbl<!)!gjvh<hiOex<x!lix<xqbl<!*!
LV
!!!hcg!n[g<Ogijuk<!ktk<kqz<!keqk<k!fqjzbqz<!gi{h<hMl<!fQi,< !Nz<gaiz<!Ohie<x!!
!!!gjvh<hie<!&zg<%Xgt<!=eqgTme<!hiqlix<xl<!njmukiz<!dVuiGl<!lix<xqbl</!
[Cr(H2O)6] Cl3 [Cr(H2O)5 Cl] Cl2 .H2O [Cr(H2O)4 Cl2] Cl 2H2O
A
Dki!fqxl<!! !!!!outqi<!hs<js!fqxl<!!!!!!!!nmi<!hs<js!fqxl<! !!
!24/!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gtqz<!gi{h<hMl<!ytq!Spx<sq!lix<xqbr<gjt!uqtg<Gg/!
K
!!!!ytq!Spx<sq!lix<xqbk<kqx<gie!fqhf<kjegt<!!
• yV!&zg<%xqz<!sQi<jlbx<x!gii<he<gt<!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
• ohiVt<!lx<Xl<!nke<!Nc!hql<h!njlh<H!Olx<ohiVf<kik!ke<jlBjmbkig!
)jgvz<!ke<jl*!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!!
• -K!-Vujgh<hMl<!
2/!uzR<Spx<xq!)d*!lix<xqbl<!
!!-K!ktLjeUx<x!ytqjb!uzh<Hxlig!Spx<Xl</!
3/!-mR<Spx<xq!)l*!lix<xqbl<!
!!-K!ktLjeUx<x!ytqjb!-mh<Hxlig!Spx<Xl</!
+
• w/gi : [CoCl2(en)2]
!25/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!uquiq!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeq!nke<!nj{U!w{<[g<G!sllie!oux<X!!!
Ni<hqm<mijzh<!ohx<xqVg<Gl</!
• -u<oux<X!Ni<hqm<miz<gt<,!=eq!Ni<hqm<miz<gTme<!Olx<ohiVf<kq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
=kz<.sgh<hqj{h<Hgjt!Wx<hMk<Kl</!
• -f<k!nkqghm<s!Olx<ohiVf<Kkz<!dOzig!- =eq!σ!hqj{h<jh!Wx<hMk<Kl</!
• Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!Olx<ohiVf<Kkz<!nkqglig!-Vf<kiz<!uzqjlbie!!!
sgh<hqj{h<H!dVuiGl</!
• -eg<gzh<H!Ni<hqm<miz<gt<!fz<z!kqjs!Ofig<gq!njlBl<!h{<jh!ohx<Xt<te/!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeq!keqk<k!-j{bigik!wzg<m<vie<gjt!ogi{<cVf<kiz<!
ns<Osi<ll<!hivi!gif<kk<ke<jl!djmbK/!!
• njek<K!wzg<m<vie<gTl<!-vm<jmgtig!gi{h<hm<miz<!ns<Osi<ll<!jmbi!
gif<kk<ke<jl!djmbK/!
L
• w{<Lgq!nj{Ugtqz<!)n.2*d!Ni<hqm<miz<gt<!-eg<gzh<hikzqz<!=Mhm<cVh<hqe<!
nju!dt<!Ni<hqm<miz<!nj{Ugt<!NGl</!
A
nd!Ni<hqm<miz<gt<!-eg<gzh<hikzqz<!=Mhm<cVh<hqe<!nju!outq!Ni<hqm<miz<!
nj{Ugt<!NGl</!
• nj{U!w{<!3!-!sp -eg<gzh<H! - Ofi<OgiM!
D
• nj{U!w{<!5!-!sp3 -eg<gzh<H! - fie<Lgq!
!26/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!)VB*!ogit<jgbqe<!uvl<Hgt<!biju@!
A
• !nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gtqe<!fqxr<gjt!uqtg<guqz<jz/!
• !gif<k!kqVh<Hk<!kqxje!uqtg<GgqxK/!Neiz<!nke<!hqx!%Xgjt!uqtg<guqz<jz!
IK
• !dt<!Ni<hqm<miz<!lx<Xl<!outq!Ni<hqm<miz<!nj{Ugt<!dVuikz<!hx<xq!wKUl<!!!
!uqtg<guqz<jz/!
!27/!hcg!Hzg<!ogit<jgbqe<!Ogim<hiMgjtg<!%Xg/!
LV
• jlb!dOzig!nbeq!lx<Xl<!=eqg<gqjmObbie!hqj{h<H!nbeqh<!hqj{h<H/!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeq!lx<Xl<!=eq!lqe<Sjl!ohx<xqVh<hqe<!nju!Ht<tq!!!!
!!!!!lqe<SjlbiGl</!fMfqjzk<ke<jl!weqz<!nju!lqe<!-VLjegtiGl</!
• keqk<k!fqjzbqz<!jlb!dOzig!nbeqbqe<!Jf<K!d!Ni<hqm<miz<gTl<!sl!
A
Nx<xZjmbK/!Nvl<hk<kqz<!jlb!dOzig!nbeqjbs<!Sx<xq!=eqgt<!yV!Ogit!
ucu!wkqi<lqe<!Hzk<jk!Wx<hMk<KgqxK/!weOu!dOzig!lx<Xl<!=eqgtqe<!
K
wzg<m<vie<gt<!-jmbqzie!uqzg<G!uqjs!giv{lig!Jf<K!d!Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!
Nx<xZl<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeqjb!hqj{h<hqe<!kqjsbqz<!=eqgt<!n[Ggqe<xe/!-keiz<!!
ns<Sgtqz<!njlf<kqVg<Gl<!dx2 – y2!lx<Xl< dZ2!Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!Nx<xz<!
nkqgiqk<K!nju!-V!ujggtig!hqiqgqe<xe/!-s<osbz<!hcgh<Hz!hqth<H!
weh<hMl</!
• jlb!dOzig!nbeqjb!=eqgt<!n[Gl<OhiK!dOzig!lx<Xl<!=eqgtqe<!
wzg<m<vie<gt<!-jmOb!gui<s<sq!uqjs!Wx<hMgqxK/!-keiz<!fqgv!Nx<xz<!Gjxf<K!
nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gt<!dVuigqe<xe/!!!
!!
!28/!hcgh<Hz!hqth<H!Nx<xz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!! !
!!!!!∆!=!hcgh<Hz!hqth<H!Nx<xz<!!
!!!! !
!29/!hcgh<Hz!fqjzh<hMk<Kl<!Nx<xz<!(CFSE) we<xiz<!we<e@!
!!!!!=eqh<Hzl<!lx<Xl<!sls<sQi<Hzl<!Ngqbux<Xg<gqjmObBt<t!Nx<xz<!OuXhiM!!!!!!!
!!!!!hcgh<Hz!fqjzh<hMk<Kl<!Nx<xz<!weh<hMl</!
!!!!!!!CFSE (∆EO) = ( ELF) - ( EISO )
3+ 4+
2:/!Sc !lx<Xl<!Ti nbeqgt<!fqxlx<xK!We<@!
o
• oux<X!d !wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!djmbK/!
L
• !keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz/!
A
• d - d!-mh<ohbi<s<sq!-z<jz/!
+ 2+
!31/!Cu !lx<Xl<!Zn nbeqgt<!fqxlx<xK!We<@!
D
10
• !fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlBjmb!d !wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!djmbK/!
• !keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz/!
• d - d!-mh<ohbi<s<sq!-z<jz/!!!
A
3+ 3+
!32/![Ti (H2O)6] !fqxLjmbK!Neiz<![Sc (H2O)6] !fqxlx<xK!We<@!
IK
3+ ! o
• Sc oux<X!d !wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!djmbK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz/!d - d!-mh<ohbi<s<sq!-z<jz/!!
!!!!!NgOu!fqxlx<xK/!
LV
3+
• Ti .z< keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!d{<M/!NgOu!fqxLjmbK!
2+ 2-
33/![Ni (H2O)6] !hs<js!fqxLjmbK!Neiz<![Ni (CN)4] !fqxlx<xK!uqtg<Gg/!
2+
• [Ni (H2O)6].z< H2O!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!=eq!.!d wzg<m<vije!-j{!osb<biK/!!!!!!
A
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!d{<M/!d - d!-mh<ohbi<s<sq!d{<M/!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!NgOu!hs<js!fqxLjmbK/!
K
2- -
• [Ni (CN)4] .z< CN !uzqjl!lqg<g!=eq!.!d wzg<m<vije!-j{!osb<gqxK/!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz/!d - d!-mh<ohbi<s<sq!-z<jz/!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!NgOu!fqxlx<xK/!
!34/!gih<hi<!sz<Ohm<ce<!fQi<g<gjvsZme<!kqvu!nl<Olieqbijus<!Osi<h<hkiz<!dVuiGl<!!
!!!!nj{U!nbeq!biK@!
!!!!!!CuSO4 + 4NH3!!!!!!![Cu (NH3)4] SO4 !!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!omm<vi!nl<jle<!gih<hi<!)II*!sz<Ohm<!!!!!!!!
!!
!35/!hqe<uVl<!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gjt!njugtqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxeqe<!WXuiqjsbqz<!!!
!!!!wPKg/!
!!!!i) Mg[Cr(NH3) Cl5] ii) [Cr(NH3)5 Cl]3 [CoF6]2 iii) [Cr(NH3)3 Cl3]
[Cr(NH3)3 Cl3] < Mg[Cr(NH3) Cl5] < [Cr(NH3)5 Cl]3 [CoF6]2
2- 2-
36/![CuCl4] !sik<kqblieK/!Neiz<![CuI4] sik<kqblx<xK!We<@!!!
2- 2+ +
• [CuCl4] .z<!dt<t!GOtijvM!nbeq!Cu .jb!Cu nbeqbig!yMg<Gukqz<jz/!!
2-
!weOu![CuCl4] !sik<kqblieK/!
2- 2+ +
• [CuI4] .z<!dt<t!nObijmM!nbeq!Cu .jb!Cu nbeqbig!yMg<GgqxK/!
2-
weOu![CuI4] !sik<kqblx<xK!
L
!37/![Co (NH3)5Cl] SO4 !lx<Xl<![Co (NH3)5 SO4] Cl Ngqb!nj{Us<!Osi<lk<jk!!!
A
!!!!OuXhMk<kq!nxqb!dkUl<!yV!Osikjejbg<!%Xg/!
• [Co (NH3)5Cl] SO4 !.!sz<Ohm<!nbeqg<gie!Osikjebqz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
D
Ohiqbl<!GOtijvM!gjvsZme<!ou{<{qx!uQp<hcjuk<!kVl</!
• [Co (NH3)5 SO4] Cl .!GOtijvM<!nbeqg<gie!Osikjebqz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
out<tq!jfm<Ovm<!gjvsZme<!ou{<{qx!uQp<hcjuk<!kVl</!!
!38/![Ni(CN)4]2– jmbigif<kk<!ke<jlBjmbK!Neiz<![NiCl4]2– hivigif<kk<!!
IK
!!!!ke<jlBjmbK/!hcgHzh<!hqth<Hg<!ogie<jg!&zl<!-jk!uquiq/!!
2–
• [Ni(CN)4] jmbigif<kk<!ke<jlBjmbK!giv{l<!:!!
-
CN !uzqjl!lqg<g!=eq/!weOu!d!wzg<m<vije!-j{!osb<Bl</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LV
dbi<!Spx<sq!nj{ju!d{<mig<Gl</!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-Vg<giK/!!
!!!! !
A
2–
• [NiCl4] hivigif<kk<!ke<jlBjmbK!giv{l<!:!!
-
Cl !uzqjl!Gjxf<k!=eq/!weOu!d!wzg<m<vije!-j{!osb<biK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K
Gjx!Spx<sq<!nj{ju!d{<mig<Gl</!keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!dt<tK/!!
39/!fie<Lgq!nj{Ugt<!ucu!lix<xqbr<gjth<!ohx<xqVh<hkqz<jz/!We<@!
!!!!fie<Lgq!nj{Ugtqz<!dt<t!fie<G!=eqgTl<!fie<Lgqbqz<!nMk<kMk<k!!
!!!!Ljegtqz<!nz<zK!slokijzuqz<!-Vh<hkiz<!nju!ucu!lix<xqbr<gjth<!!
!!!!ohx<xqVh<hkqz<jz/!
!!
!3:/!fie<Lgq!nj{uqz<!hcgh<Hz!hqth<jh!hml<!ujvf<K!uquiq/!
L
• Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!svisiq!Nx<xz<!lixqzqbig!njlb!dx2 - y2!lx<Xl<!dz2 !
Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!Nx<xz<!4/6Δt!we<x!ntuqz<!GjxgqxK/!
A
• dxy, dyz!lx<Xl<!dzx!Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!Nx<xz<!3/6Δt!we<x!ntuqz<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
D
• Δt!we<hK!fie<Lgq!hcgHzh<!hqth<H!Nx<xz<!weh<hMl</!
!41/!w{<Lgq!nj{uqz<!hcgh<Hz!hqth<jh!hml<!ujvf<K!uquiq/!
A
IK
LV
A
!!!! !
K
• Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!svisiq!Nx<xz<!lixqzqbig!njlb!dx2 - y2!lx<Xl<!dz2 !
Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!Nx<xz<!4/6Δo!we<x!ntuqz<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• dxy, dyz!lx<Xl<!dzx!Ni<hqm<miz<gtqe<!Nx<xz<!3/6Δo!we<x!ntuqz<!GjxgqxK/!
• Δo!we<hK!w{<<Lgq!hcgHzh<!hqth<H!Nx<xz<!weh<hMl</!
!
!oux<xqg<Gl<!Okiz<uqg<Gl<!sqX!uqk<kqbisl<!kie<///!
!gmjljbs<!osb<kiz<!oux<xq,!gmjlg<G!osb<kiz<!Okiz<uq/!
!42/!dOzig!giv<hjez<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!ujggjt!uquiq/!
dOzig!giv<hjez<gt<!
!!!!!dOzigl<!lx<Xl<!gii<he<!Olieig<jsM!-jmbqzie!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gt/<!
!!!!!w/gi/![Ni(CO)4]
!!!!dOzig!giv<hjez<<!ujggt<!
!!!!nj{uqz<!dt<t!dOzig!n[g<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjbh<!ohiVk<K!3!ujgh<hMl</!
!2/!yx<jx!n[g<gV!gii<hjez<!
!!!yV!dOzig!n[ju!lm<Ml<!ogi{<mju!.![Ni(CO)4]
!3/!hz!n[g<gV!gii<hjez<!
!!!ye<Xg<G!Olx<hm<m!dOzig!n[ju!ogi{<mju!.![Mn2(CO)10]!
!!!!!ucujlh<hqjeh<!ohiVk<K!3!ujgh<hMl<!
L
!2/!-j{h<H!hizl<!-z<zik!gii<hjez<!.!-K!3!ujgh<hMl</!
!!!Ljeb!gii<hjez<!=eqgjt!lm<Ml<!ogi{<mju!.![Ni(CO)4]
A
!!!Ljeb!gii<hjez<!=eq!lx<Xl<!dOzigl<!.!dOzigl<!hqj{h<H!ogi{<mju!.!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![Mn2 (CO)10]
D
3/ -j{h<H!hizl<!dt<t!gii<hjez<
!!!Ljeb!gii<hjez<!=eq,!-j{h<H!hiz!gii<hjez<!=eq!lx<Xl<!!!!!!!!!
A
!!!dOzigl<!.!dOzigl<!hqj{h<H!ogi{<mju!.![Fe2 (CO)9]!
!43/!dOzig!giv<hjez<gtqz<!gi{h<hMl<!hqj{h<hqe<!ke<jljb!uqtg<Gg/!
IK
• gii<hjez<!=eqbqz<!dt<t!gii<he<!n[uieK!jlb!dOzig!nbeqbqe<!oux<X!
d!Ni<hqm<miZg<G!Yi<!wzg<m<vie<!-j{jb!upr<gq!M ← CO!sqg<li!hqj{h<jh!
dVuig<Gl</!
• -keiz<!dOzig!d!Ni<hqm<miz<gtqz<!wzg<m<vie<!nmi<k<kq!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• weOu!dOzigl<!d!wzg<m<vie<!nmi<k<kqjb!=M!osb<b!njk!lQ{<Ml<!=eqbqe<!
LV
oux<X!Ni<hqm<miZg<G!hiqlix<xl<!osb<gqxK/!-K!π.hqe<hqj{h<H!weh<hMl</!!
• dOzig!giv<hjez<gtqz<!=eqgtqz<!-Vf<K!dOzig!nbeqg<G!sqg<li!hqj{h<hqe<!
upqbigUl<!lx<Xl<!dOzig!nbeqbqz<!-Vf<K!=eqgTg<G!π.hqe<hqj{h<H!
upqbigUl<!wzg<m<vie<!nmi<k<kq!fgi<gqxK/!
A
!44/!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jl!lixqzq!ujvbX/!
!!!!yV!nj{Us<!Osi<lk<kqz<!dt<t!yV!=eqjb!lx<oxiV!=eq!hkqzQM!osb<ukx<G!!
K
!!!!dt<t!kjm!nf<k!nj{Us<!Osi<lk<kqe<!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jlbqe<!ntuQM!NGl</!
!!!!!!! !
!!!!!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jl!lixqzq!
!!!!!!!!!!!! !!
fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jl!lixqzqbqe<!nkqgiqk<kiz<!nj{Us<!Osi<lk<kqe<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jl!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
!45/!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gtqe<!hbe<gjt!uquiq!!
2+
• kiOzi!fQzl<!.!Cu !nj{Us<!Osi<ll<!ns<S!jl!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!!
• EDTA!.!=eq!zif<kjeM!hqiqk<okMk<kzqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!!!
!!!!lVk<Kuk<!Kjx!
• Ca - EDTA!!.!giiQbl<!lx<Xl<!gkqi<uQs<js!dmzqz<!-Vf<K!fQg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• sq^<!hqtim<ce<!.!Hx<X!Ofib<!gm<cgTg<G!lVf<kig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
dbqiqbz<!Kjx!
2+
• -vk<k!squh<h[!!!!!.!!Fe .!hii<jhiqe<!nj{Us<!Osi<ll</!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!uiBg<gjt!gmk<k!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!
2+
• GOtiOvihqz<!!!!!!!!.!!Mg .!hii<jhiqe<!nj{Us<!Osi<ll</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!kiuv!ytqs<Osi<g<jgbqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!
L
2+
• gii<hig<^q!ohh<cOm^<!.!!Zn !nj{Us<!Osi<ll</!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!osiqk<kZg<G!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!
A
!!!!uqjeOug!lix<xqgt<!
D
• [Rh(PPh3)3Cl] -!uqz<gqe<se<!uqjeOug!lix<xq Nz<gQe<gtqe<!jam<v\Oex<x! !
uqjegtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!
• [TiCi4] + Al (C2H5)3!sqg<zi<!.!fm<mi!uqjeOug!lix<xq =k<kQeqe<!hzhcbig<gz<!!!
A
uqjebqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!!
!46/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!hbe<hMk<kq![Co (C2O4)3]3–!e<!njlh<H!!!
IK
lx<Xl<!gif<kk<ke<jljb!uqtg<Gg/
7 2
Co .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d 4s
LV
!! !
(C2O4)2- =eq!hzlx<xK/!weOu!wzg<m<vie<gjt!-j{g<giK/!
A
K
!
!
• keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<gt<!d{<M!.!hivi!gif<kk<ke<jl!!
2 3
• -eg<gzh<H!-!d sp njlh<H!- we<Lgq/
!
!!
!47/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!hbe<hMk<kq![Ni(CO)4]!e<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!
gif<kk<ke<jljb!uqtg<Gg/!!
Ni -e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d8 4s2!!!!
!!
CO =eq!hzLt<tK/!weOu!-j{bik!wzg<m<vie<gjt!-j{g<gqxK/!
L
!!!!!! !
A
• keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<gt<!-z<jz!.!jmbi!gif<kk<ke<jl!!
• gif<kk<!kqVh<Hk<!kqxe<!=!1!
D
3
• -eg<gzh<H!-!sp njlh<H!- fie<Lgq/
A !
!48/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!hbe<hMk<kq![Ni(CN)4]2–!e<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!
gif<kk<ke<jljb!uqtg<Gg/!
IK
!! Ni .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d8 4s2!!!!!
LV
!!!!!!! !
CN– =eq!hzLt<tK/!weOu!-j{bik!wzg<m<vie<gjt!-j{g<gqxK/!
A
K
!!!!! !
• gif<kk<!kqVh<Hk<!kqxe<!=!1!
2
• -eg<gzh<H!-!dsp njlh<H!- ktsKvl< !
!49/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!hbe<hMk<kq![Fe(CN)6]3–!e<!njlh<H!!!!!!
lx<Xl<!gif<kk<ke<jljb!uqtg<Gg/!
6 2
Fe .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d 4s
L
A
• keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<gt<!d{<M!.!hivi!gif<kk<ke<jl!!
D
2 3
• -eg<gzh<H!:!d sp njlh<H!- we<Lgq/ A !
!4:/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!hbe<hMk<kq![CoF6]3–!e<!njlh<H!lx<Xl<!
IK
gif<kk<ke<jljb!uqtg<Gg/
7 2
Co .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d 4s
LV
-
A
F =eq!hzlx<xK/!weOu!wzg<m<vie<gjt!-j{g<giK/!!!!
K
!!! !
• keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<gt<!d{<M!.!hivi!gif<kk<ke<jl!
3 2
• !-eg<gzh<H!-!sp d njlh<H!- we<Lgq/!
!51/!-j{kqxe<!hqj{h<Hg<!ogit<jgjb!hbe<hMk<kq![Cr(NH3)3]3+!hivi!
–
gif<kk<ke<jl!ogi{<mK/![Ni(CN)4]2 !jmbi!gif<kk<ke<jl!ogi{<mK!we<hjk!
uqtg<Gg/!
4 2
a) Cr .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d 4s !
L
A
D
A
IK
!!! !
8 2
b) Ni .e<!wzg<m<vie<!njlh<H!3d 4s !
LV
A
!!!!!!! !
CN– =eq!hzLt<tK/!weOu!-j{bik!wzg<m<vie<gjt!-j{g<gqxK/!
K
!! !
2
• -eg<gzh<H!-!dsp njlh<H!- ktsKvl< !
!52/!nj{Us<!Osi<lr<gt<!lx<Xl<!nke<!IUPAC!ohbi<gt<!
L
A
D
A
IK
LV
A
K
!
7/!kqmfqjzjl!
!2/!kqmh<ohiVt<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!biju@!
• ujvbXg<gh<hm<m!ucul<!lx<Xl<!gentju!ohx<Xt<te/!
• gcelieju!lx<Xl<!nLg<g!-bzikju/!
• kqmh<ohiVt<gtqe<!n[g<gTg<gqjmOb!uzqjlbie!uqjsgt<!gi{h<hMgqe<xe/!
• kqmh<ohiVt<gtqe<!n[g<gTg<gqjmObbie!okijzU!GjxU/!
!3/!kqmh<ohiVtqe<!ujgh<him<jm!uquiq@!
L
A
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2/!nbeqh<!hcgr<gt<!.!NaCl!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3/!sgh<hqj{h<H!hcgr<gt<!.!juvl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
D
4/!&zg<%X!hcgr<gt<!.!GTg<Ogi^<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
5/!dOzigh<!hcgr<gt<!.!kr<gl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
6/!n[!kqmh<ohiVt<!.!djxfqjzbqz<!Ni<gie<!
!4/!kqjsobih<H!h{<Hjmbju!lx<Xl<!kqjsobih<H!h{<hx<xju!we<xiz<!we<e@!
IK
• yV!kqmh<ohiVt<!njek<K!kqjsgtqZl<!yOv!likqiqbie!-bx<h{<Hgjth<!
ohx<xqVf<kiz<!nju!kqjsobih<H!h{<Hjmbju!weh<hMl</!
w/gi/!.!g{<{ic!
• yV!kqmh<ohiVt<!njek<K!kqjsgtqZl<!ouu<OuX!likqiqbie!-bx<h{<Hgjth<!
LV
ohx<xqVf<kiz<!nju!kqjsobih<H!h{<hx<xju!weh<hMl</!
w/gi/!. NaCl!
!5/!hcgucu!kqmh<ohiVt<!.!hcguculx<x!kqmh<ohiVt<!OuXhMk<Kg/!
A
! !!hcgucu!kqmh<ohiVt<! hcguculx<x!kqmh<ohiVt<!
2! Gxqh<hqm<m!ucul<!d{<M! Gxqh<hqm<m!ucul<!-z<jz!
K
3! d{<jlbie!kqmh<ohiVt<! Ohizq!kqmh<ohiVt<!
-ke<!n[g<gt<!yPr<gig! -ke<!n[g<gt<!yPr<gqe<xq!
4!
njlf<Kt<te! njlf<Kt<te!
5! Kz<zqblie!dVGfqjz!djmbju! Kz<zqblie!dVGfqjz!nx<xju!
6! kqjsobih<H!h{<hx<xju! kqjsobih<H!h{<Hjmbju!
7! w/gi/!NaCl!hcgl<! w/gi/!g{<{ic!
!!!!!!
!!!!!!
fQ!Wjpbig!hqxh<hK,!de<!Gx<xlqz<jz//!
!!!!!!!!!!!! /!!!!!!!!!
!!! WjpbigOu!-xh<hKkie<,!de<!Gx<xl</!
!6/!nbeqh<!hcgr<gt<!We<!gceligUl<!djmBl<!ke<jljbBl<!ohx<Xt<te@!
• nbeqh<!hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!Ofi<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgt<!uzqjlbie!
fqjzlqe<eqbz<!gui<s<sq!uqjsbiz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<te!
• nbeqh<!hcgr<gt<!kqjsobih<H!h{<hx<xju!
• w/gi/!NaCl!hcgl<!
!7/!nbeqh<!hcgr<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!biju@!
• gcelieju. !
• fQiqz<!gjvBl</!
• dVGfqjz!nkqgl</!
• kq{<l!fqjzbqz<!lqe<!gmk<kiK/!!
• dVgqb!fqjzbqz<!lqe<!gmk<Kl</!
L
!8/!sgh<hqj{h<H!hcgr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!h{<Hgt<!biju@!
A
• -h<hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!n[g<gt<!Lh<hiqlie!gm<mjlh<hqz<!sgh<hqj{h<Hgtiz<!!
hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!w/gi!.!juvl</!
• gcelieju. !
D
• dVGfqjz!nkqgl</!
• lqgg<!Gjxuig!ouh<hl<!lx<Xl<!lqe<sivk<jk!gmk<Kl</!
!9/!&zg<%X!hcgr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!
A
IK
• &zg<%X!hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!n[g<gt<!fMfqjz!&zg<%Xgt<!NGl</!
• -l<&zg<%Xgt<!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!ui{<mi<uiz<^<!uqjsbiz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
• w/gi/!GTg<Ogi^<!!
!:/!&zg<%X!hcgr<gtqe<!ujgh<him<jm!uquiq/!
LV
!!!2/!Ljeux<x!&zg<%X!hcgr<gt<!!
• -h<hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!&zg<%Xgt<!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!z{<me<!uqjsbiz<!!!
hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
A
• Gjxf<k!dVGfqjz!djmbju/!
• w/gi/!fih<kzQe,< !Nf<kvsQe</!
K
3/!LjeUx<x!&zg<%X!hcgr<gt<!
• -h<hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!&zg<%Xgt<!uzqjl!lqg<g!-VLje!.!-VLje!!!!
gui<s<sq!uqjsbiz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
• nkqg!dVGfqjz!djmbju/!
• w/gi/!!kqm!CO2,!kqm!NH3!
!!!4/!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<H!&zg<%X!hcgr<gt<!
• -h<hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!&zg<%Xgt<!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<hiz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
• -ju!ole<jlbie!kq{<lr<gt<!
• w/gi/!heqg<gm<c,!GTg<Ogi^</!
!
!21/!dOzig!hcgr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!h{<Hgjt!uquiq/!
• dOzig!hcgr<gtqz<!dt<t!n{qg<Ogiju!Ht<tqgtqz<!Ofi<lqe<SjlBjmb!
nbeqgt<!gi{h<hMgqe<xe/!
• -jugt<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!fqvl<hqb!outqbqz<!uqvuqBt<te/!
• w/gi/!Cu, Fe, Au !
dOzig!hcgr<gtqe<!h{<Hgt<!
• gcelieju,!hthth<hieju/!
• nkqg!dVGfqjz!djmbju/!
• ouh<hl<!lx<Xl<!lqe<sivk<jk!gmk<Kl</!
!22/!hqe<uVl<!kq{<lr<gjt!ujgh<hMk<K/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
n. P4!N/hqk<kjt!!-/juvl<!!=/NaCl!!d/nObice<!
L
!!!n. P4 - &zg<%X!hcgl< !!!!!!!!N/!hqk<kjt!.!dOzig!hcgl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
-/!juvl<!.!sgh<hqj{h<H!hcgl<!!=/!NaCl .!nbeqh<!hcgl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
d/!nObice<!.!&zg<%X!hcgl<!!
D
!23/!nzGg<!%m<cje!ujvbX/!
!!!!yVhcgk<kqz<!lQ{<Ml<!lQ{<Ml<!Okie<xg<%cb!Lh<hiqli{!wtqb!ucujlh<H/!
A
!24/!n{qg<Ogiju!ktl<!ujvbX/!
!!!!hcgk<kqz<!dt<t!n[g<gt<!hcgl<!LPuKl<!sQvie!Lh<hiqli{!ucujlh<hqz<!!!
IK
gi{h<hMuK!n{qg<Ogiju!ktl<!weh<hMl</!
!25/!nj{U!w{<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!sc, bcc,!fcc!njlh<Hgtqz<!dt<t!yV!n[uqe<!
nj{U!w{<!biK@!
• hcgk<kqz<!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!Kgjts<!$p<f<K!gi{h<hMl<!nVgijl!Kgt<gtqe<!
LV
w{<{qg<jg!nk<Kgtqe<!nj{U!w{<!weh<hMl</!
• sc - 6, bcc - 8,!fcc - 12!!!!
!26/!Lkz<!fqjz!lx<Xl<!Lkz<!fqjzbx<x!nzGg<%Mgt<!ujvbX/!
A
• yOv!yVujg!n{qg<Ogiju!Ht<tqjb!lm<Ml<!ohx<Xt<t!nzGg<%M!!!!!!!
Lkz<!fqjz!nzGg<%M!weh<hMl</!-K!WP!ujgh<hMl</!
• nzGg<%m<cEt<!%Mkzig!n{qg<Ogiju!Ht<tqjb!ohx<Xt<t!nzGg<%M!!
K
Lkz<!fqjzbx<x!nzGg<%M!weh<hMl</!!!!
!27/!WP!ujgbie!nzG!%m<ce<!ujggjt!SVg<glig!uqtg<Gg/!
!!!! !
!!!! !
!28/!gesKv!nzG!%m<ce<!ujggjt!hml<!ujvf<K!nux<xqe<!n[g<gtqe<!
w{<{qg<jgjb!g{g<gqMg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!n/!wtqb!gesKvl<!(sc)!
!!!! !!! !
!!N/!ohiVt<jlb!gesKvl<!(bcc)
L
A
!!! !!!
D
A !
!!-/!Lgh<Hjlb!gesKvl<!(fcc)
IK
LV
A
!!!! ! !
K
!!!
!29/!hqvig<!uqkq!)n*!hqvig<!sle<hiM!
!!!!!! !
• n -!wkqovitqh<hqe<!hc,!
• λ - X gkqi<gtqe<!njzfQtl< ,!
• d - hcg!ktr<gTg<G!-jmh<hm<m!okijzU,!!
• Ѳ!- wkqovitqh<Hg<!Ogi{l</!!
!
!2:/!hcg!GjxhiMgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!fe<jlgt<!biju@!
• hcgk<kqz<!dt<t!n[g<gtqe<!yPr<gjlh<hqz<!dt<t!sqz!GjxhiMgt<!!!!!!!!!!
hcgk<kqe<!-bx<hqbz<!lx<Xl<!Oukqbqbz<!h{<Hgjt!hikqg<gqxK/!!!
• -ju!hcg!GjxhiMgt<!weh<hMl</!
• hcg!GjxhiMgt<!5!ujgh<hMl</!
2/!Ht<tqg<!GjxhiMgt<!!!!!!!3/!Ogim<Mg<!GjxhiMgt<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4/!-jms<osVgz<!GjxhiMgt<!!5/!gentU!GjxhiMgt<!
!!!!hcg!Gjxhim<ce<!fe<jlgt<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• ohi<Ovi!gif<kh<!ohiVt<gtqe<!gif<kk<!ke<jljb!ohxs<!osb<bOui!nz<zK!
-pg<gs<!osb<bOui!-bZl</!
• sqzqg<gie<!hcgk<kqz<!liSg<gjts<!Osi<k<kiz<!nux<xqe<!Gjx!lqe<gmk<Kkqxe<!
nkqgiqg<Gl</!
L
!31/!Ht<tq!Gjxhim<ce<!ujghim<jm!uquiq/!
A
D
A
IK
LV
!!! !
!!
!32/!Oukquqjeg<!%X!uqgqk!GjxhiMgtqe<!ujggjt!uquiq/!)nz<zK*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
]im<gq!GjxhiM lx<Xl<!h<ovr<gz<!GjxhiMgjt!uqtg<Gg/!
A
!!!]im<gq!GjxhiM!
K
• hcgk<kqz<!sl!w{<{qg<jgbqz<!Ofi<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgt<!-z<zilz<!-Vh<hK/!
w/gi!;!NaCl!
• Ofi<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgtqe<!dVutU!yOv!likqiqbig!-Vg<Gl</!
• hcgk<kqe<!nmi<k<kqjb!Gjxg<Gl</!
• hcgk<kqe<!Oukquqjeg<!%X!uqgqkk<kqz<!wf<k!lix<xLl<!-Vg<giK/!
!!!!!!! !
h<ovr<gz<!GjxhiM
• n{qg<Ogiju!ktk<kqe<<!-jms<osVgz<!fqjzbqz<!Yi<!nbeq!fqvh<h!hMukiz<!
Wx<hMgqxK/!!
w/gi!;!AgBr
• Ofi<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgtqe<!dVutuqz<!nkqg!OuXhiM!-Vg<Gl</!
• hcgk<kqe<!nmi<k<kqjb!hikqg<giK/!
!!!!!!!! !
L
!33/!dOzigl<!nkqgLt<t!GjxhiM<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
A
• hcgk<kqz<!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjb!uqm!dOzig!nbeqgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jg!nkqglig!-Vf<kiz<!nK!dOzigl<!nkqgLt<t!GjxhiM!weh<hMl</!
D
• w/gi!;!NaCl, KCl, ZnO
!34/!dOzigl<!GjxUhMl<!GjxhiM<!we<xiz<!we<e@! A
• hcgk<kqz<!wkqi<lqe<!nbeqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jgjb!uqm!dOzig!nbeqgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jg!Gjxuig!-Vf<kiz<!nK!dOzigl<!GjxUhMl<!GjxhiM!weh<hMl</!
IK
• w/gi!;!FeO
!35/!liS!GjxhiM<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• hcgk<kqz<!liSg<gjts<!Osi<h<hkiz<!Wx<hMl<!GjxhiM!liS!GjxhiM!weh<hMl</!
2
• w/gi/!.!AgCl!hcgk<kqz<!CdI2!liS!Osi<g<Gl<OhiK!Cd +.nbeq!Ag+.nbeqbqe<!
LV
-mk<jk!ohXgqxK/!
• NgOu!hcgk<kqe<!fMfqjzk<!ke<jljb!hviliqg<g!Ag+nbeq!n{qg<Ogiju!
ktk<kqz<!-Vf<K!outqObXgqxK/!
A
!36/!ZnO!ju!ouh<hh<hMk<Kl<OhiK!We<!lR<st<!fqxlig!liXgqxK@!
2+
• ZnO!ju!ouh<hh<hMk<Kl<OhiK!Ng<sq\je!-pf<K!Zn nbeq!dVuigqxK/!
K
2
• dVuie!Zn + nbeq!lx<Xl<!wzg<m<vie<gt<!hcgk<kqe<!-jms<osVgz<!fqjzbqz<!
-ml<!ohXgqe<xe/!
• -keiz<!dOzigl<!nkqgLt<t!GjxhiM!Wx<hMgqxK/!
!37/!ohikqUk<!kqxe<!ujvbX/!sc, bcc, fcc -!e<! ohikqUk<!kqxje!wPKg/!
!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!sc - 52.31 %, bcc - 68 %, fcc - 74 %

!38/!w{<Lgq!lx<Xl<!fie<Lgq!oux<xqmr<gjt!OuXhMk<Kg!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
! ! !!!w{<Lgq!oux<xqml<! !!!fie<Lgq!oux<xqml<!
! 2! NX!Ogitr<gjt!ogi{<mK! fie<G!Ogitr<gjt!ogi{<mK!
! 3! gQp<!nMg<gqz<!&e<X!Ogitr<gTl<! gQp<!nMg<gqz<!&e<X!Ogitr<gTl<!
! Olz<!nMg<gqz<!&e<X! Olz<!nMg<gqz<!yV!OgitLl<!
!! Ogitr<gTl<!dt<tK/! dt<tK/!
! 4! NX!Ogitr<gtqe<!jlbr<gjt! fie<G!!Ogitr<gtqe<!jlbr<gjt!
-j{g<Gl<OhiK!yV!w{<Lgq! -j{g<Gl<OhiK!yV!fie<Lgq!
!
dVuiukiz<!Wx<hMl<!oux<xqml<!!! dVuiukiz<!Wx<hMl<!oux<xqml<!!!!
!
5! w{<Lgq!oux<xqmr<gtqe<! fie<Lgq!oux<xqmr<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!
!
w{<{qg<jg!n! 2n!
L
!
!39/!nzG!%m<ce<!nmi<k<kq!wu<uiX!g{g<gqmh<hMgqxK@!!!!!
A
D
!!!! A !
!!!! !
IK
!!!!!!!! !!!
LV
A
K
!!
!3:/!wtqb!gesKv!njlh<jh!uqtg<Gg/!!
• Lh<hiqliek<kqz<!yu<ouiV!nMg<Gl<!AAAA!ujg!-Vhiqlie!njlh<jh!
dVuig<gqeiz<!nK!wtqb!gesKv!njlh<hiGl</!
• -v{<mil<!nMg<gqz<!dt<t!Ogitr<gt<!Lkz<!nMg<gqz<!dt<t!Ogitr<gTg<G!
Ofvig!Olx<ohiVf<kq!njlgqe<xe/!
• weOu!njek<K!nMg<GgTl<!yOv!likqiqbig!dt<te/!
• njek<K!Ogitr<gTl<!njek<K!kqjsgtqZl<!yOv!uiqjsbqz<!njlgqe<xe/!
• -ke<!nj{U!w{<!7!NGl</!
!
!41/!a. AAAA ohikqf<k!njlh<H! b. AB AB AB ohikqf<k!njlh<H!

!!!!c. ABC ABC!ohikqf<k!njlh<H!
a. AAAA ohikqf<k!njlh<H!
• yV!kqjsbqz<!Ofi<Ogim<cz<!Ogitr<gjt!nMg<gqbjkh<!Ohiz!-V!hiqli{k<kqz<!
nOk!uiqjs!lQ{<Ml<!lQ{<Ml<!Okie<Xl<!ujgbqz<!nMg<Gkz<!
• njek<K!Ogitr<gTl<!osr<Gk<K!lx<Xl<!gqjmlm<m!uig<gqz<!yOv!kqjsbqz<!
njlf<kqVg<GliX!hz!uiqjsgt<!dVuig<gh<hMgqxK/!
• yu<ouiV!Ogitr<gTl<!nVgijlbqz<!dt<t!5!Ogitr<gjt!okim<Mg<!
ogi{<Mt<tK/!
L
A
!!!!!!!!!! !
D
b. AB AB AB ohikqf<k!njlh<H!!!
• -l<Ljxbqz<!Lkz<!uiqjsbqz<!dt<t!Ogitr<gTg<G!gQp<!gi{h<hMl<!
A
-jmoutqh<!hGkqbqz<!-v{<mil<!uiqjs!Ogitr<gt<!ohiVk<kq!jug<gh<hm<Mt<te/!!
• &e<xil<!uiqjs!.!Lkz<!uiqjs!LjxbqZl<,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IK
fie<gil<!uiqjs!.!-v{<mil<!uiqjs!LjxbqZl<!lQ{<Ml<!njlg<gh<hMgqxK/!
• yu<ouiV!Ogitr<gTl<!nVgijlbqz<!dt<t!7!Ogitr<gjt!okim<Mg<!
ogi{<Mt<tK/!
LV
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
A
c. ABC ABC!ohikqf<k!njlh<H!
K
• -l<Ljxbqz<!-v{<mil<!nMg<gqe<!lQK!w{<Lgq!Kjtgtqz<!ohiVf<KliX!!
&e<xiuK!nMg<gqe<!Ogitr<gjt!nMg<gzil</!
• &e<xiuK!nMg<G!Lkz<!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!nMg<Ggtqz<!-Vf<K!liXhm<cVg<Gl</!
• yu<ouiV!Ogitr<gTl<!nVgijlbqz<!dt<t!23!Ogitr<gjt!okim<Mg<!!
ogi{<Mt<tK/!
• -f<k!ABC ABC!njlh<H!gesKv!ofVr<gqh<!ohikqf<k!njlh<H!weh<hMgqxK/!
!!
!
de<lQK!deg<G!fl<hqg<jg!-Vf<kiz<///!!!!
!! Okiz<uq!%m!de<je!ofVr<g!hbh<hMl<//!
!
!42/!ohiVt<jlb!gesKv njlh<hqe< (bcc)!ohikqUk<!kqxjeg<!g{g<gqMg/!
L
A
D
A
IK
LV
A
K
! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
8/!OukquqjeOuguqbz<!
!2/!uqjeOugl<!ujvbX/!
!!!!YvzG!Ofvk<kqz<!yV!Oukquqjebqz<!dt<t!uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!osxquqz<!!!
!!!!Wx<hMl<!lix<xl<!nu<uqjebqe<!uqjeOugl<!weh<hMl</!
!!!!nzG!.!Oliz<!zq.2!uq.2!
!!
3/!svisiq!uqjeOugl<!lx<Xl<!Gxqh<hqm<m!Ofvk<kqz<!uqjeOugl<!ujvbX/!
• uqje!fqgPl<!OhiK!yV!GXgqb!-jmoutq!Ofvk<kqz<!uqjebqe<!OuglieK!!
!!!!!nu<uqjebqe<!svisiq!uqjeOugl<!weh<hMl</!
• uqje!fqgPl<!OhiK!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!Ofvk<kqz<!uqjebqe<!OuglieK!!
L
!!!!!nu<uqjebqe<!Gxqh<hqm<m!Ofvk<kqz<!uqjeOugl<!weh<hMl</!
!4/!uqjeOug!uqkq!ujvbX/!!
A
uqjebqe<!Ougl<,!uqjeOug!lixqzq!lx<Xl<!uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!osxqU!!!
!!!!!Ngqbux<jx!okimi<HhMk<Kl<!sle<hiM!uqjeOug!uqkq!weh<hMl</!
!!!!! !!!!!!!!
D
!!!!! !
A
!5/!uqjeOug!lixqzq!ujvbX/!!
IK
!!!!!uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!osxqU!2!Oliz<!Ng!dt<tOhiK!uqjebqe<!OuglieK!!
uqjeOug!lixqzqg<Gs<!sll</!!
!!!!!! !
LV
!!!!! !
! k = !uqjeOug!lixqzq!!!
!!!!!![A] = [B] = 2!Oliz<!
!!!!uqjeOugl<!= K!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!6/!uqjeOugl<!lx<Xl<!uqjeOug!lixqzq!OuXhMk<Kg/!
K
! !!!!!uqjeOugl<! !!!!!!uqjeOug!lixqzq!
2! YvzG!Ofvk<kqz<!yV!Oukquqjebqz<! uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!osxqU!2!Oliz<!
dt<t!uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<! Ng!dt<tOhiK!uqjebqe<!OuglieK!
osxquqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xl<! uqjeOug!lixqzqg<Gs<!sll</!!
3! uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!Kug<gs<! uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!Kug<gs<!
osxqjuh<!ohiXk<K!njlBl</! osxqjuh<!ohiXk<K!njlbiK/!
4! uqjehM!ohiVt<gtqe<!osxqU! -K!yV!uqgqk!lixqzq/!
GjxU!nz<zK!uqjeuqjt!
ohiVt<gtqe<!osxqU!nkqgiqh<hiz<!
ntf<kxqbh<hMgqxK/!
!
!7/!&zg<%X!w{<!ujvbX !
!!!!yV!nch<hjm!uqjebqz<!=MhMl<!uqjehM!&zg<%Xgtqe<!!
!!!!olik<k!w{<{qg<jg!&zg<%X!w{<!weh<hMl</!!!!!
!8/!uqjeujg!ujvbX!!
!!!!Osikje&zl<!g{<mxqbh<hm<m!uqjeOug!uqkqbqz<!dt<t!osxqU!dXh<Hgtqe<!
nMg<Ggtqe<!%Mkz<!uqjeujg!NGl</!
a b
!!!!!uqje!Ougl<!= K [A] [B] !
!!!!!uqje!ujg!= a + b!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!9/!uqjeujg!lx<Xl<!&zg<%X!w{<!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! !!!!!uqjeujg! !!!!!!&zg<%X!w{<!
L
2! Osikje&zl<!g{<mxqbh<hm<m! yV!nch<hjm!uqjebqz<!=MhMl<!
uqjeOug!uqkqbqz<!dt<t!osxqU! uqjehM!&zg<%Xgtqe<!olik<k!
A
dXh<Hgtqe<!nMg<Ggtqe<!%Mkz</! w{<{qg<jg!
3! H,\<bligOui,!hqe<eligOui, LP!w{<{ig!lm<Ml<!-Vg<Gl<!
D
LP!w{<{igOui!-Vg<Gl<!
4! ym<M!olik<k!uqjeg<Gl<! yu<ouiV!hc!fqjzg<Gl<!
upr<gh<hMgqxK/!
Aupr<gh<hMgqxK/!
5! Osikje!lkqh<H! Osikje!lkqh<H!nz<z!
IK
!
!:/!nch<hjm!uqjegt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• yV!uqjeupq!Ljxbqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!yu<ouiV!keqk<k!hcfqjzBl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LV
nch<hjm!uqjegt<!we!njpg<gh<hMl</!
• nch<hjm!uqjegt<!nke<!&zg<%X!w{<!nch<hjmbqz<!nxqbh<hMgqxK/!
!21/!uqjeOugk<jk!kQi<lieqg<Gl<!hc!we<hkje!dkiv{k<Kme<!uqtg<Gg/!
-
• I !uqjeOug!lix<xq!Le<eqjzbqz<!H2O2!sqjkujmkz</!
A
-
2H2O2!!!I !!!H2O!+ O2!
K
• -u<uqje!-V!hc!fqjzgtqz<!fqgp<gqxK/!
- -
!!!hc.2!!H2O2 + I !!!!!!!!H2O!+ OI . olKuie!hc!
- -
!!!hc.3!!H2O2 + OI !!!!!H2O!+ I + O2 . Ouglie!hc!
!!!!!olik<k!uqje:!!2H2O2!!!!!!!2H2O!+ O2
-
• hc.2z< ! H2O2 lx< X l< I !Ngqb!-v{< M !uqjehM!ohiVm< g Tl< ! dt< t kiz< !
-f< k !hcfqjzOb!uqjeOugk<jk!kQi<lieqg<Gl<!hcbiGl</!
• olik<k!uqje!-V!&zg<%X!uqjebiGl</!
!!!!
!!!!!
!22/!Lkz<ujg!uqjeg<G!sie<Xgt<!kVg!
• N2O5!sqjkujmkz<!
• SO2Cl2!sqjkujmkz<!!
• H2O2!e<!fQi<g<gjvsz<!sqjkujmkz<!!
• ujtb!Hvh<Ohe<!Hvh<hQeig!lix<xqblikz< !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!23/!Ohizq!Lkz<ujg!uqjejb!yV!w/gi/!Ume<!uqtg<Gg/!
• yV!-v{<mil<!ujg!uqjebqz<!yV!uqjehM!ohiVtqe<!osxqju!!!!!!
lx<oxie<jx!uqm!nkqglig<gqeiz<,!nK!Lkz<!ujg!uqjebigqxK/!!!
-u<uqje!Ohizq!Lkz<ujg!uqje!weh<hMl</!
• nlqzk<kqe<!Le<eqjzbqz<!w^<mjv!fQvix<hGk<kz</!
L
!
!24/!H,\<bujg!uqje!ujvbX/!sie<Xgt<!kVg!
A
• osxqU!wz<jz!LPuKl<!yV!uqjebqe<!uqjeOuglieK!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!
osxqjuh<!ohiXk<K!njlbuqz<jz!weqz<!nu<uqje!H,\<bujg!uqje!weh<hMl</!
D
• w/gi/!2/!H2 lx< X l< Cl2 uqe<!ytq!Oukquqje/!
!!!!!3/!hqtim<cel<!Le<eqjzbqz<!N2O!sqjkujmkz</!
!!!!!4/!nlqz!Dmgk<kqz<!nsqm<Omieqe<!nObicOex<x!uqje/!
!25/!njv!uip<U!gizl<!ujvbX/!
A
!!!!yV!uqjebqz<!uqjehMohiVtqe<!Nvl<h!osxqU!siqhikqbigg<!Gjxukx<G!!!!!!
IK
!!!!NGl<!gizl<!nu<uqjebqe<!njv!uip<U!gizl<!weh<hMl</!
!!!!!!! !
LV
-3
!26/!yV!Lkz<ujg!uqjebqe<!uqjeOug!lixqzq!1.54 X 10 s.2!weqz<<!njvuip<U!!!!!
!!!!gizk<jk!g{<mxqg/!
!!!!!!!t1/2 = 1/7:43!/ k
-3
A
= 1/7:43!/ 1.54 X 10
= 561 s
K
!27/!gqti<U!ogit<!Nx<xz<!ujvbX/!
• uqjehM!&zg<%Xgt<!Gjxf<k!hm<s!Nx<xjz!njmbs<!Osi<g<gh<hMl<!Nx<xz</!
• gqti<U!ogit<!Nx<xz<!!=!Gjxf<k!hm<s!Nx<xz<!– Olikzqz<!=MhMl<!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&zg<%xqe<!Nx<xz<!!
!28/!ni<aQeqb^<!sle<him<jm!uVuq!
-Ea/RT
!!!!!K = Ae
!!!!!K =!uqjeOug!lixqzq, A =!nkqi<U!giv{q, !Ea =!gqti<UX!Nx<xz< ,!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!R = uiB!lixqzq, !T =!ouh<hfqjjz!)K*/!!
!
!29/!yV!Oukquqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!uqjeOug!lix<xq!wu<uiX!hikqg<gqxK@!
• yV!Oukquqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!lix<xh<!hbe<hMl<!ohiVt<!uqjeOug!lix<xq/!
• uqjeOug!lix<xqbieK!uqjebqe<!gqti<U!Nx<xjzg<!Gjxg<gqxK/!
• weOu!uqjehM!ohiVtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• -keiz<!uqjebqe<!Ougl<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
• w/gi/!
!!!! Fe -!uqjeOug!lix<xq!
!2:/!yV!Oukquqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!osxqU!wu<uiX!hikqg<gqxK@! !
• !Olikz<!ogit<jgh<hc!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!osxqU!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK!!!
!&zg<%XgTg<gqjmOb!Olikz<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
L
!31/!yV!Oukquqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!ke<jl!wu<uiX!hikqg<gqxK@! !
A
• kqm!lx<Xl<!kqvu!fqjzbqZt<t!uqjehM!ohiVm<gjtuqm!uiB!fqjz!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!uqjebqe<!Ougl<!nkqglig!-Vg<Gl</!
D
• kqm!Osicbl<!lx<Xl<!kqm!nObicEg<G!-jmObbie!uqjejb!uqm!!!!!
kqm!Osicbl<!lx<Xl<!uiB!nObicEg<G!-jmObbie!uqje!Ouglig!-Vg<Gl</!
A
!32/!yV!Oukquqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!Hxhvh<H!wu<uiX!hikqg<gqxK@!
• !Olikz<!ogit<jgh<hc!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!Hxh<hvh<H!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK!!!
IK
!&zg<%XgTg<gqjmOb!Olikz<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
33/!Lkz<ujg!uqjeg<gie!uqjeOugs<!sle<him<jm!uVuq/!
LV
!!A !!!!!!!!!!uqjtohiVt<<!!
!!!!!uqjeOugl<! = K[ A] !!!!K -!uqjeOug!lixqzq!!!!!!!!!!!!!

A
!!!!!! !!!
K
!!!!!!! !!
!!!!! !
!!!!sle<hiM!2.jb!okijgh<hMk<k!
!!!!
!!!! !!!!
!!!!!! t = 0 .z<!uqjehMohiVtqe<!osxqU = [A0]
t = t .z<!uqjehMohiVtqe<!osxqU = [A]
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!! !!!!!!!!
L
A
!!! !
D
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
34/!Lkz<ujg!uqjeg<Gl<!njvuip<U!gizk<kqx<GLt<t!okimi<jh!uqtg<Gg/!)nz<zK*!
A
!!!!njv!uip<U!gizlieK!Lkz<ujg!uqjebqe<!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!Kug<gs<!!
!!!!osxqjuh<!ohiXk<K!njlbuqz<jz!we<hjk!uquiq/!
IK
!!! !!!
LV
!!! !
A
!!! !
K
!!! !
!!! !
!!!! !
!!
!35/!A !!!!!!uqjtohiVt<<!we<x!H,\<bujg!uqjebqe<!uqjeOugs<!sle<him<jm!uVuq!
! A !!!!!!!!!!uqjtohiVt<<!!
!!!!!!uqjeOugl<! = K[ A] O!!!!!!!K -!uqjeOug!lixqzq!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!! !!
!!!! !
!!!! !
L
!!!! !
A
!!!sle<hiM!2.jb!okijgh<hMk<k!
!!!!! !
D
!!!!!
A
t = 1 .z<!uqjehMohiVtqe<!osxqU = [A0]
t = t .z<!uqjehMohiVtqe<!osxqU = [A] !
IK
!!!!! !
LV
!!!!! !
!36/!H,\<bujg!uqjeg<Gl<!njvuip<U!gizk<kqx<GLt<t!okimi<jh!uqtg<Gg/ !
A
!!!! !!!!! !
K
!!!! !
!!!! !
!!!!!!!!!A0
K = ----------- A0
2 t1/2 !
t1/2 = -----------
2 K !!
!37/!Olikz<!uQkl<!ujvbX/!
!!!!yV!zqm<mi<!ge!ntuqz<!yV!uqeicbqz<!OlikZXl<!&zg<%Xgtqe<!!
!!!!w{<{qg<jg!Olikz<!uQkl<!NGl<!!!
!38/!Olikz<!ogit<jgjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• -K!uiBg<gtqe<!-bg<guqbx<!ogit<jgjb!nch<hjmbigg<!ogi{<mK/!
• -g<ogit<jgh<hc!uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!&zg<%XgTg<gqjmOb!Olikz<!
fqgp<ukiz<!Oukq!uqjegt<!fqgp<gqe<xe/!
!
• uqjeOugl<!α yV!zqm<mi<!ge!ntuqz<!yV!uqeicbqz<!OlikZXl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&zg<%Xgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!)Olikz<!uQkl<*!
L
• Olikz<gtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!α uqjehM!ohiVm<gtqe<!osxqU!
A
• Olikz<!uQkl<!α [A2] [B2]!
• Olikz<!uQkl<!α Z [A2] [B2] -r<G Z =!lixqzq/!
D
• uqje!fqgp!Olikzqz<!=MhMl<!&zg<%Xgt<!Gxqh<hqm<mtU!Gjxf<k!hm<s!
Nx<xjzh<!ohx<xqVg<g!Ou{<Ml</!-K!gqti<U!Nx<xz<!weh<hMl</!
A
• gqti<U!Nx<xjz!uqm!Gjxuie!Nx<xjz!djmb!&zg<%XgTg<gqjmOb!
Olikz<!fqgPl<OhiK!njugt<!wu<uqk!lix<xr<gTg<Gl<!dm<hMukqz<jz/!
- Ea/RT
IK
• uqje!fqgp!giv{lig!njlBl<!Olikz<!uQkl<!f = e !
-1
• 411!K!ouh<h!fqjzbqz<!211!KJ mol !gqti<U!Nx<xZjmb!yV!uqjeg<G!!!!!!
f = e - 40 = 4 X 10 -18!
• weOu!2129!Olikz<gtqz<!fie<G!Olikz<gt<!lm<MOl!uqjtohiVtig!
LV
lix<xh<hMgqxK/!
• uqjehM!ohiVm<gt<!Okjubie!Nx<xjzh<!ohx<xqVf<kiZl<!sikglie!
kqjsh<Ohig<gqz<!Olikz<gt<!fqgp<f<kiz<!lm<MOl!nju!uqjeHiqBl</!
A
!
!
K
!
!
!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!!! !
!9/!nbeqs<slfqjz!
!2/!nlqzl<!.!givl<!OuXhMk<Kg/!!
! !!!!!nlqzl<! !!!!!!!givl<!
2! Htqh<Hs<!SjuBjmbju! gsh<Hs<!SjuBjmbju!
3! fQz!zqm<l^<!kijt!squh<hig<Gl</! squh<H!zqm<l^<!kijt!fQzlig<Gl</!
fQI<g<gjvszqz<!jam<v\e<! fQI<g<gjvszqz<!jam<vig<sqz<!
4!
nbeqjbk<!kVl<! nbeqjbk<!kVl<!
5! w/gi/!HCl, H2SO4! w/gi/!NaOH, KOH!
!3/!ni<aQeqb^qe<!nlqzl<!.!givl<!hx<xqb!ogit<jg!lx<Xl<!uvl<Hgjtg<!%X/!
L
• nlqzr<gt<!fQI<g<gjvszqz<!jam<v\e<!nbeqjbk<!kVl</!w/gi/!HCl, H2SO4!
A
• givr<gt<!fQI<g<gjvszqz<!jam<vig<sqz<!nbeqjbk<!kVl</!w/gi/!NaOH, KOH!
!!!ni<aQeqb^qe<!ogit<jgbqe<!uvl<Hgt<!!
D
• nsqm<Omie<, THF Ohie<x!gjvh<hie<gtqz<!nlqz!lx<Xl<!givh<h{<hqje!
uqtg<guqz<jz/!
-
A
• OH !nbeq!-z<zik!nl<Olieqbi!Ohie<x!Osi<lr<gtqe<!givh<h{<hqje!!!
uqtg<guqz<jz/!
IK
!4/!oztiq.hqvie<^<mm<!nlqzl<,!givl<!hx<xqb!ogit<jg!lx<Xl<!uvl<Hgjtg<!%X!
• nlqzl<!.!HOvim<mie<!upr<gq/!
!! !
LV
• givl<!HOvim<mie<!Wx<hq/!
!!!! !
!!!!oztiq!.!hqvie<^<mm<!ogit<jgbqe<<!uvl<Hgt<!
A
• BF3, AlCl3!Ohie<x!HOvim<mie<gjt!upr<g!-bzik!Osi<lr<gtqe<!!
nlqzh<h{<hqje!uqtg<guqz<jz/!
K
!5/!Z~bq!nlqzl<!.!Z~bq!givl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!-v{<M!w/gi!kVg/!
! !!!Z~bq!nlqzl<! !!!!!Z~bq!givl<!
2! wzg<m<vie<!Gjx!&zg<%Xgt<! -vm<jm!wzg<m<vie<!ogi{<m!&zg<%Xgt<!
3! Ofi<lqe<!nbeq! wkqi<lqe<!nbeq!!!
4! -j{!wzg<m<vije!Wx<hju! -j{!wzg<m<vije!ogiMh<hju!
-
5! w/gi!.!BF3, AlCl3, CO2, Fe2+! w/gi!.!NH3, H2O,!F , CH2=CH2!!!!!!!!
!
!
!6/!HClO4!&zg<%xqe<!nlqzk<ke<jlg<gie!giv{l<!%X/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!oztiq!.h<vie<^<mm<!ogt<jgbqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!nke<!-j{givk<jk!g{<mxqg/!
+ -
!!!!HClO4 H + ClO4 !
!!!!HClO4 - HOvim<mije!upr<Gukiz<!-K!nlqzl</!!
+ -
HClO4 + H2O H3O + ClO4 !
+ -
!!!!H3O =!-j{!nlqzl<!!!ClO4 =!-j{!givl<!
!7/!fQiqe<!nbeqh<!ohVg<gl<!ujvbX/!njx!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!nke<!lkqh<jh!kVg/!
!!!!K~b!fQiqe<!jam<v\e<!nbeqs<!osxqU!lx<Xl<!jam<vig<sqz<!nbeqs<!osxqU
Ngqbux<xqe<!ohVg<Gk<okijg fQiqe<!nbeqh<!ohVg<gl<!NGl</
L
!!!!250 c .z<!fQiqe<!nbeqh<!ohVg<gl<,
A
H
!
D
!8/!P !ujvbX/!!
H
A
!!!!P we<hK!yV!gjvszqz<!dt<t!jam<Ovieqbl<!nbeqgtqe<!Olizii<!osxquqe<!
IK
!!!!21!J!nch<hjmbigg<!ogi{<m!lmg<jgbqe<!wkqi<!lkqh<H/!!
+
PH = - log10 [H3O ]
!9/!1/112!M HCl!.!e< PH!g{g<gqM/!!!!
LV
-3
[H3O+] = 0.001 = 1x10 Oliz<!zq.2!!
PH = - log10 [H3O+]
-3
= - log10 [1x10 ]
A
-3
= - 1 x log10 [1x10 ]
= -1 x -3 = 3
K
!:/!1/15!M HNO3!.!e<!PH!g{g<gqM/!!!!
!!!!!!!![H3O+] = 0.04 = 4x10-2 Oliz<!zq.2!!
PH = - log10 [H3O+]
-2
= - log10 [4x10 ]
-2
= - log10 [10 ] - log10 4
= 2 - 0.6021
= 1.40
-3
21/!1.5!X 10 M Ba(OH)2!gjvszqe<!PH!g{g<gqM/!!!!
!!!!!!! !
!!!!!! !
-
POH = - log10 [OH ]
!!!!!!!! !
H OH!
!22. P !lx<Xl< P -jmbqzie!okimi<jh!uquiq!
L
H +
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!P = - log10 [H3O ]
A
OH +
P = - log10 [H3O ]!
OH + +
PH + P = - { log10 [H3O ] + log10 [H3O ] }
D
+ +
= - log10 [H3O ] [H3O ] A
+ +
!!!!Neiz<![H3O ] [H3O ] = Kw
H OH
!!!!!!!!!!!P + P = - log10!Kw!!
IK
-14
250 C z<!fQiqe<!nbeq!ohVg<gl< Kw = 1x10 !!!!!
H OH -14
!!!!!!!!!!P + P - log10 (1x10 )
=
LV
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!= - ).25* log10 (1x10)

H OH
P +P = 14!!!!
!23/!ohiK!nbeq!uqjtU!we<xiz<!we<e@!
A
!!!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!hqiqjg!uQkl<!ohiK!nbeqjb!Osi<h<hkiz<!GjxuK/!
!!!w/gi/!Osicbl<!nsqm<Omm<jm!nsqm<cg<!nlqzk<Kme<!Osi<g<Gl<!OhiK,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K
nsqm<cg<!nlqzk<kqe<!hqiqjg!uQkl<!GjxgqxK/!
!24/!N^<uiz<ce<!fQi<k<kz<!uqkqjb!%X!
!!!!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!hqiqjg!lixqzqjb,!hqiqjg!uQkl<!lx<Xl<!!!!!!!!!!
nke<!osxqUme<!okimi<H!hMk<Kl<!sle<hiM/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!! !!!
!!!!!!α =!hqiqjg!uQkl<!!!!Ka!=!lixqzq!!!! C!= osxqU!
!!
!25/!N^<uiz<ce<!fQi<k<kz<!uqkqg<gie!sle<him<jm!kVuq!!!!!
!!!!! !
L
A
!!!! !
D
!!!!!! ! A
IK
!!!!! !
!! !
LV
!!!!! !
A
!!!!!! !!!!!! !!!!!!!!!

K
!!!!!α =!hqiqjg!uQkl<!!!Ka!=!lixqzq!!! C!= osxqU!

!
!26/!kir<gz<!gjvsz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!ujggt<!biju@!
• uzqjl!Gjxf<k!nlqzl<!lx<Xl<!nke<!-j{givl<!nz<zK!
!!!!!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!givl<<!lx<Xl<!nke<!-j{nlqzl<!Ngqbux<xqe<!gzju/!
• kir<gz<!gjvsz<!-V!ujgh<hMl<!
!!!!2/!nlqz!kir<gz<!gjvsz<!.!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!nlqzl<! +!nke<!dh<H!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
nsqm<cg<!nlqzl<! +!Osicbl<!nsqm<Omm<!
!!!!3/!giv!kir<gz<!gjvsz<!!.!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!givl<!+!nke<!dh<H!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
NH4OH +! NH4Cl!
!27/!kir<gz<!osbz<Ljx!hx<xq!uquiq/!
H
!!!!kir<gz<!gjvszqz<!nlqzl<!nz<zK!givl<!Osi<h<hkiz<!d{<miGl<!P !lix<xk<jk!!
!!!!kMg<g!gjvszqz<!Wx<hMl<!Oukquqje/!
! !
! Osi<g<gh<hm<m!nlqzl<,!nsqm<Omm<!nbeqBme<!uqjeHiqf<K!nsqm<cg<!nlqzk<jk!
H
!!!!!kVgqxK/!NgOu!gjvszqe<!P !lkqh<H!liXukqz<jz/!
! !
+
! Osi<g<gh<hm<m!givl<!H3O nbeqBme<!uqjeHiqf<K!fQjvk<!kVgqxK/!
L
! !
!!!!!sle<hiM!2 +!3!
A
D
!!!!!
A
!28/!kir<gz<<!kqxe<!lx<Xl<!kir<gz<!w{<!hx<xq!uquiq/!
!
H
IK
• kir<gz<!kqxe<!we<hK!yV!zqm<mi<!kir<gz<!gjvszqe<!P !lkqh<jh!YvzG!lix<x!!
Osi<g<gh<hMl<!nlqzl<!nz<zK!givk<kqe<!gqvil<!slie!fqjxgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg/!
• kir<gz<!kqxje!ntuqm!hbe<hMuK!kir<gz<!w{<!)β*/!
LV
!!!!! !
dB =!nlqzl<!nz<zK!givk<kqe<!gqvil<!slie!fqjxgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!
H
d(P )!=!nlqzl<!nz<zK!givl<!Osi<g<gh<hm<m!hqe<ei<!PH!.z<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xl</!
A
!
!29/!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gl<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!!
K
!!!!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gl<!we<hK!sle<hMk<kh<hm<m!slfqjz!uqjebqz<,!Oukquqjeg<%X!!!!
!!!!G{gr<gjt!nMg<Ggtig!ogi{<m!hGkqg<%X!nbeqgtqe<!Olizii<!osxqUgtqe<!!
!!!!ohVg<Gk<okijgbiGl</!
!!!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!!!! !
!
!
!
!2:/!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!biju@!
!!!!yV!nbeqs<!Osi<lk<kqe<!hGkqg<%X!nbeqgjtg<!ogi{<m!gjvsz<gjt!ye<xig!
gzg<Gl<OhiK,!nf<k!nbeqs<!Osi<ll<!uQp<hcuiGli!we<hjk!kQi<lieqg<g!dkUl</!
• nbeqh<ohVg<gl<!=!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gl<!!)slfqjz*!
• nbeqh<ohVg<gl<!>!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gl<!!)uQp<hcuikz<!fqgPl<*!!
• nbeqh<ohVg<gl<!<!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gl<!!)uQp<hcuikz<!fqgpiK*!
!31/!oae<mi<se<!.!Oasz<hig<!sle<him<jm!uVuq!
!!!! !
!!!-VHxLl<!wkqi<!lmg<jg!wMg<g!
L
A
!!! !
D
!!!!!! !
A
IK
LV
A
!!!! !
K
!
!!
!
!32/!hqe<uVl<!fQiqb!gjvsz<gtqz<!fqgPl<!uqjegtqz<!-j{!nlqz.giv!-vm<jmgjt!
g{<mxqg/!
!!!!!!! !
L
!!!!!!!! !!!
A
D
A
!
IK
!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!
LV
A
!
K
!33/!n/!Ca3(PO4)2!!N/!Hg2Cl2!.e<!gjvkqxe<!ohVg<gk<kqx<gie!sle<him<jm!wPKg/!
:/!lqe<!Oukqbqbz<!
!2/!Ofi<lqe<Lje!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<Lje!ujvbX/!
! !!!Ofi<lqe<!Lje! !!!wkqi<lqe<Lje!
2! wkqi<lqe<SjlBjmbK! Ofi<lqe<SjlBjmbK!
3! Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!fjmohXl<! Ng<sq\oeiMg<gl<!fjmohXl<!
4! wzg<m<vie<gjt!upr<Gl<!! wzg<m<vie<gjt!ohXl<!
!3/!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!ujvbX/!
!!!yV!Oliz<!lqe<hGtq!gjvszqe<!gmk<Kkqxe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!weh<hMl</!!!!!!!!!!
L
!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4/!slie!gmk<Kkqxe<!ujvbX/!
A
!!!yV!gqvil<!sliewjm!lqe<hGtq!gjvszqe<!gmk<Kkqxe<!slie!gmk<Kkqxe<!weh<hMl</!!!!
!5/!lqe<hGtq!gmk<Kkqxje!hikqg<Gl<!giv{qgt<!!
!
D
A
• ouh<hfqjz!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK!gmk<Kkqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
• gjvszqe<!fQi<k<kz<!lkqh<H!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK!gmk<Kkqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
IK
• gjvszqe<!hiGfqjzk<ke<jl<!GjxBl<!OhiK!gmk<Kkqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
!6/!lqe<hGtq!gmk<Kkqxe<!lQK!ouh<hfqjzbqe<!hikqh<jh!uqtg<Gg!
• ouh<hfqjz!nkqgiqg<Gl<OhiK!gmk<Kkqxe<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
LV
• giv{l<!.!2/!nbeqgtqe<!-bg<g!Nx<xz<!nkqgiqg<Gl</!
!!!!!!!!!3/!nbeqgTg<gqjmh<hm<m!gui<s<sq!uqjs!GjxBl</!
!7/!osxqjuh<!ohiXk<K!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxeqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xk<jk!uquiq/!
!!!!uzqjllqG!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!
A
• !osxqU!nkqgiqg<Gl<!OhiK!lqe<hGtqbqe<!nbeqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
!nbeqgTg<gqjmOb!gui<s<squqjs!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!!
K
!nbeqgtqe<!hiGfqjz!hqe<eqPju!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
NgOu!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!GjxgqxK/!!
• !fQi<k<kz<!nkqgiqg<Gl<!OhiK!nbeqgTg<gqjmOb!okijzU!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!!
!weOu!nbeqgTg<gqjmOb!gui<s<squqjs!GjxgqxK/!
NgOu!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
!!!!uzqjlGjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!
• nkqg!osxquqz<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxeqz<!lix<xl<!Wx<hMukqz<jz/!
fQi<k<kz<!nkqgiqg<Gl<!OhiK!uzqjlGjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!hqiqjgbjmkz<!
nkqgiqg<gqxK/!NgOu!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxe<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
!
!
!8/!fQi<k<kz<!nkqgiqg<Gl<!OhiK!gjvszqe<!gmk<Kkqxe<!GjxgqxK!We<@!
3
• fQi<k<kz<!nkqgiqg<Gl<!OhiK!2m !ge!ntuqz<!dt<t!nbeqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jg!
GjxgqxK/!!
• weOu!lqe<Oeim<ml<!dt<t!nbeqgtqe<!w{<{qg<jgBl<!GjxgqxK/!!
!9/!Ogiz<vi]<!uqkqjbg<!%X/!
!!!!ntuqz<zi!fQi<k<kzqz<!yV!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxeqe<!lkqh<hieK!!!!!!!
!!!!nke<!hGkqg<%X!nbeqgtqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxeqe<!%MkZg<Gs<!sll<!
!!!!!! !
!:/!Ogiz<vi]<!uqkqbqe<!hbe<gjtg<!%X/!
L
• ntuqz<zi!fQi<k<kzqz<!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxje!
A
g{g<gqmzil</!
• uzqjl!Gjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!hqiqjg!uQkk<jk!g{g<gqmzil</!
• dh<hqe<!gjvkqxje!g{g<gqmzil</!
D
!21/!ntuqz<zi!fQi<k<kzqz<!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxje!!!
A
!!!g{g<gqm!Ogiz<vi]<!uqkq!wu<uiX!hbe<hMgqxK@!!!!!
!!!!uzqjl!lqGf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxje!hbe<hMk<kq!!
IK
!!!!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!lqe<hGtqbqe<!Olizii<!gmk<Kkqxje!g{g<gqmzil</!
LV
!!!!! !!!
!!!! !!!
A
K
!!!! !
!22/!cjh!.!aQg<gz<!lx<Xl<!Ne<sigi<!sle<him<jm!%X!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!! !
!!!!A, B –!lixqzqgt</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-ju!gjvh<hieqe<!ke<jl!lx<Xl<!ouh<hfqjzjb!lm<Ml<!sii<f<K!njlgqe<xe/!
!
!
!23!lqe<eix<!hGk<kz<!hx<xqb!0hivOm!uqkqgjtg<!%X/!
!!!0hivOm!Lkz<!uqkq!!
!!!lqe<eix<!hGk<kzqe<!OhiK!lqe<uibqz<!hcBl<!ohiVtqe<!fqjxbieK,!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
lqe<hGtqbqe<!upqOb!osZk<kh<hMl<!lqe<Oeim<mk<Kg<G!Ofi<!uqgqkk<kqz<!-Vg<Gl</!
!!!!!!!m = ZIT!!!
!!!m = fqjx !Z = lqe<Oukqs<!sliefqjx !I = lqe<Oeim<ml<!!T = Ofvl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!0hivOm!-v{<mil<<!uqkq!!
! yOv!ntU!lqe<Oeim<mk<jk!ouu<OuX!lqe<hGtqg<!gjvszqe<!upqOb!
osZk<Kl<OhiK!lqe<Ljegtqz<!uqMuqg<gh<hMl<!ohiVtqe<!ntuieK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
nux<xqe<!lqe<Oukqs<!slie!fqjxg<G!Ofi<!uqgqkk<kqz<!-Vg<Gl</!
!24/!lqe<Oukqs<!slie!fqjx!(Z)!ujvbX/!
L
• lqe<Oukqs<!slie!fqjx!(Z)!we<hK!yV!%Z~l<!lqe<E~m<mk<kiz<!lqe<Ljebqz<!
uqMuqg<gh<hm<m!ohiVtqe<!ntU/!
A
–1
• nzG!.!KgC !
!25/!lqe<!Oukqg<gze<!ujvbX/!nke<!ujggt<!biju@!
D
• lqe<!Oukqg<gze<!we<hK!lqe<!Nx<xjz!Oukq!Nx<xzigUl<,!!!!!
Oukq!Nx<xjz!lqe<!Nx<xzigUl<!lix<Xl<!njlh<hiGl</!!
A
• -K!-Vujgh<hMl</!
2/!lqe<eix<!hGh<Hg<!gze<:!lqe<!Nx<xjz!Oukq!Nx<xzig!lix<Xl</!
3/!giz<uieqg<!)n*!Ouiz<mi!lqe<gze<!:!Oukq!Nx<xjz!lqe<!Nx<xzig!lix<Xl</!!!!
IK
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!w/gi!.!lqe<!Oslqh<Hg<!gze<!
!26/!lqe<Oslqh<Hg<!gze<!ujvbX/!nke<!ujggt<!biju@<!
• fqjzbie!lqe<ePk<kl<!ogi{<m!Ofi<lqe<Oeim<m!&zr<gt<!lqe<Oslqh<Hg<!gze<gt<!
weh<hMl</!nux<xqe<!-Vujggt<!
LV
• Lke<jl!lqe<gze<!.!ozg<ziR<Os!lqe<gze<!
• Kj{!lqe<gze<!!.!ozm<!Oslqh<H!lqe<gze<!
!27/!lqe<hGtqg<!gmk<Kkqxe<!ntuqMkzqz<!DC!lqe<Oeim<mk<kqx<G!hkqzig!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
AC!lqe<Oeim<ml<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK!We<@<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!!DC!lqe<Oeim<ml<!hbe<hMk<Kl<OhiK!gjvsz<!lqeeix<hGk<kZg<G!dt<tigqxK/!!!!!
weOu!AC!lqe<Oeim<ml<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK!
K
!28/!giz<uieqg<!lqe<gzk<kqz<!Ofi<lqe<LjebieK!wkqi<Gxq!ogi{<mkigUl<,!!!!!!
wkqi<lqe<LjebieK!Ofi<Gxq!ogi{<mkigUl<!gVkh<hMgqxK/!We<@!
• giz<uieqg<!lqe<gzk<kqz<!Ofi<lqe<LjebieK,!wzg<m<vie<gjt!uqMuqk<K!!!
dOzig!nbeqbig!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!njmgqxK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
wzg<m<vie<gjt!upr<Gukiz<!Ofi<lqe<LjebieK!wkqi<Gxqjb!)-ve*!ohXgqxK/!
• gjvszqz<!dt<t!nbeqgt<!wzg<m<vie<gjt!ohx<X!dOziglig!yMg<gljmf<K!
wkqi<lqe<Ljebqz<!hcgqe<xK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
wzg<m<vie<gjt!ohXukiz<!wkqi<lqe<LjebieK!Ofi<Gxqjb!)+ve*!ohXgqxK/!
!
o
!29/!0.1M HCl!lx<Xl<!0.1M KCl!-f<k!-v{<M!gjvsz<gtqz<!wK!nkqg! Λ !
gmk<Kkqxjeg<!ogi{<mK@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
o
• 0.1M HCl!nkqg!Λ !gmk<Kkqxjeg<!ogi{<mK/!!
+ +
• giv{l<!:!H !nbeqbqe<!fqjxbieK!K !nbeqbqe<!fqjxjb!uqmg<!GjxU/!
+
weOu!H nbeqgt<!nkqglig!fgVl<!kqxjeh<!ohx<Xt<te/!
!2:/!hqe<uVl<!gjvsz<gjt!nux<xqe<!fqbl!gmk<Kkqxe<gtqe<!-xr<G!uiqjsbqz<!
uiqjsh<hMk<Kg/!
!!!!i*!0.01M KCl !ii*!0.005M KCl !iii*!0.1M KCl !iv*!0.25M KCl !v*!0.5M KCl !!
!!!!!fqbl!gmk<Kkqxe!α!gjvsz<gtqe<!osxqU!
0.5M KCl !>!0.25M KCl > 0.1M KCl >! 0.01M KCl >! 0.005M KCl!
!31/!fQ{<m!gizk<kqx<G!gih<hi<!sz<Ohm<jm!-Vl<Hg<!gzeqz<!Oslqk<K!jug<g!-bZli@!!!!!
L
!!! !
• Oslqk<K!jug<gLcbiK/!
A
• giv{l<!: -Vl<hieK !Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!njmBl<,!gih<hi<!yMg<gljmBl<!!!!!!
o
!!!!!we<hjk!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!E !lkqh<H!Gxqg<gqxK/!
D
!32/!lqe<gzk<kqe<!lqe<!nPk<kl<!)EMF)!ujvbX/!!
!!!!Ofi<lqe<LjebqzqVf<K!wzg<m<vie<gjt!outqObx<xUl<, wkqi<lqe<!Lje!Ofig<gq!!!
A
!!!!wzg<m<vie<gjt!-Pg<gUl<!giv{lie!uqjs!lqe<gzk<kqe<!lqe<!nPk<kl<!)EMF)
weh<hMl</!
IK
!33/!lqe<Lje!lqe<ePk<kl<!wu<uiX!g{g<gqmh<hMgqxK@!
!!!!lqe<gzk<kqe<!lqe<Lje!lqe<ePk<kl<!we<hK!Ofi<lqe<Lje!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<!Lje!!
!!!!lqe<ePk<kr<gtqe<!%Mkz<!NGl</!!!!!!!!
!!!!Ecell = (Eox)anode + (Ered)cathode !!!
LV
(Eox)anode = Ofi<lqe<Ljebqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!lqe<ePk<kl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
! !(Ered)cathode = wkqi<<lqe<Ljebqe<!yMg<g!lqe<ePk<kl<!!!
!34/!M1!lx<Xl<!M2!dOzigr<gtqe<!yMg<g!lqe<ePk<kr<gt<!LjxOb!–xV!lx<Xl<!!!
A
+yV,!wK!H2SO4!zqVf<K!H2!uiBju!uqMuqg<Gl<@!
K
• –xV!yMg<g!lqe<ePk<kl<!H2SO4!zqVf<K!H2!uiBju!uqMuqg<Gl<!
• giv{l<!: nkqg!Ng<sq\Oex<x!lqe<ePk<kl<!ogi{<m!dOzigr<gt<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
H2SO4!zqVf<K!H2!uiBju!uqMuqg<Gl<!
!35/!niqliel<!we<xiz<!we<e@!dOzigr<gjt!niqk<kzqz<!-Vf<K!hiKgig<Gl<!!!!!
Ljxgjt!%X!
• =vh<hkk<kqe<!Le<eqjzbqz<,!Ng<sq\Oex<x!yMg<g!osbz<Ljxgtiz<!!
!!!!!!dOzigr<gt<!sQi<GjzBl<!fqgp<U!niqliel<!weh<hMl</!!
• dOzigr<gjt!niqk<kzqz<!-Vf<K!hiKgig<Gl<!Ljxgt<!!!
2/!dOzigk<kqe<!Olz<hvh<hqz<!u{<{l<<h,Skz</!
3/!\qr<g<!Lzil<!h,Skz</!!!
4/!dOzig!gzjugjt!dVuig<Gkz/<!
!
!36/!ke<eqph<H!hiKgih<H!Ljxhx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
!!!ke<eqph<H!hiKgih<H!Ljx!)wkqi<lqe<Lje!hiKgih<H*!!!
• !ke<eqph<H!Ofi<lqe<Lje!.!\qr<g<!!
• !wkqi<lqe<Lje!.!-Vl<H!!
!-keiz<!-Vl<H!hiKgig<gh<hMgqxK/!\qr<g<!niqk<kZg<G!dt<tigqxK/!
!37/!nZlqeqbl<!We<!Gjxuie!Ougk<kqz<!niqk<kZg<G!dm<hMgqxK@!
3+
• Al !nbeqgt<!gix<xqz<!dt<t!Ng<sq\Eme<!uqjehm<M!Al2O3!wEl<!!!!!!!!!!!!
hiKgih<H!nMg<jg!dVuig<Ggqe<xe/!
• !-f<k!nMg<G!hiKgih<H!djxbig!osbz<hm<M!dt<hvh<jh!hiKgig<gqxK/!
!38/!ofi<e<^<m<!sle<him<jm!kVuq!
!!!!
L
aA + bB cC + dD
A
D
!!!!!! !
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
IK
!!!!! !
!!!!!!!!! !!!! !!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
LV
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-nF!Nz<!uGg<g!
A
K
!!!!!! !
!!!!!! !
!!!! !
!39/!slfqjz!lixqzq!lx<Xl<!lqe<ePk<kl<!(EMF)!-jmbqzie!okimi<jh!uVuq/!
!!!!!ΔG = - RT lnKeq
Neiz< ΔG = - nFEcell
- nFEcell = - RT lnKeq
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!! !
L
!3:/!kqm<m!jam<v\e<!lqe<<Lje!(SHE)!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
• !kqm<m!jam<v\e<!lqe<<Lje!Ofig<gQm<M!lqe<Ljebigh<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
• !-ke<!emf!lkqh<H!H,\<\qbl<!Ouiz<m</!
• !-K!1M HCl!lx<Xl<!1atm!jam<v\e<!uiBt<t!hqtim<ce!lqe<Ljejbg<!!
D
!ogi{<Mt<tK/!
o
• 25 c - z<!jam<v\e<!uiB!gjvsz<!upqOb!osZk<kh<hMgqxK/!
• -K!Ofi<lqe<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<LjebigUl<!osbz<hMgqxK/!
A
• Ofi<lqe<Lje!.!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
IK
+ -
H2 2H + 2e Eo = 0 v
• wkqi<lqe<Lje!.!yMg<gl<!
+ -
2H + 2e H2 Eo = 0 v!!!!
LV
!41/!uqjeBxi!lqe<Ljegjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!dVgqb!NaCl!.e<!lqe<eix<hGk<kjz!uquiq/!
• lqe<eix<hGh<Hg<!gzeqz<!-v{<M!lqe<Ljegt<!dVgqb!NaCl .z<!
jug<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
• -ju!DC!lqe<&zk<Kme<!siuq!&zl<!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
A
• lqe<Hzk<kqe<!Ofi<lqe<!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<LjeBme<!lqe<Ljegt<!
-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
K
• Ofi<lqe<!Lje!.!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
- -
2Cl Cl2 + 2e E0 = -1.36v !
• wkqi<lqe<!Lje!.!yMg<gl<!
+ -
Na + e Na E0 = -2.71v !!
•!olik<k!lqe<uqje!
+ -
!3 Na + 2Cl 2Na + Cl2 E0 = -4.07v !!
• E0 .e<!lkqh<H!wkqi<Gxqbig!-Vh<hkiz<!uqje!ke<eqs<jsbx<xK/!
• weOu!dVgqb!NaCl!.e<!lqe<eix<hGk<kjz!fqgp<k<k!5/18v!J!uqm!nkqg!
lqe<ePk<kk<jk!osZk<kOu{<Ml</!!!!
!!!
!42/!Omeqbz<!lqe<gzk<kqe<!gm<mjlh<jh!uqtg<Gg/!gzuqjejb!wPKg/!
L
!!! !
A
• Omeqbz<!lqe<gzk<kqz<!-v{<M!njv!lqe<gze<gt<!dt<te/!
2/!Ng<sq\Oex<x!njvlqe<gze<!!!
D
!!fQi<k<k!\qr<g<!sz<Ohm<!gjvszqz<!\qr<g<!dOzigl<!&p<g!jug<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
3/!yMg<g!njvlqe<gze<! A
!!fQi<k<k!gih<hi<<!sz<Ohm<!gjvszqz<!gih<hi<!dOzigl<!&p<g!jug<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
• -f<k!-v{<M!njv!lqe<gze<gTl<!yV!dh<H!hizl<!&zl<!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
IK
• \qr<g<!lx<Xl<!gih<hi<!hm<jmgt<!yV!gl<hq!lx<Xl<!-j{h<hq!&zl<!
-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
• lqe<hGtqg<!gjvsz<gt<!kjzgQpig!guqp<k<K!jug<gh<hm<Mt<t!U ucu!Gpib<!
&zl<!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/!
LV
• -f<k!U ucu!Gpibqz<!ngii<.ngii<!o\z<Zme<!uqjeBxi!lqe<hGtqgt< (KCl)!!

gzf<k!hjs!jug<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!!
• -j{h<hqjb!&Ml<OhiK!wzg<m<vie<gt<!\qr<g<!hm<jmbqzqVf<K!gih<hi<!hm<jmg<G!
hib<gqxK/!
A
• Ofi<lqe<!Lje!.!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
2+ -
Zn Zn + 2e !
K
• wkqi<lqe<!Lje!.!yMg<gl<!!!
2+ -
!Cu + 2e !!!!!!Cu!
• !olik<k!lqe<uqje!!
2+ 2+
!!Zn + Cu Zn + Cu!
!!
!
de< e iz< ! LcbikK///!!OuX!biviz< @ !
!!!-h< o hiPK!-z< z ilz< / //!OuX!wh< O hiPK@
!43/!H2 - O2!wvqohiVt<!lqe<gzk<kqe<!osbz<him<jm!uqtg<Gg/!
• !wvqohiVm<gjt!wiqh<hkiz<!dVuiGl<!Nx<xjz!lqe<eix<xzig!lix<Xl<!lqe<gze<!!
! !wvqohiVt<!lqe<gze<!NGl</!
! !wvqohiVt<!/!lqe<Lje!/!lqe<hGtq!/ lqe<Lje!/!Ng<sq\Oex<xq!
!wvqohiVt<!!!!:!jam<v\e<!!
!Ng<sq\Oex<xq!: Ng<sq\e<!
!lqe<hGtq!!!!: fQi<k<k KOH!
ouh<hfqjz!!: 200o C!!
!nPk<kl<!!!!: 20 - 40 atm
!uqjeBxi!lqe<Lje!: Ni!lx<Xl<!NiO!ogi{<m!F{<KjtBt<t!gqvijhm<!
L
• jam<v\e<!lx<Xl<!Ng<sq\e<!uiBg<gt<!LjxOb!Ofi<lqe<Lje!lx<Xl<!!
!wkqi<lqe<Ljegtqz<!osZk<kh<hMgqxK/!
A
• !Ofi<lqe<!Lje!.!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
- -
!!2H2 + 4OH 4H2O + 4e !!
D
• wkqi<lqe<!Lje!.!yMg<gl<!
- -
2H2O + O2 + 4e !! 4OH !
•!olik<k!lqe<uqje!
A
2H2 + O2 2H2O !
IK
!!!!!!!
!
!
LV
!!!!!!!!
!
!
!
A
!
!
K
!
!
21/!Hxh<hvh<H!Oukqbqbz<!
!2/!-bx<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kzqe<!sqxh<Hh<!h{<Hgjt!%Xg/!
• g{h<ohiPkqz<!fqgp<gqxK/!!!!
• hz!&zg<%X!nMg<G!dVuigqxK!
• nPk<kk<jk!nkqgiqk<kiz<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!nkqgliGl<!
!3/!-bx<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kz<!.!Oukqh<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kz<!OuXhiMgt<!!
!!-bx<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kz<! !!!Oukqh<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kz<!
g{h<ohiPkqz<!fqgp<gqxK!!! olKuig!fqgp<gqxK!!!
lQt<!ke<jlBjmbK! lQt<!ke<jlbx<xK!
L
hz!&zg<%X!nMg<G!dVuigqxK! yx<jx!&zg<%X!nMg<G!dVuigqxK!
A
nPk<kk<jk!nkqgiqk<kiz<!!!!!!!!
nPk<kk<kqeiz<!wk<kjgb!hikqh<Hl<!-z<jz!
hvh<H!gui<kz<!nkqgliGl<!
D
ouh<hfqjzjb!nkqgiqk<kiz<!!!!!! ouh<hfqjzjb!nkqgiqk<kiz<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!
hvh<H!gui<kz<!GjxBl<! Lkzqz<!nkqgiqk<K!hqxG!GjxgqxK!
A
wzg<m<vie<!-mlix<xl<!-z<jz!!! wzg<m<vie<!-mlix<xl<!d{<M!
!!
IK
!4/!Oukqh<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kzqz<!ouh<hfqjzjb!nkqgiqk<kiz<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!Lkzqz<!!
!!!nkqgiqk<K!hqxG!GjxgqxK/!We<@!
• !Lkzqz<!gqti<U!nj{U!dVuiukx<G!Gxqh<hqm<m!ntU!Nx<xz<!!
!Okjuh<hMukiz<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!
LV
• !hqxG!hvh<Hgui<!ohiVtqe<!-bg<g!Nx<xz<!nkqgiqk<K!hvh<H!fQg<gl<!!
!fjmohXukiz<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!GjxgqxK/!
!5/!-bx<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kjzg<!gim<cZl<!Oukqh<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kzqe<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!!
A
!!!ouh<hl<!nkqgl<!We<@!
• !Oukqh<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kzqz<!uiB!&zg<%Xgt<!Hxh<hvh<Hme<!uZuie!!
K
!Oukqh<hqj{h<Hgjt!dVuig<Gukiz<!nke<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!ouh<hl<!nkqgl</!
• -bx<Hxh<hvh<H!gui<kzqz<!hvh<H!ohiVTg<Gl<!hvh<H!guvh<hMl<!ohiVTg<Gl<!
-jmOb!ui{mi<uiz<^<!uqjs!Ohie<x!uzqjl!Gjxf<k!uqjsgt<!osbz<hMukiz<!!
!hvh<H!gui<kz<!ouh<hl<!GjxU/!
!6/!kq{<lk<kqe<!lQK!uiB!&zg<%Xgt<!hvh<H!guvh<hMkjz!hikqg<Gl<!giv{qgt<!biju@!
2/!hvh<H!ohiVtqe<!ke<jl!
3/!hvh<H!gui<!ohiVtqe<!ke<jl!
4/!nPk<kl<!
5/!ouh<hfqjz!
6/!osxqU!
!
!7/!hvh<H!gui<kzqe<!sqxh<hqbz<Hgt<!biju@!
• !hvh<H!gui<kz<!yV!ke<eqs<jsbie!osbz<Ljx/!
• !hvh<H!gui<kz<!yV!ouh<hl<!dlqp<!osbz<Ljx/!
• !hvh<H!gui<kz<!njek<K!ujg!-jmh<hvh<HgtqZl<!fqgPl</!
!8/!NH3!nz<zK!CO2!Ngqb!-v{<cz<!wK!giqbqe<!Hxh<hvh<hqz<!wtqkqz<!guvh<hMgqxK@!
• !NH3!giqbqe<!Hxh<hvh<hqz<!wtqkqz<!guvh<hMgqxK/!
• !giv{l<!.!fqjzliX!ouh<h!fqjz!nkqgl</!
!9/!0hqv{<m<zqs<!hvh<H!gui<kz<!slouh<hg<!OgiMgtqe<!uvl<Hgt<!biju@!
• !-s<sle<hiM!Lx<xqZl<!gx<hqklieK/!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!nPk<k!wz<jzg<Gt<!lm<Ml<!!!
!siqbig!njlgqxK/!
L
• !k!lx<Xl<!n!lixqzqgtqe<!lkqh<Hgt<!ouh<hfqjzjbh<!ohiVk<K!liXujk!!!
!-s<sle<hiM!uqtg<guqz<jz/!!
A
!:/!yV!hck<kie!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!lx<Xl<!hz!hck<kie!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!uquiq/!
!!!yV!hck<kie!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!
D
!!!uqjehM!ohiVm<gt<,!uqjeuqjt!ohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!uqjeOug!lix<xq!Ngqbju!!
!!!yOv!fqjzjlbqz<!-Vg<Gl</!
A
!!!!! !
IK
!!!hz!hck<kie!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!
!!!uqjehM!ohiVm<gt<,!uqjeuqjt!ohiVm<gt<!lx<Xl<!uqjeOug!lix<xq!Ngqbju!!
!!!ouu<OuX!fqjzjlbqz<!-Vg<Gl</!
LV
!!!!! !
!21/!uqjeOug!lix<xq!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi/!kVg/!
A
!!!yV!Oukquqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!lix<xh<!hbe<hMl<!ohiVt</!!!!!!!!!
K
!!!
!!!!!!!Fe!.!uqjeOug!lix<xq!
!22/!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!sqxh<hqbz<Hgt<!biju@!
• uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!lix<XuK/!
• Gjxf<k!ntOu!Okjuh<hMgqxK/!
• Oki<f<K!osbzix<Xl<!ke<jlBjmbK/!
• uqjt!ohiVm<gtqe<!ke<jljb!hikqg<giK/!
• K~tig<gh<hm<m!fqjzbqz<!nkqg!kqxEme<!osbz<HiqBl</!
!
!23/!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!osbz<hiM!lx<Xl<!okxqUk<kqxe<!hx<xq!fQuqi<!nxquK!we<e@!
• !yV!uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!lix<xq!njlg<Gl<!kqxe<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!!
!osbz<hiM!weh<hMl</!
• !yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!uqjtohiVjt!dVuig<Gl<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!kqxe<!!
!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!okxqUk<kqxe<!weh<hMl</!
!24/!yV!ohiVt<!fz<z!uqjeOug!lix<xqbig!kqgp!hvh<H!fQg<gl<!nusqbl<!We<@!!
!!!!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!hvh<hqz<!Hkqb!uqjehMohiVm<gt<!hvh<H!guvh<hm,!!!!!!
!!!!Lkzqz<!dVuigqBt<t!uqjtohiVm<gt<!hvh<H!fQg<gl<!osb<bh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!
!25/!ujvbX/!n*!Dg<g!uqjeOug!lix<xq!N*!kti<U!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!-*!ke<!uqjeOug!lix<xq!
!!!Dg<g!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!!
L
• uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!nkqgiqg<Gl</!!
• Oahi<!Ljxbqz<!nl<Olieqbi!kbiiqk<kzqz<!-Vl<H!Dg<g!uqjeOug!lix<xq/!
A
!!!kti<U!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!
D
• uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!Gjxg<Gl</!!
• H2O2 sqjkujmBl<!uqjebqz<!gqtqsviz<!kti<U!uqjeOug!lix<xq/!
A
!!!ke<!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!
• !uqje!uqjt!ohiVt<gtqz<!ye<X!uqjeOug!lix<xqbig!osbz<hMuK/!!!
IK
• !wk<kqz<!nsqm<Omm<jm!fQvix<!hGg<Gl<OhiK!dVuiGl<!Ng<sizqg<!nlqzl<!!!!!!!!
!ke<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbig!osbz<hMgqxK/!
!26/!dbi<k<kqgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!osbz<kqxje!nkqgiqg<g!Osi<g<gh<hMl<!ohiVt</!!
LV
• Oahi<!Ljxbqz<!nOlieqbi!kbiiqk<kzqz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!Fe!.!uqjeOug!lix<xq,!!Mo!.!dbi<k<kq!!
!27/!uqjeOug!lix<xq!fs<Sg<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
• uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!osbz<kqxje!Gjxg<g!Osi<g<gh<hMl<!ohiVt</!!
• !Oahi<!Ljxbqz<!nOlieqbi!kbiiqk<kzqz<!
K
Fe!.!uqjeOug!lix<xq,!!H2S!.!fs<S!
!28/!gqti<U!jlbr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• !uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!Hxh<hvh<H!uPuPh<hig!-Vh<hkqz<jz/!
• !nkqz<!hz!kmr<gt<,!uqvqsz<gt<!lx<Xl<!Ljegt<!gi{h<hMgqe<xe/!
• !nkqZt<t!n[g<gtqz<!nkqg!gui<s<sq!uqjs!lx<Xl<!fqjxUxi!hqj{h<Hgt<!!
!dt<te/!-ju!gqti<U!jlbr<gt<!weh<hMl</!
!!!!!!!!!!!! !
!29/!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!hx<xqb!hvh<H!gui<s<sq!ogit<jg!
!!!!-g<ogit<jg!hzhck<kie!uqjeOug!lix<xk<jk!nch<hjmbigg<!ogi{<mK/!
!!!!! !
!!!-ke<!hcfqjzgt<!
!!!2/!uqjehM!ohiVm<gt<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!Hxh<hvh<jh!Ofig<gq!fgi<kz</!
!!!3/!uqjehM!ohiVm<gt<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!hvh<Hg<!guvh<hMkz</!
!!!4/!uqjehM!ohiVm<gt<!gqti<U!nj{ju!d{<mig<Gkz</!
!!!5/!gqti<Ux<x!nj{U!sqjkujmf<K!uqjeuqjt!ohiVm<gt<!dVuikz</!
!!!6/!uqjeuqjt!ohiVm<gt<!hvh<H!fQg<gl<!njmkz</!
!!!7/!uqjeuqjt!ohiVm<gt<!uqjeOug!lix<xqbqe<!Hxh<hvh<jh!uqm<M!uqzgqs<osz<Zkz</!!!!!
!2:/!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!hx<xqb!-jmfqjzs<!Osi<lg<!ogit<jg!
L
!!!!!uqjehM!ohiVt<!! +!!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!!!!!!!!-jmfqjzs<!Osi<ll<!
A
!!!!!-jmfqjzs<!Osi<ll<<! + uqjehM!ohiVt<!!!!!!!!!uqjeuqjt!ohiVt<!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!+ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
D
uqjeOug!lix<xq!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A !
!!!!!hc!.!I 2NO + O2!!!!!!!!!2NO2!!!
IK
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!!!!!-jmfqjzs<!Osi<ll<!
!!!!!hc!.!II NO2 + SO2!!!!!!!!!SO3 +!!NO
uqjeuqjt!!uqjeOug!lix<xq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ohiVt<!!!!!
LV
!31/!ofikqgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!nke<!sqxh<Hh<!h{<Hgt<!biju@!
!!!!ofikq!uqjeOuglix<xk<kqe<!uqjeupqLjxjb!uquiq/!
• !ofikqgt<!Lh<hiqlie!njlh<jh!ogi{<m!sqg<gzie!Hvk!&zg<%Xgt</!
A
• !dbqiqer<gtqz<!fqgPl<!OukquqjegTg<G!uqjeB,g<gqbig!osbz<hMgqxK/!
• Sg<Ovij^!GTg<Ogi^<!lx<Xl<!0hvg<Omi^<!Ng!lix<Xl<!ofikq!-e<ui<Om^</!
K
ofikqgtqe<!sqxh<Hh<!h{<Hgt<!
• !Oki<f<K!osbzix<xg<!%cbju/!
• !hbEt<t!lx<Xl<!kqxEt<t!lix<xl<</!
• uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!216!lmr<Ggt<!Ough<hMk<Kgqe<xe/!
H
• !dgf<k!P !lx<Xl<!ouh<h!fqjzbqz<!nkqg!hm<s!Ougk<kqz<!fqgp<gqxK/!
• !ofikqgtqe<!osbz<him<jm!kMk<K!fs<Sh<hMk<k!LcBl</!
uqjeupqLjx!
!!!!!!!! !
!!!!!!E =!ofikq!!S =!uqjehMohiVt<!!ES =!gqti<U!nj{U! P = uqjtohiVt<!
!32/!fiOei!uqjeOug!lix<xl<!hx<xq!uquiq/!
• !nkqgOug!osbz<kqxEjmbK/!
• !lXSpx<sq!osb<bzil</!
• !Oki<f<okMg<gh<hm<m!lix<xl<!djmbK/!
• !gjvBl<!hzhck<kie!uqjeOug!lix<xqgt</!
• !Oll<hm<m!uqjts<sjz!kVl</!!
!33/!\qObijzm<!uqjeOug!lix<xk<kqe<!sqxh<Hh<!h{<Hgjt!uquiq/!
• \qObijzm<Mgt<!F{<Kjtgjt!djmb!hcgucu!fQOvxqb!nZlqOei!
sqzqOgm<Mgt<!NGl</!
• -ju!sqzqg<gie<!lx<Xl<!nZlqeqbl<!fie<Lgqgtiz<!Neju/!
• sqzqg<gie<!fie<G!-j{kqxe<gTl<,!nZlqeqbl<!&e<X!-j{kqxe<gTl<!
L
ogi{<cVh<hkiz<!-kqz<!nkqgtU!wkqi<lqe<Sjl!gi{h<hMgqxK/!
+ +
• -f<k!wkqi<lqe<Sjljb!fMfqjzbig<g!H !nz<zK!Na !Ohie<x!nbeqgt<!
A
gi{h<hMgqe<xe/!
+
• H ogi{<Mt<t!\qObijzm<Mgt<!uqjeOug!lix<xqgtig!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!!
D
ohm<Ovizqbk<kqzqVf<K!ohm<Oviz<!lx<Xl<!Csjzh<!hqiqk<okMg<gh<!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!
+
• Na ogi{<Mt<t!\qObijzm<Mgt<!giv!uqjeOug!lix<xqgtig!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!
A
• \qObijzm<Mgt<!ucu!okiqUk<!kqxEjmbK/!
IK
%p<lr<gt<!
!34/!%p<lg<!gjvsz<!lx<Xl<!gtq!Ngqbux<xqx<gqjmObBt<t!OuXhiMgt<!biju@!
LV
! !
! !!!%p<lg<!gjvsz<! !!!!!!!gtq!
!
! 2! hqiqjg!Dmgl<!.!fQi<ll<! hqiqjg!Dmgl<!.!kq{<ll<!
! 3! hqiqjg!fqjzjl!.!kq{<ll<! hqiqjg!fqjzjl!.!fQi<ll<!
A
! 4! w/gi/!.!-r<g,< !ohbq{<m<! w/gi/!.!ou{<o{b<,!hizijmg<!gm<c!

!!
K
!35/!gjvh<hie<!uqVl<Hl<!%p<lr<gt<,!gjvh<hie<!ouXg<Gl<!%p<lr<gjt!uqm!nkqg!!
!!!!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jl!uib<f<kju!We<@!
• gjvh<hie<!uqVl<Hl<!%p<lr<gtqz<!.!hqiqjg!fqjzjl!lx<Xl<!hqiqjg!Dmgl<!
-jmOb!uZuie!gui<s<sq!uqjs!gi{h<hMgqxK/!
• gjvh<hie<!ouXg<Gl<!%p<lr<gtqz<!.!hqiqjg!fqjzjl!lx<Xl<!hqiqjg!Dmgl<!
-jmOb!gui<s<sq!uqjs!-z<jz!
!36/!gQp<g<g{<m!%p<lk<Kgt<gtqe<!ucur<gjt!wPKg/!
n*!As2S3!!!N* Fe(OH)3!!!-*!W3O5
!!!n*!As2S3 .!Ogit!ucul<!!N* Fe(OH)3 .!km<M!ucul<!!-*!W3O5 .!k{<M!ucul<!!
!37/!%x<jx!hx<xq!gVk<Kjvg<g!:.!%p<ll<!we<hK!yV!Osi<ll<!nz<z/!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!nK!Osi<lk<kqe<!yV!fqjzbiGl</!
• ohiVtqe<!Kgt<!ntju!2.311nm!ntuqx<G!Gjxh<hke<!&zl<!njk!!!!
%p<llig!lix<xzil</!!
• %p<ll<!Kgt<gtqe<!dVutjuh<!ohiVk<K!njlgqxK/!
• %p<ll<!we<hK!hqiqjg!fqjzjl!lx<Xl<!hqiqjg!Dmgl<!ogi{<m!yVhck<kie!
gzjubiGl</!
• weOu!%p<ll<!we<hK!yV!Osi<ll<!nz<z/!nK!Osi<lk<kqe<!yV!fqjzbiGl</!
!38/!uQp<hcju!%p<lg<!gjvszig!lix<x!%p<llig<gq!Osi<g<gh<hMgqxK/!-g<%x<jx!uquiq/!!!!!
!!!!)nz<zK*!%p<llig<gz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi/!kVg/!
• kGf<k!lqe<hGtqjb!Osi<k<K!yV!uQp<hcju!%p<llig!lix<Xl<!osbz<!!
Sp<llig<gz<!weh<hMl</!
L
• w/gi/!!
A
!!!!!!! !!
D
!39/!c{<miz<!uqjtU!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• !%p<lk<Kgt<gt<!upqOb!ytqg<gx<jxjb!osZk<kqeiz<!ytqbqe<!kml<!Hzh<hMl</!
A
• !giv{l<!;!%p<lk<Kgt<gtqe<!ytq!sqkxcg<Gl<!h{<H/!!
• !-h<h{<H!c{<miz<!uqjtU!weh<hMl</!
IK
!3:/!hqovteqbe<!-bg<gl<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
!!!!hqiqjg!Dmgk<kqz<!%p<lk<Kgt<gt<!yPr<gqe<xq!kqiqBl<!osbz</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!giv{l<!;!hqiqjg!Dmgk<kqz<!%p<lk<Kgt<gt<!yPr<gqe<xq!OliKuK/!
LV
!41/!hqovteqbe<!-bg<gk<kqe<!hbe<gjt!wPKg/!
• nuOgm<Ovi!w{<j{!g{g<gqmzil</!
• %p<lr<gtqe<!fqjzh<Hk<!ke<jljb!nxqbzil</!
• -bg<guqbx<!ogit<jgjb!dXkqh<hMk<kzil</!
A
!42/!oaz<l<Oaiz<m<^<!-vm<jm!nMg<G!)hizl<*!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
• %p<lk<Kgtqe<!hvh<hqz<!Ofi<lqe<!nbeqgt<!hvh<H!guvh<hMukiz<!Ofi<lqe<Sjl!
K
nMg<G!dVuigqxK/!
• -f<k!nMg<G!wkqi<<lqe<Sjl!nbeqgjt!hvh<H!gui<ukiz<!-v{<miuK!nMg<G!!
dVuigqxK/!
• %p<lk<Kgt<gtqe<!lQKt<t!-k<kjgb!-vm<jmlqe<Sjl!nMg<G!oaz<l<Oaiz<m<^<!
!!-vm<jm!nMg<G!weh<hMl</!
!43/!WOEl<!yV!kqiqkz<!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg/!
• %p<lk<!Kgt<gtqe<!Kgt<!kqvm<mz<!lx<Xl<!ncbqz<!kr<Gl<!fqgp<U!kqiqkz<!NGl</!
lqe<Ljeg<!gui<s<sq!yV!kqiqkz<!LjxbiGl</!
• lqe<Lje!gui<s<sq!we<hK!lqe<Oeim<mk<jk!osZk<Kl<OhiK!%p<lk<Kgt<gt<!
lqe<Ljejb!Ofig<gq!fgVl<!osbz</!
!44/!lqe<eix<!su<U,M!hvuz<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
• %p<lg<!gjvsz<!fMfqjzk<!ke<jl!ogi{<mK/!
• weOu!gjvszqz<!dt<t!hqiqjg!Kgt<gtqe<!lqe<Sjlg<G!sllie!wkqi<!
lqe<Sjljb!Dmgl<!ohx<xqVg<Gl</!!
• %p<lk<Kgt<gtqe<!-bg<gl<!kjm!osb<bh<hMl<OhiK!lqe<Hzk<kqz<!%p<lk<Kgt<gt<!
fgVl<!kqjsg<G!wkqi<!kqjsbqz<!Dmgl<!fgVl</!
• lqe<Hzk<kqz<!hqiqjg!Dmgl<!fgVl<!-s<osbz<Ljx!lqe<eix<!su<U,M!hvuz<!
weh<hMl</!
!45/!%p<l!fqjzbqZt<t!Fe(OH)3!lx<Xl<!As2O3 Ngqbux<jx!ye<xig!gzg<Gl<OhiK!!
!!!!fqgp<uoke<e@!
!!!!Ofi<lqe<Sjl!ogi{<m Fe(OH)3!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<Sjl!ogi{<m!As2O3 Ngqbux<jx!!
L
!!!!ye<xig!gzg<Gl<OhiK!kqiqf<K!OhiGl</!
A
!46/!hcgivr<gt<!Osi<h<hkiz<!fQi<!Sk<kqgiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!We<@!
3+
! hcgivk<kqz<!dt<t!Al !nbeqgt<!fQiqz<!dt<t!liSg<gjt!kqiqbs<!osb<uke<!!
D
!!!!&zl<!fQi<!Sk<kqgiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!47/!fjeg<gh<hm<m!hcgivk<jk!Okb<g<Gl<!OhiK!-vk<kg<!gsqU!fqXk<kh<hMuK!We<@!
A
3+
! hcgivk<kqz<!dt<t!Al !nbeqgt<!-vk<kk<kqz<!dt<t!Hvkr<gjt!fMfqjzbig<gq!!
!!!!!kqiqbs<!osb<ukiz<!-vk<kg<!gsqU!fqXk<kh<hMgqxK/!
IK
!48/!Ofi<lqe<Sjl!lx<Xl<!wkqi<lqe<Sjl!ogi{<m!%p<lr<gTg<G!w/gi/!kVg/!
LV
!!! !
A
!49/!Oukq!Ljxbqz<!%p<lr<gt<!kbiiqk<kz<!
!!!!2/!-vm<jms<!sqjkU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K
!!!!!! !!!
!!!!3/!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
!!!!! !
!!!!!4/!yMg<gl<!
!
!!!!!5/!fQvix<hGk<kz<!!!!!!
!!!
!!
!4:/!hqiqjg!Ljxbqz<!%p<lr<gt<!kbiiqk<kz<!
!!!!2/!-bf<kqvk<kqz<!sqjkk<kz<!!
• !kq{<lk<Kme<!fQi<ll<!Osi<k<K!%p<l!Njzbqz<!-mh<hMgqxK/!
• !%p<l!Njzbqz<!ye<jxobie<X!okim<Mg<ogi{<M!wkqi<wkqi<!kqjsbqz<!!
!Spzg<%cb!-V!w0G!kgMgt<!dt<te/!
• !kq{<lk<!Kgt<gt<!%p<lk<Kgt<!ntuqx<G!njvg<gh<hm<M!hqiqjg!Dmgk<kqz<!!!
!Osi<k<K!%p<ll<!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!
• !w/!gi!.!%p<lgqvijhm<,!ns<Sjl!
!!!!3/!lqe<eix<<!sqjkk<kz<!
• sqxqktU!givl<!Ohie<x!fqjzh<Hg<!giv{q!dt<t!fQiqz<!&p<gqBt<t!dOzig!
lqe<uib<gTg<gqjmOb!lqe<uqz<!dVuig<gh<!hMgqxK/!
L
• fQi<!Gtqi<uqg<Gl<!gzeiz<!$ph<hm<Mt<tK/!
• lqe<uqz<zqe<!nkqghm<s!ouh<hfqjzbqz<!dOziglieK!Nuqbigq!Gtqi<f<k!fQiqz<!
A
Gtqi<uqg<gh<hMgqxK!!
• Ogiz<M,!sqz<ui<!Ohie<x!dOzigr<gtqe<!%p<lg<!gjvsz</!
D
!51/!hiz<lr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!ujggt<!biju@!
• !hiz<lr<gt<!fQi<l!.!fQi<l!%p<l!njlh<Hgt</!
A
• -v{<M!fQi<lr<gjt!gzg<Gl<OhiK!yV!fQi<ll<!lx<oxiV!fQi<lk<kqz<!hqiqjgbjmf<K!!
gqjmg<Gl<!%p<ll<!hiz<ll<!NGl</!
• !hiz<lr<gt<!-Vujgh<hMl<!
IK
!2/!w{<o{b<!hqiqjgbjmf<Kt<t!fQi<!)O/W!ujg*!!.!!hiz<!
!3/!fQi<!hqiqjgbjmf<Kt<t!w{<o{b<!)W/O!ujg*!!.!!gqiQl<!
!52/!hiz<lr<gtqe<!hbe<gt<!&e<X!%X/!
LV
• hiz<,!gqiQl,< !ou{<o{b<!.!hiz<lr<gt<!
• lg<eQsqb!hiz<ll<!.!ubqx<X!dhijkg<G!lVf<kig!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• K{qgjt!ouTg<g!hbe<hMl<!Osih<Hgtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• -vh<hi<!okipqzqz<!.!mbi<gt<,!cB,h<Hgt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
A
!53/!hiz<ls<!sqjkU!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!dk<kqgjt!wPKg/!
• !hiz<lr<gjt!-v{<M!keqk<keq!nMg<Ggtig!hqiqg<Gl<!osbz<Ljx!!
K
!hiz<ls<!sqjkU!weh<hMl</!
hiz<ls<!sqjkuqe<!dk<kqgt<!
• !yV!hGkqg<!%jx!lm<Ml<!uijzuck<kz</!
• !jlb!uqzg<G!uqjsjb!osZk<Kkz</!
• !lQobizq!njzgjt!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!
• !dbi<!nPk<kk<kqz<!ouh<hh<!hMk<Kkz<!
• !lqe<hGtqjbg<!Osi<k<K!lqe<Sjljbk<!kgi<k<kz</!!
!
“LcbiK?!-bziK!we< x !uii< k < j kgt<!!!!!!
li{ui< g tqe< ! ngvikqbqz< ! -Vg< g g< ! %miK”
!
22/!jam<vig<sq!Osi<lr<gt<!lx<Xl<!=ki<gt<!
!2/!jacOvi!OhiOvx<x!uqje!
!!!jmOhiOve<< + Nz<gQe<!!!!!!m<jv!Nz<jgz<!OhiOve<!!H2O2 /NaOH!!Nz<gaiz<!!
!! !
!! !
!3/!gqtqsvizqe<!fQi<!fQg<g!uqje!!)n*!ng<Ovizqe<!kbiiqk<kz<!!
!!!!gqtqsviz<!!!KHSO4 (n) nmi<!H2SO4 !!!ng<Ovizqe<!!!!
L
A
!!!!! !
D
4/!TNG kbiiqk<kz<!
A
IK
!!!! !
!5/!mu<!Ljx!)n*!GOtiOvi!ohe<sQeqz<!-Vf<K!hQeiz<!kbiiqk<kz<!!
LV
!!!GOtiOvi!ohe<sQje!givk<Kme<!ouh<hh<hMk<Kl<!OhiK!hQeiz<!gqjmh<hK/!!
!!!!C6H5Cl + NaOH 633 K C6HOH + NaCl !
!6/!JOsiHvh<jhz<!ohe<sQe<!)n*!gqBlqeqzqVf<K!hQeiz<!kbiiqk<kz<!!
A
K
!! !
!
!7/!hQeizqzqVf<K!ohe<sQe<!kbiiqk<kz<!
!!!hQeiz< +!\qr<g<!!!∆ ohe<sQe!
<
C6H5OH + Zn ∆ C6H6 + ZnO
!
P.KATHIRVEL, M.Sc, B.Ed, P.G. TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR, ERODE(Dt). Cell - 9150550110
Please
! send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
!
!8/!Ogiz<hqe<!uqje!
+
!!hQeiz< NaOH Osicbl<!!!CO2!!!!Osicbl<!!!!H / H2O!!!sizqsqzqg<!!!!!!!!
hQeig<jsM!!511K!!!!!sizqsqOzm<!!!!!!!!!!!!nlqzl<!
!!!! !
!9/!iQli<.!Cli<!uqje!!
!!!!hQeiz< CHCl3 / NaOH sizqsqziz<cjaM!!
L
A
!! !
!:/!hQeizqz<!-Vf<K!hqg<iqg<!nlqzl<!kbiiqk<kz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
D
!!!hQeiz<!!!nmi<!HNO3 / H2SO4!!!hqg<iqg<!nlqzl<!)3,5,7!-!m<jv!jfm<Ovi!hQeiz<*!!!!!!!!!
A
IK
< !! ! !! !!
!21/!hqeiz<0h<kzqe<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!)n*!kizqbe<!uqjejb!%X/!
LV
!!!!!hQeiz< + kizqg<!nlqz!fQiqzq!!nmi<!H2SO4!!!hqeiz<0h<kzqe<!!
A
K
!!!!! !
!!!
!22/!^<gim<me<!.!ohtle<!uqje!
!! !
!!
!!! KVh<hqck<Kk<!Okb<ujkuqm///"!djpk<K!Okb<uK!OlzieK//""!
!
Please
!
!23/!-j{h<H!uqjejb!wPK/!)nz<zK*!!hQeizqe<!sib!Osikjejb!wPK/!)n*!
!!!hQeijz!jmbOsieqbl<!GOtijvMme<!uqjehMk<k!we<e!fqgPl<@!!!!
!!! !!!
!24/!hQeizqe<!Ng<sq\Oex<x!uqje!
L
!!! !
A
!25/!hQeizqe<!Ng<sq\oeiMg<g!uqje!
D
!!!!
A !
!26/!hQeijz!neqzQeig!lix<Xkz<!
IK
!!!! !
LV
!27/!hQeiZg<gie!Osikjegjt!wPK/!)nz<zK*!
!!!Nz<gaiz<!lx<Xl<!hQeijz!OuXhMk<kq!nxqb!dkUl<!Osikjegt<!
• hQeiz<!fMfqjz!FeCl3!dme<!Dki!fqxk<jk!ogiMg< G l< !
A
• hQeiz<!ohe<sQe<!jmbOsieqbl<!GOtijvMme<!NvR<S!squh<H!fqx!sibl<!kVl</!
• HOvilqe<!fQjv!fqxlqpg<gs<!osb<Bl<</!
K
!28/!uqz<zqbl<se<!okiGh<H!Ljx!
!!!!Osicbl<!Nz<gig<jsM! +!Nz<jgz<!aijzM!!Nz<gaiz<!!!!=ki<!!!!
!!!!!CH3ONa + CH3Br Nz<gaiz<!!!CH3-O-CH3 + NaBr !
!29/!Osih<hig<Gkz<!uqje!
!!!!!kiuv!w{<o{b<!)n*!uqzr<G!ogiPh<H !NaOH!!!gqtqsviz<!+!Osih<H!!
!!!!! !!!!
!
Please
!
!2:/!dbqi<!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
!!!! !
• NAD!)fqOgicejlM!ncjee<!jmfqB,g<tqObijmM*!.!Ng<sq\Oex<xq!
• ADH (Nz<gaiz<!Cjam<Ovio\Oe^<!ofikq*!.!uqjeOuglix<xq/!!!!!!!!!!!
-K!fs<Sk<ke<jlBjmb!Nz<gaijz!fs<Sk<ke<jlbx<x!Nz<cjamig!
lix<XgqxK/!!
!31/!^<ui<e<!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
L
A
!!
!32/!gqjtg<gizqe<!fQi<!fQg<g!uqjegt<!
D !
A
!!!2/!gqjtg<gijz!884K!ouh<hh<hMk<k!=h<hig<jsjm!)Ng<sqOve<*!kVgqxK/!
IK
!!!!! !
!!!3/!gqjtg<gijz!fQvx<x!\qr<g<!GOtijvMme<!ouh<hh<hMk<k!Nz<cjajmk<!kVgqxK/!!!!!
LV
A
!!!!!! !
!!!4/!gqjtg<gijz!nmi<!H2SO4 dme<!uijzucg<Gl<OhiK!jmNg<Osjek<!kVgqxK/!
K
!!!!! !
!33/!-j{!lix<xqbl<!(olm<mi!oliqsl<*!
• yOv!&zg<%X!uib<him<jmBl<,!yOv!uqjek<!okiGkqjbBl<!ohx<Xt<tK/!!
• Ng<sq\e<!n[Ume<,!-Vhg<gLl<!-j{f<Kt<t!Nz<jgz<!okiGkq!liXhMgqxK/!
! !
!
Please
!
!34/!Yiqj{b,!=iqj{b,!&uqj{b!Nz< g aiz< g jt!OuXhMk<kqg<!gim<Ml<!!!!!!!!
Z~gi^< N b< U !
• &uqj{b!Nz< g aiz< ! !!!!!dmec!gzr< g z< k e< j l!
!!!! !
• =iqj{b!Nz< g aiz< ! !!!!!6.21!fqlqmr< g tqz< ! gzr< g z< k e< j l!
!
• Yiqj{b!Nz< g aiz< ! !!!!!ouh< h h< h Mk< k qeiz< ! lm< M l< ! gzr< g z< k e< j l!
L
!! !
!35/!Yiqj{b,!=iqj{b,!&uqj{b!Nz< g aiz< g jt!OuXhMk<kqg<!gim<Ml<!!!!!!!!
A
!!!!uqg< m i< ! Olbi< ! Nb< U !
!!Yiqj{b!Nz< g aiz< ! !!!!!squh< H !fqx!gjvsjz!ogiMg< G l< !
D
=iqj{b!Nz< g aiz< ! !!!!!!fQ z !fqx!gjvsjz!ogiMg< G l< !
&uqj{b!Nz< g aiz< ! !!!!!wf< k !fqx!gjvsjzBl< ! ogiMg< g iK/!
Yiqj{b!Nz< g aiz<
A
=iqj{b!Nz< g aiz< &uqj{b!Nz< g aiz<
CH 3 CH 2 - OH (CH 3 ) 2 CH - OH (CH 3 ) 3 C - OH
IK
P/I 2 P/I 2 P/I 2
CH 3 CH 2 - I (CH 3 ) 2 CH - I (CH 3 ) 3 C - I
LV
Ag NO 2 Ag NO 2 Ag NO 2
CH 3 CH 2 - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 2 CH - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 3 C - NO 2
A
)fqxlx< x K*
HONO HONO
K
HONO
CH 3 C - NO 2 (CH 3 ) 2 C - NO 2
  !!!uqje!-z< j z
NOH NO !
)fQ z fqxl< *
KOH
KOH
CH 3 C - NO 2
 !!!!uqje!-z< j z!!!!!!
NOK
)squh< H !fqxl< *
!
!
Please
!
23/!gii<hjez<!Osi<lr<gt<!lx<Xl<!gii<hig<sqzqg<!nlqzr<gt<!
!2/!Ovise<l{<m<!yMg<g!uqje!
!!!!nsqm<jmz<!GOtijvM!+!H2 Pd / BaSO4 nsqm<miz<cjaM!
!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Pd - uqjeOug!lix<xq! BaSO5!-!uqjeOug!fs<S!
!3/!^<Che<!uqje!
!!!! !
L
!4/!YOsie<!hGh<H!uqje!
A
!!!!nz<gQe<!+!YOsie< YOsijeM! Zn/ H2O Nz<cjaM!
D
A
IK
!! !
!5/!wmii<m<!uqje!
+
!!!!omiZuqe<!+!CrO2Cl2 CS2 / H3O ohe<siz<cjaM!
LV
!!!!!
A
!6/!gim<mi<lie<!.!%s<!uqje!
K
!!!!! !
!!!!!ohe<sQe<!!!!!!!!!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM!
!7/!0h<iQmz<!gqvih<m<^<!nsqm<jmOzx<x!uqje!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
C6H6 + CH3COCl fQvx<x!AlCl3 C6H5COCH3 + HCl !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ohe<sQe<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!nsqm<OmihQOeie<!
!8/!0h<iQmz<!gqvih<m<^<!ohe<jsOzx<x!uqje!!!!!!!!!!!!!
C6H6 + C6H5COCl fQvx<x AlCl3 C6H5COC6H5 + HCl !!!!!!!!!!!!!
ohe<sQe<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ohe<OsihQOeie<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
Please
!
!9/!0hii<lzqe<!we<hK!we<e@!nke<!hbe<!biK@!
• !51%!hii<liz<cjace<!fQi<g<gjvsz<!0hii<lzqe<!weh<hMl</!
• !hbe<gt<!;!!
!!!!2/!dbqiqbz<!likqiqgjt!hiKgig<g!!3/!Okiz<!hkeqMkzqz<!
!:/!Nz<cjajm!gQm<OmieqzqVf<K!OuXhMk<Kl<!Osikjegjt!wPKg/!!
• Nz<cjaM!.!mize<^<!giv{qjb!yMg<Gl<!)Ag+ → Ag)!
• 0ohzqr<!gjvsjz!yMg<Gl<!)Cu2+ → Cu)!
• oheqcg<!gjvsjz!yMg<Gl<!
• ]q0h<!giv{qbqe<!-tR<squh<H!fqxk<jk!kqVl<hh<!ohxs<osb<Bl</!
!21/!B,Ovim<vihqe<!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!nke<!hbe<!biK@!!
L
!!!!0hii<liz<cjaM +!nOlieqbi!!!!!!!B,Ovim<vihqe<!)oag<siolk<kqzqe<!omm<vlqe<*!
!!!!!!!!!6CH2O + 4NH3 (CH2)6N4 + 6H2O
A
!!!!!hbe<!;!2/!sqXfQvg!Hjv!kMh<hie</!!3/!RDX!oucohiVt<!kbiiqg<g!!
D
A
IK
!!!!!!!!!!!! !
!22/!nObiOmihii<l<!uqje!
LV
!!!! !
!23/!ohi<gqe<^<!uqje!
!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM +!nsqm<cg<!fQiqzq CH3COONa sqe<elqg<!nlqzl<!
C6H5CHO + CH3COOCOCH3 CH3COONa C6H5CH = CHCOOH +
A
CH3COOH
!24/!Ofiuf\z<!uqje!
K
!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM +!lOzieqg<!nlqzl< hqiqce< / – H2O, – CO2 sqe<elqg<!nlqzl<!!
! !
!25/!ohe<sibqe<!GXg<g!uqje!
!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM alc. KCN ohe<sibqe<!
!!! !
!
Please
!
!26/!gqjtse<!.!^<gqlqm<!uqje!
!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM +!nsqm<miz<cjaM dil. NaOH sqe<eliz<cjaM!
!!!! !
!27/!]qh<!givl<!kbivqk<kz<!
+
!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM +!neqzqe< H ohe<siz<!neqzqe<!)]qh<!givl<*!
!!! !
!28/!lizjgm<!hs<js!sibl<!
!!!!ohe<siz<cjaM +!N,N- jmolk<kqz<!neqzqe<!!nmi<!H2SO4 lizjgm<!hs<js!!
L
A
D
!!! !
!29/!gqtle<se<!yMg<gl<!
A
IK
!!!! !
!2:/!dz<h<!.!gq]<ei<!yMg<gl<!
LV
!!!! !
!31/!nsqm<Omije!hqegizig!lix<Xkz<!!!!
A
!!!!!!!!!!!!!CH 3 !!!CH 3 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!CH 3 !CH 3 !!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  Mg – Hg ! 
K
CH 3 -C + C-CH 3 + 2(H) H2O CH 3 -C – C-CH 3

   
O O OH OH
!!
!32/!hih0h<!uqkqjb!uquiq/!
!!!hih0h<!uqkqh<hc!sQi<jlbx<x!gQm<Omie<gjt!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!osb<Bl<OhiK,!!!!!!!!!!!
sqxqb!Nz<jgz<!okiGkqBme<!gQm<Omi!okiGkq!-j{f<kqVg<Gl<!ujgbqz<!!!!!!!!!
)C-CO*!hqj{h<H!hqtUXgqxK/!
!!!! !
!
Please
!
!33/!Ogiz<h<!lqe<eix<!hGH<H!–!gii<hig<sqz<!fQg<gl<!!
!!! !
!34/!w^<mvig<Gkz<!uqje!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!nsqm<cg<!nlqzl<<!+!olk<keiz<!!nmi<!H2SO4 olk<kqz<!nsqm<Om<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CH3COOH + CH3OH nmi<!H2SO4 CH3COOCH3 + H2O!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!35/!lix<X!w^<mvig<Gkz<!uqje!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
olk<kqz<!nsqm<Omm<<!+!wk<keiz<!!!H+!!!!wk<kqz<!nsqm<Om<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
L
CH3COOCH3 + C2H5OH H+ CH3COOC2H5 + CH3OH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!36/!gii<hig<sqzqg<!nlqzr<gTg<gie!Osikjegt<!!
• fQz!zqm<lj^!squh<hig!lix<XgqxK/!
D
• Na2CO3 dme<!Fjvk<Kh<!ohir<GgqxK/!
• Nz<gaiz<!dme<!nmi<!H2SO4 Le<eqjzbqz<!w^<mjvg<!ogiMg<gqxK/!!!
A
!37/!hii<lqg<!nlqzk<kqe<!yMg<Gl<!h{<hqje!uquiq!)nz<zK*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IK
!!!!hii<lqg<!nlqzl<!lx<x!nlqzr<gtqz<!-Vf<K!wu<uiX!OuXhMgqxK@!!
LV
!!!!! !
• !Nz<cjaM!lx<Xl<!gii<his<sqzqg<!nlqzk<!okiGkqgjt!ohx<Xt<tK/!
• !mize<^<!gv{qjb!yMg<Gl/<!
• !ohzqr<!gjvsjz!yMg<Gl</!
A
!38/!ohe<sibqg<!nlqzl<!0hqvQmz<!gqvi0h<m<!uqjeg<G!dm<hMukqz<jz/!giv{l<!%X/!
• ohe<sibqg<!nlqzl<!0hqvQmz<!gqvi0h<m<!uqjeg<G!dm<hMukqz<jz/!!
K
• giv{l<!.!gii<hig<sqzqg<!okiGkqbqe<!gqti<U!fQg<Gl<!ke<jl/!!
28. ohe<jsz<!GOtijvM! !NaOH ohe<jsz<!Nz<gaiz<
!
29. ohe<jsz<!Nz<gaiz<!!!!!!!!!ohe<sibqg<!nlqzl<!
!
Please
!
41/!nsqm<cg<!nlqzl<!!!!!!!!!nsqm<cg<!nlqz!fQiqzq!
!
!42/!GXg<G!Nz<miz<!GXg<g!uqje!upq!Ljx!!!!!!!!!!!!
!! !!!!!!!!!!!
!!
L
!43/!nsqm<miz<cjace<!Nz<miz<!GXg<g!uqje!upq!Ljx!
A
D
!!
A !
!!uqje!upqLjx!
IK
!!hc!- I :!HOvim<mie<!fQg<gl<!.!gii<he<!wkqvbeq!dVuikz<
LV
!!! !!!!!
!!hc!- II :!Nz<gig<jsM!nbeq!dVuikz<
A
K
!!!! !
!!hc!- III :!HOvim<mie<!Wx<xl<!.!Nz<miz<!dVuikz<!
!!! !
!
Please
!
!44/!gie<eqsiOvi!uqjebqe<!uqje!upq!Ljx
L
A
D
A
IK
!
!45/!ogiPh<H!nlqzr<gtqe<!giz<sqbl<!dh<Hg<gjt!gib<s<sq!uck<kz<!
!
LV
giz<sqbl<!hii<Olm< Δ hii<liz<cjaM!)olk<kez<*!
)giz<sqbl<!olk<kOeiObm<*!
Ca(COOH)2 Δ HCHO + CaCO3!
giz<sqbl<< hii<Olm< +!giz<sqbl<!nsqOmm< Δ nsqm<miz<cjaM!)wk<kez<*!
A
Ca(COOH)2 + Ca(COOCH3)2 Δ CH3CHO + 2CaCO3

!!giz<sqbl<!hii<Olm<!+!giz<sqbl<!ohe<OsObm< Δ ohe<siz<cjaM!
K
Ca(COOH)2 + Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5CHO + 2CaCO3

giz<sqbl<!nsqOmm< Δ nsqm<Omie<!!
)giz<sqbl<!wk<kOeiObm<*!
Ca(COOCH3)2 Δ CH3COCH3 + CaCO3!
giz<sqbl<!ohe<OsObm< Δ ohe<OsihQOeie<<!!
Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5COC6H5 + CaCO3!
!!giz<sqbl<!nsqOmm< +!giz<sqbl<!ohe<OsObm< Δ nsqm<OmihQOeie<!
Ca(COOCH3)2 + Ca(COOC6H5)2 Δ C6H5COCH3 + 2CaCO3!
!
Please
!
24/!giql!jfm<v\e<!Osi<lr<gt<!
!2/!aih<Ole<!-xg<g!uqje!
!! !
!3/!Ogh<iqbz<!kizqjlM!okiGh<H!Ljx!!!!!
L
A
D
!
!4/!GOtiOvi!hqg<iqe<!we<hK!biK@!wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!nke<!hbe<!biK@!
A
!!!GOtiOvi!hqg<iqe<!we<hK!m<jv!GOtiOvi!jfm<Ovi!lQk<Oke</!
!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IK
!!!!hbe<!.!F{<[bqiqg<!ogiz<zq!
!5/!jmbOsi!Ng<g!uqje!!
Gtqi<!fqjzbqz<!dt<t!Osicbl<!jfm<jvm<, HCl!z<!gjvg<gh<hm<m!neqzQEme<!
LV
uqjeHiqf<K!ohe<sQe<!jmbOsieqbl<!GOtijvjmk<!kVuK/!!!
! !!!!
!6/!gil<ohi<g<!ohg<Ole<!uqje!
A
K
!!! !!
!7/!gim<mi<Ole<!uqje!
!!! !
!8/!si{<m<Olbi<!uqje!
!!! !
!9/!gii<jhz<!nlQe<!uqje!)Yiqj{b!nlQje!g{<mxqBl<!Nb<U*!
!!! !!!!!!!!
!
Please
!
!:/!gMG!w{<o{b<!uqje!
!!! !
!21/!aih<Ole<!gMG!w{<o{b<!uqje!
!!!! !!!
!22/!oshim<cbi<!.!olb<z<aq!Ljx!
L
A
!!! !
!23/ouu<OuX!Dmgr<gtqz<!jfm<Ovi!ohe<sQeqe<!yMg<gl<!
!!
D !
A
!!!! !
IK
!! !
!!!! !
!! !!!!!!
LV
A
K
! !
!
Please
!
!24/!Yiqj{b,!=iqj{b,!&uqj{b!nlqe<gjt!OuXhMk<kqg<!gim<M/!
! Yiqj{b!nlqe<! =iqj{b!nlqe<! &uqj{b!nlqe<!
jfm<v^<!! N-!jfm<vOsi!nlqje! dh<Hgjt!
Nz<gaijz!kVgqxK!!
nlqzl<! kVgqxK! kVgqxK!
nsqm<jmz<!! N-!Nz<jgz<! N,N-!jm!Nz<jgz<!

uqje!-z<jz!
GOtijvM! nsqm<mjljm!kVgqxK! nsqm<mjljm!kVgqxK!
gii<jhz<!nlqe<!
CHCl3 / KOH uqje!-z<jz! uqje!-z<jz!
d{<migqxK!
Nz<jgz<!JOsikObi!
L
CS2 / HgCl2 uqje!-z<jz! uqje!-z<jz!
sbOem<!d{<migqxK!
A
!
!25/!CH3NO2!uib<h<him<cx<G!-v{<M!lix<xqbr<gt<!dt<te/!-u<uqv{<jmBl<!wu<uiX!
D
OuXhMk<Kuib<@!!)nz<zK*!!-br<G!slfqjz!lix<xqbl<!hx<xq!uquiq/!!
• jfm<Ovi!lQk<Okeqe<!-br<G!slfqjz!lix<xqbl<!
A
IK
!! !
• Yiqj{b,!=iqj{b!jfm<Ovi!Osi<lr<gt<!-br<G!slfqjz!lix<xqbr<gjth<!!
!!!!!!!ohx<Xt<te!!
LV
• &uqj{b!jfm<Ovi!Osi<lr<gtqz<!α- H n[ -z<jz/!weOu! -br<G!slfqjz!!!!

!!!!!!!lix<xqbr<gjth<!ohx<xqVh<hkqz<jz/!
!26/!C4H9NO2!we<x!&zg<%X!uib<h<him<cz<!njlBl<!njek<K!lix<xqbr<gjtBl<!!!
A
!!!!wPkq!IUPAC!ohbiqMg/!!
!
K
CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -NO2!

! ! !
!!!2!.!jfm<Ovi!hqB,m<Ome<! !3!.!jfm<Ovi!hqB,m<Ome<!!3.!olk<kqz<.2.jfm<Ovi!!!
!!!!!!!!!!Hvh<Ohe<!
!!!!!!
!!!!CH3 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -O -N = O
!!!!!!!!!!!!
!! ! !!!!!hqB,m<jmz<!jfm<jvm<!
3.olk<kqz<.3.jfm<Ovi!Hvh<Ohe<!
!
Please
!
25/!dbqiqbz<!&zg<%Xgt<
!2/!gii<Ohijam<Ovm<Mgjt!kg<g!sie<Xme<!ujgh<hMk<K!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!gii<Ohijam<Ovm<Mgt<!
! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!si<g<gjvgt<! ! !!!!!!! !!!!!!si<g<gjv!-z<zikju!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Yi<!-e!hzhc!!!hz-e!hzhc!!!!!!!
yx<jx!si<g<gjvgt<!!!!!!yzqOgi!si<g<gjvgt<!!!!!si<g<gjv!!!!!!!!si<g<gjv!!!!!!!!!
L
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!-vm<jm!!!!!Ll<jl!!!!!!omm<vi!!!!!........!!!!!!!!
si<g<gjvgt<!!si<g<gjvgt<!!si<g<gjvgt<!!!!!!!!!!
D
)Sg<Ovi^<*!!!)vihqOei^<*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!Nz<OmiSgt<!!gQm<OmiSgt<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
)GTg<Ogi^<*!)0h<vg<Omi^<*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
A
!3/!hqe<uVuex<jx!OliOei!sig<gjvMgt<,!yzqOgi!sig<gjvMgt<!lx<Xl<!!
IK
!!!!hizq!sig<gjvMgt<!we!ujgh<hMk<K/!
2/!GTg<Ogi^<, !0h<vg<Omi^<!.!OliOei!sig<gjvMgt<!
! 3/!Sg<Ovi^<,!!zig<Omi^<, liz<Omi^<!.!yzqOgi!sig<gjvMgt<!
! 4/!^<miv<s,< !!osz<ZOzi^<!.!hizq!sig<gjvMgt<!
!4/!gii<Ohijam<Ovm<Mgt<!ohiKuig!ytqSpx<Xl<!ke<jljb!ohx<Xt<te/!We<@!
LV
• gii<Ohijam<Ovm<Mgtqz<!ye<X!nz<zK!nkx<Gl<!Olx<hm<m!sQi<jlbx<x!
gii<he<gt<!-Vh<hkiz<!nju!ytqSpx<Xl<!ke<jljb!ohx<Xt<te/!
n
• sQi<jlbx<x!gii<he<gt<!n!weqz<!lix<xqbr<gt<!3 !
• GTg<Ogi^qz<!dt<t!sQi<jlbx<x!gii<he<gt<!5!lix<xqbr<gt<!27/!
A
!5/!gii<Ohijam<Ovm<Mgtqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!
• GTg<Ogi^<!.!dmec!Nx<xz<!&zl<!
K
• osz<ZOzi^<!.!gigqkl<,!lvs<silie<gt<!osb<b!hbe<hMgqxK/!
• kiuvr<gt<,!uqzr<Ggtqe<!.!Nx<xz<!&zr<gt<,!gm<mjlh<H!hzhcgt<!
• leqk!dmzqz<!.!gqjtOgi\eigUl<,!kiuvr<gtqz<!^<mii<s<sigUl<!
Oslqg<gh<hMgqxK!
!6/!hqe<uVl<!si<g<gjv!D!.!si<g<gjvbi!nz<zK!L!.!si<g<gjvbi@!
!!!!!!!!! !!L!–!si<g<gjv!
!
Please
!
!7/!!α - D - GTg<OgijhvOei^<, β - D - GTg<OgijhvOei^<!njlh<H!
!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !
!8/!!α – D - 0h<vg<OmijhvOei^<, β - D - 0h<vg<OmijhvOei^<<!njlh<H!
L
A
D
!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!! !
!9/!ohh<jmM!hqj{h<H!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/! A
!!!Lkz<!nlqOei!nlqzk<kqe<!gii<hig<sqz<!okiGkq,!-v{<mil<!nlqOei!nlqzk<kqe<!!
!!!nlqOei!okiGkqBme<!uqjehm<M!ohh<jmM!hqj{h<H!dVuigqxK/!
IK
LV
!! !!
!:/!nzeqeqe<!Suqm<mi<!nbeq!njlh<jh!ujvg/!
A
K
!!!!!!!! !
!21/!Hvkr<gtqe<!Lkz<fqjz!lx<Xl<!-v{<mil<!fqjz!njlh<Hgjt!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! !!Lkz<fqjz!njlh<H! !!!-v{<mil<!fqjz!njlh<H!
2! hizqohh<jmM!sr<gqzqbqz<! hizqohh<jmM!sr<gqzqbqz<!nlqOei!
nlqOei!nlqzr<gtqe<!njluqm! nlqzr<gt<!gii<hjez<!.!Ng<sq\Eg<Gl<,!
uiqjsbiGl</! nlqOei.!jam<v\Eg<Gl<!-jmOb!
jam<v\e<!hqj{h<jh!dVuig<GgqxK/!!!
3! Hvkr<gtqe<!ym<M!olik<k! Kj{!njlh<Hgt<!.!
njlh<H!lx<Xl<!osbz<him<jm!! !!α!.!SVt<,!!β!.!SVt<!
lix<XgqxK/!Kj{!njlh<Hgt<!
-z<jz/!
!
Please
!
!22/!Hvkr<gtqe<!ujggjt!uqtg<Gg/!
!!!!Hvkr<gt<!-V!ujgh<hMl</!2/!-jph<!Hvkr<gt<!!3/!GOtiHzi<!Hvkr<gt<!
!!!!2/!-jph<!Hvkr<gt<!
• Ofi<Ogim<M!njlh<jh!ohx<Xt<te/!
• fQiqz<!gjvbiK/!
• jmsz<jhM!.!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<hiz<!hqj{g<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
• w/gi/!.!ogvice<,!ogiz<zi\e</!!
!!!!3/!GOtiHzi<!Hvkr<gt<!
• Ogitucu!njlh<jh!ohx<Xt<te/!
• fQiqz<!gjvBl</!
L
• uqjeB,g<gs<!osbz<hiMgjt!ogi{<Mt<tK/!
•
A
w/gi/!.!-e<Szqe<,!ofikqgt</!
!23/!α!.!SVt<!dVuikz<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
D
• α!.!SVt<!Hvkr<gtqe<!-v{<mil<!fqjz!Kj{!njlh<Hgt<!
• nlqOei!nlqzr<gt<!osr<Gk<K!SVt<!njlh<hqz<!njlg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
A
• 2.uK!nlqOei!nlqz!gii<hjez<!.!Ng<sq\Eg<Gl<,!6.uK!nlqOei!nlqz!
nlqOei!.!jam<v\Eg<Gl<!-jmOb!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<jh!dVuig<GgqxK/!
• nlqOei!nlqzr<gtqe<!hg<gs<!sr<gqzqgt<!SVtqe<!outqOb!fQm<cg<!
IK
ogi{<Mt<te/!!
• -ke<!yu<ouiV!Sx<xqZl<!Slii<!4/7!nlqOei!nlqz!%Xgt<!dt<te/!
o
-ke<!fQtl<!6/5!A !
LV
!24/!Hvkr<gtqe<!-bz<hqpk<kz<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!
• Hvkr<gtqe<!Lh<hiqli{!njlh<hqz<!jam<v\e<!hqj{h<H,!fQi<!uqzg<Gl<!lx<Xl<!
fqjzlqe<eqbz<!-jmbQMgt<!gi{h<hMgqe<xe/!
H
• dbi<!ouh<hfqjz nz<zK gjvszqe<!P J!lix<Xukiz<!-f<k!-jmbQMgjt!
A
sqjkg<gLcBl</!
• -ju!Lh<hiqli{!njlh<jh!-pg<gs<!osb<gqxK/!
K
• yV!Hvkl<!nke<!Lkz<fqjz!njlh<H!hikqg<gh<hmilz<!dbi<fqjz!njlh<jh!
lm<Ml<!-pg<Gl<!fqgp<U!-bz<hqpk<kz<!weh<hMl</!
• -keiz<!dbqiqbz<!osbz<hiMgt<!Lx<xqZl<!-pg<gh<hMgqxK/!
!25/!Hvkr<gtqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk!wPKg/!
• &zg<%Xgtqe<!-bg<gk<jk!gm<Mh<hMk<KgqxK/!
• d{i<Oux<hqgtig!osbz<hMgqxK/!
• -Vl<H!Ohie<x!dOzigr<gjt!Oslqg<gqxK/!
• -e<Szqe<!-vk<k!si<g<gjv!ntju!gm<Mh<hMk<KgqxK/!
• hz<OuX!Ofib<gtqz<!-Vf<K!hiKgig<gqxK/!
!!
!
Please
!
!26/!ofikqgt<!ujvbX/!
• ofikqgt<!Lh<hiqlie!njlh<jh!ogi{<m!sqg<gzie!Hvk!&zg<%Xgt</!
• dbqiqer<gtqz<!fqgPl<!OukquqjegTg<G!uqjeB,g<gqbig!osbz<hMgqxK/!
• uqjebqe<!Ougk<jk!216!lmr<Ggt<!Ough<hMk<Kgqe<xe/!
• Sg<Ovij^!GTg<Ogi^<!lx<Xl<!0hvg<Omi^<!Ng!lix<Xl<!ofikq!-e<ui<Om^</!
!27/!dbqiqer<gtqz<!zqhqm<Mgtqe<!osbz<hiMgt<!biju@!
• !zqh<hqm<Mgt<!osz<gtqe<!yVr<gqj{f<k!Ng<gg<%Xgt</!
• !dbqi<!njlh<Hgtqe<!Nx<xz<!&zr<gt</!
• !fQi<uip<!dbqvqer<gtqe<!hiKgih<H!nMg<Ggt</!
• !-j{h<H!kqSg<gtqz<!hiKgih<H!nMg<Ggt</!
L
• !ogiPh<H!uti<sqjk!lix<xk<kqz<!hiz<lg<giv{qgt</!
A
!28/!jum<mlqe<gt<!wu<uiX!ujgh<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe@!
!!!!2/!ogiPh<hqz<!gjvBl<!jum<mlqe<gt<!
D
• -f<k!jum<mlqe<gt<!ogiPh<H!d{Ume<!dxqR<sh<hMgqe<xe/!
• gz<zQvzqz<!Oslqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!
• -ju!fQiqz<!gjvukqz<jz/!
• w/gi.!jum<mlqe<gt<!A, D, E, K!
A
!!!!3/!fQiqz<!gjvBl<!jum<mlqe<gt<!
IK
• -ux<jx!Oslqg<g!-bziK/!!
• w/gi.!jum<mlqe<gt<!B )B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12 *!lx<Xl<!C.
!29/!hqe<uVl<!Gjxhim<M!Ofib<gjt!dVuig<Gl<!jum<mlqe<gtqe<!ohbi<gjt!wPKg/!
LV
Gjxhim<M!Ofib<gt<! jum<mlqe<gt<!
lijzg<GVM! A
ohiqohiq! B1
A
-vk<kOsijg! B12
K
^<gi<uq! C
vqg<gm<^<! D
-vk<kl<!djxkz<! K
!
!2:/!aii<Olie<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi/!kVg/!
• aii<Olie<gt<!kqSuqeiz<!Svg<gh<hm<M!-vk<k!Ym<mk<kqz<!gzg<gh<hMl<!giqls<Osi<ll<!!
• -K!lx<x!osz<gtqz<!dmzqbz<!Kzr<gjt!K~{<MgqxK/!
• -K!osz<gTg<gqjmOb!slqg<jR!&zg<%xiGl</!
• w/gi/!.!-e<Szqe<,!^<Cvib<M/!!
!
Please
!
!31/!aii<Olie<gt<!lx<Xl<!jum<mlqe<gTg<gqjmObBt<t!OuXhiMgt<!biju@!
! !!!!aii<Olie<gt<! !!!!!!jum<mlqe<gt<!
2! kqSuqeiz<!Svg<gh<hMgqxK! d{uqe<!&zl<!gqjmg<gqxK!
3! Hvkr<gtigOui,!^<Cvib<MgtigOui! Kj{!ofikqgtig!osbz<hMgqe<xK/!
osbz<hMgqe<xK/!
4! -K!lx<x!osz<gtqz<!dmzqbz<! -K!dbqi<!njlh<Hgtqz<!yV!
Kzr<gjt!K~{<MgqxK/! Gxqh<hqm<m!osbjzs<!osb<gqe<xK/!
5! w/gi/!.!-e<Szqe<,!^<Cvib<M.! w/gi/!.!A, B, C, D, E, K!
!32/!DNA – RNA!OuXhMk<Kg/!
! DNA! RNA!
L
2! -vm<jm!-jp!&zg<%X/! yx<jx!-jp!&zg<%X!
A
3! -ke<!uip<fit<!nkqgl<! -ke<!uip<fit<!GjxU!
4! c!Ng<Osi!vqOhi^<!si<g<gjv! vqOhi^<!si<g<gjv!
D
5! fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!djmbK! fqjzh<Hk<ke<jl!nx<xK!
6! kieigOu!-vm<ch<hjmBl<! kieigOu!-vm<ch<hjmbiK!
A
!33/!osz<zqz<!gi{h<hMl<!RNA uqe<!ujggt<!biju@!
!!!!2/!vqOhiOsil<!RNA !!3/!K~K!RNA !!4/!-mlix<X RNA
IK
(r-RNA) (m-RNA) (t-RNA)
!34/!wu<ujgbie!hqj{h<Hgt<!DNA!uqZt<t!yx<jx!nzGgjt!ye<xig!-Vg<g!
juk<Kt<te@!
!!!!DNA!&zg<%xqz<!yV!fqBg<tqObijmce<!3’ OH!lx<Xl<!lx<oxiV!
LV
fqBg<tqObijmce<!5’ OH !-jmOb!dVuiGl<!hi^<Ohi!jmw^<mi<!hqj{h<H!
DNA!uqZt<t!yx<jx!nzGgjt!ye<xig!-Vg<g!juk<Kt<te!
!35/!DNA!Ovjgh<!hkqU!hx<xq!uquiq!
• DNA!Ovjgh<!hkquieK!keq!fhi<gTg<gqjmOb!dt<t!olz<zqb!giv!uiqjs!
A
OuXhim<jm!nch<hjmbigg<!ogi{<mK/!!
• -l<Ljxbqz<!-vk<kl<,!lbqiqjp!Ohie<x!likqiqgtqzqVf<K!ohxh<hm<m!&zg<%xieK!
K
-jpbqe<!ns<sqz<!ofikqgjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!Gxqh<hqm<m!Ht<tqgtqz<!oum<mh<hMgqxK/!
-keiz<!fQtlie!DNA!K{<mr<gt<!gqjmg<gqe<xe/!!
• -k<K{<mr<gt<!o\z<!lqe<Ljeg<gui<s<sq!okipqz<!Fm<hk<kqz<!Nvibh<hMgqe<xe/!
• DNA!K{<mr<gjt!ogi{<Mt<t!o\z<!yx<Xkz<!Ljxbqz<!jfzie<!gigqkk<kqx<G!
lix<xh<hMgqxK/!!
• hqe<ei<!-f<k!K{<mr<gt<!sqxqb!X.gkqv<!kgm<Mg<G!nVgqz<!jug<gh<hm<M!
kx<gkqi<uQs<S!ujvhm!Ljxg<G!dm<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!
• gkqiqbg<g!szijg!-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<t!WkiuokiV!Ht<tqbqz<!gVl<Ht<tq!
dVuigqxK/!-h<Ht<tqgtqe<!dVh<hculieK!lx<x!likqiqgTme<!yh<hqmh<hMgqxK/!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!
Please
!
!36/!GTg<Ogi^<!lx<Xl<!0h<vg<Omisqe<!njlh<H!
!!!!!!!GTg<Ogi^<! !!!!!!0h<vg<Omi^<!!!
&zg<%X!uib<h<hiM!C6H12O6 &zg<%X!uib<h<hiM!C6H12O6 !
P/HI dme< n- oag<Osje!kVgqxK/! P/HI dme< n- oag<Osje!kVgqxK/!
weOu!-kqz<!7!gii<he<!n[g<gt<! weOu!-kqz<!7!gii<he<!n[g<gt<!
dt<tK/ dt<tK/
fQVme<!fMfqjzg<!gjvsjzk<! fQVme<!fMfqjzg<!gjvsjzk<!kVukiz<!
kVukiz<!-COOH okiGkq!-z<jz/ -COOH okiGkq!-z<jz/!
hqiqce<!Le<eqjzbqz<!nsqm<cg<!nlqz! hqiqce<!Le<eqjzbqz<!nsqm<cg<!nlqz!
fQiqzqBme<!ohe<mi!nsqOmm<jm! fQiqzqBme<!ohe<mi!nsqOmm<jm!kVukiz<!
L
kVukiz<!5- OH!okiGkq!-Vg<gzil</! 5- OH!okiGkq!-Vg<gzil</!
A
NH2OH!lx<Xl<!HCN!dme<! NH2OH!lx<Xl<!HCN!dme<!
uqjeHvqukiz<! gii<hjez<!okiGkq! uqjeHvqukiz<! gii<hjez<!okiGkq!
D
-Vg<gzil</ -Vg<gzil</
mize<^<!gv{q!lx<Xl<!0ohzqr<! A mize<^<!gv{q!lx<Xl<!0ohzqr<!
gjvsjz!yMg<Gukiz<!– CHO! gjvsjz!yMg<giK/!weOu!– CHO!
okiGkq -Vg<gzil</ okiGkq!-z<jz
IK
HOvilqe<!fQVme<!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<!
osb<kiz<!GTOgieqg<!nlqzl<! Na/Hg/H2O ogi{<M!hGkq!yMg<gl<!
gqjmg<gqxK/!weOu!– CHO!okiGkq! osb<kiz<!sii<hqm<miz<,!lieqmiz<!
&zg<%xqe<!yV!Ljebqz<! whqli<gtqe< gzju!gqjmg<gqxK/!weOu!
-Vg<gzil</ gQm<Omie<!okiGkq!dXkqbigqxK/
LV
nmi<!HNO3!ogi{<M!Ng<sq\Oex<xl<! HNO3!.eiz<!Wx<xljmf<K!gqjtg<gizqg<!
osb<Bl<OhiK!sig<giqg<!nlqzk<jk! nlqzl<!lx<Xl<!mii<miiqg<!nlqzg<!
kVukiz<!yV!Yiqj{b!Nz<gaiz<! gzju!gqjmg<gqxK/!weOu!-kqz<!-CO!
okiGkq!dt<tK/ okiGkq!C-2!gii<heqz<!-Vg<gzil</
A
K
!! ! !!!! !
!
!
Please
!
26/!ne<xim!uip<uqz<!Oukqbqbz<!
!2/!lVf<K!ohiVm<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nju!wu<uiX!ujgh<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe@!
• lVf<K!ohiVm<gt<!we<hK!njk!ohXhuiqe<!dmzqbz<!njlh<jh!nz<zK!!!
OfiBx<x!fqjzjb!lix<xg<%cb!Osi<lr<gt</!!
• lVf<Kgtqe<!ujgh<hiM!!
!2/!Oukq!njlh<hqe<!nch<hjm/!
!3/!lVf<kqbz<!uqjtuqe<!njlh<hqe<!nch<hjm/!
!4/!-zg<G!njlh<hqe<!nch<hjm/!
!3/!le!njlkqh<hMk<kqgt<!dmzqz<!wu<uiX!osbz<Hiqgqe<xe@!
• &jtbqZt<t!Omijhe<!wEl<!fvl<Hk<!K~{<mz<!gmk<kqjb!Lmg<Guke<!&zl<!!!
!!!!!!jlb!fvl<H!l{<mzk<kqe<lQK!osbz<Hiqgqe<xe/!
L
• le!djts<sz<,!K~g<glqe<jlg<G!sqgqs<js!ntqk<kz<!
• !Lg<gqb!le!njlkqh<hMk<kqgt<!.!GOtisjhe<,!OaOziohiqmiz</!
A
• !sqxqb!le!njlkqh<hMk<kqgt<!.!Ouzqbl<,!Nz<h<viOsizl</!
D
!4/!uzq!fquiv{qbigUl<,!gib<s<sz<!lVf<kigUl<!hbe<hMl<!Osi<lr<gt<!!
• !N^<hqiqe<!!)nsqm<jmz<!sizqsqzqg<!nlqzl<*!
• !hivisqm<mliz<!)nsqm<mlqOei0hQe<*!
A
!5/!N^<hqiqe<,!hivisqm<mlizqe<!&zg<%X!njlh<H!uib<hiM!kVg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
IK
!!!!!!!!!!!!N^<hqiqe<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!hivisqm<mliz<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
)nsqm<jmz<!sizqsqzqg<!nlqzl<*!!!!!!!)nsqm<mlqOei0hQe<*!!
LV
!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!

!6/!Ohjk!kVl<,!Ohjk!kvik!lVf<K!ohiVm<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi!kVg/!
• uzqfquiv{qgt<!)Ohijk!kvikju*!!!
A
d{i<ju!hikqg<gilz<!uzqjb!lm<Ml<!Gjxh<hju!.!N^<hqiqe<!
• Yhqbib<Mgt<!)Ohijk!kVhju*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K
uzqjb!fQg<gq!K~g<gk<jk!ogiMh<hju!.!lii<hqe<,!ogig<jge<!/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
lqgg<!Gjxf<k!ntU!Ogili!lx<Xl<!dbqiqpk<kjz!dVuig<Gl</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!7/!nlqz!fQg<gqbqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!biK@!
• ubqx<X!wiqs<sjz!fQg<gh<!hbe<hMl<!lVf<Kh<!ohiVm<gt<!nlqz!fQg<gqgt</!
• w/gi/!!olg<eQsqbl<!jam<vig<jsM,!nZlqeqbl<!jam<vig<jsM!
!8/!wkqi<!dbqiqgt<!)n*!F{<[bqi<!wkqiqgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• hig<Ciqbi,!H,R<jstqz<!-Vf<K!gqjmg<Gl<!sqz!Oukqh<ohiVm<gt<!!!!!
F{<[bqiqgtqe<!uti<sqjk!lix<xk<jk!kMg<gqe<xe/!
• w/gi/!:!ohe<sqzqe<!
• hbe<gt<!:!fqOlieqbi!Svl<,!Suis!dXh<H!Ofib<gjt!G{h<hMk<k/!!
!
Please
!
!9/!yu<uijl!LxqU!lVf<Kgt<!hx<xq!uquiq/!
• !yu<uijl!uqjtUgtqz<!-Vf<K!fquiv{l<!ntqh<hju/!
• !w/gi/!osm<iq\qe<,!zQOui!osm<iq\qe<!!
!:/!Hjv!kMh<hie<gt<!wu<uiX!gqVlq!fisqeqgtqmlqVf<K!OuXhMgqxK@!
!!!Hjv!kMh<hie<gt<!
• !F{<[bqi<gtqe<!uti<s<sqjb!kMg<gqxK/!!
• !dbqVt<t!kqSg<gtqe<!lQK!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!
• !w/gi!.!nObice<!!
!!!gqVlq!fisqeq!
• !F{<[bqi<gtqe<!uti<s<sqjb!kMg<gqxK/!!
• !dbqvx<x!ohiVm<gtqe<!lQK!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/!
L
• !w/gi!.!GOtiiqe<!!
A
!21!gVk<kjm!lVf<K!ohiVm<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• gVk<kiqk<kjz!kMg<g!dkUl<!okiGh<H!aii<Olie<gt</!!
D
• -ju!gVk<kjm!lik<kqjvgtqz<!hbe<hMgqxK/!!
• w/gi/!.!okiGh<H!=^<Ovi\e<, okiGh<H!Hovi\^<m<Ovie</!
A
!22!d{U!hkeh<!ohiVm<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• !F{<[bqi<gtqe<!uti<s<sq!giv{lig!ofikqk<kz<!lx<Xl<!d{U!ogMl<!!
IK
!osbz<Ljxgjtk<!kMg<Gl<!kqxEt<t!Oukqh<ohiVm<gt<!!
• !nsqm<cg<!nlqzl<!.!DXgib<!kbiiqh<hqz<!
!!!!!!Osicbl<!olm<mi!jhsz<jhm<!.!gib<gxqgt<,!hpr<gjt!hkh<hMk<k!
!23/!wkqi<!Ng<sq\Oex<xqgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
LV
!!!!d{Uh<!ohiVm<gt<!Ng<sq\Oex<xljmf<K!Dsqh<Ohikjzk<!kMg<Gl<!Osi<lr<gt</!
!w/gi.! BHT )hqBm<jmz<!jam<vig<sq!omiZuqe<<*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!BHA )hqBm<jmz<!jam<vig<sq!neqOsiz<<*!
A
!24/!osbx<jg!-eqh<H!SjuB,m<cgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• !-eqh<Hs<Sju!djmb,!Dm<ms<sk<K!-z<zik!okiGh<Hs<!Osi<lr<gt<!!
K
• !w/gi/!-!sig<iqe<,!mz<sqe</!
!25/!si<g<gjv!OfibitqgTg<gie!-eqh<Hgt<!kbivqg<gh<hbe<hMl<!-eqh<H!SjuB,m<c!wK@!!
• !-eqh<Hs<Sju!ohXukx<gig!sv<g<gjvgjth<!Ohiz!hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<!Osi<lr<gt</!
• !-ju!si<g<gjv!hkqzqgt<!weh<hMl</!
• !-ju!-e<Szqe<!dkuq!-z<zilOzOb!uti<sqjk!lix<xk<kqx<G!dm<hMgqe<xe/!
• !w/gi!.!sii<hqmiz<,!lieqmiz</!
!26/!Osih<Hgt<!We<!gce!fQiqz<!osbz<Hiqukqz<jz@!
!!!!gce!fQiqz<!dt<t!giz<sqbl<,!olg<eQsqbl<,!-Vl<H!Ohie<x!kiK!ohiVm<gt<!!!
!!!!Osih<hqe<!&zg<%Xme<!uqjeHiqf<K!fQiqz<!gjvbik!uQp<hcju!kVgqxK/!!!!!!!!
!!!!-keiz<!K{qgtqz<!nPg<G!OhiuK!gceligqxK/!
!
Please
!
!27/!okiGh<H!cmi<o\{<m<gt<!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!okiGh<H!cmi<o\{<m<gt<!Nz<jgz<!jam<v\e<!sz<Ohm<Mgtqe<!Osicbl<!dh<Hg<gt</!
!!!!-ke<!4!ujggt<!!
!!!!2/!wkqvb{q!cmi<o\{<m<gt<!.!Osicbl<!zijvz<!sz<Ohm<!!
!!!!3/!Ofvb{q!cmi<o\{<m<gt<!.!n.oag<si!omg<jgz<!m<jvolk<kqz<!NH4Cl
!!!!4/!nbeqk<ke<jlbx<x!cmi<o\{<m<gt<!.!ohe<mi!wiqk<iqjmz<!^<cbOvm<!!!!!!!
!28/!Osih<Hgt<!lx<Xl<!cmi<o\{<m<gtqe<!nPg<G!fQg<Gl<!osbz<him<cje!uquiq/!
!!!!!!!!! !
L
• Osih<hqz<!dt<t!hiz<lqOmm<!nbeq!-VLje!njlh<jh!ogi{<Mt<tK/!
2/!Ljeux<x!hGkq!.!jam<Ovi!gii<he<!hGkq!
A
3/!LjeUh<!hGkq!.!gii<hig<sqz<!hGkq!
• jam<Ovi!gii<he<!hGkqbieK!fQjv!ouXg<Gl<!ke<jl!ogi{<mK/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
D
-K!w{<o{b<!lx<Xl<!hqSg<gqz<!gjvgqxK/!Neiz<!fQiqz<!gjvukqz<jz/!
• gii<hig<sqz<!hGkqbieK!fQjv!uqVl<Hl<!ke<jl!ogi{<mK/!!
A
• K{qgtqz<!Osih<jh!Okb<g<Gl<OhiK!jam<Ovi!gii<he<!hGkqbieK!w{<o{b<!
lx<Xl<!hqSg<gqz<!gjvgqxK/!
IK
• gii<hig<sqz<!hGkqbieK!hqSg<gqe<!Olx<hGkqbqz<!outqOb!fQm<cg<ogi{<Mt<tK/!
-K!fQiqeiz<!uZuig!guvh<hMgqxK/!-ke<!giv{lig!sqxqb!
F{<ogiPh<Hh<ohiVt<!kqujz!dVuigqxK/!
• K{qgjt!fQiqz<!nzSl<OhiK!-f<k!F{<ogiPh<Hh<ohiVm<gt<!K{qgtqz<!-Vf<K!!
LV
uqMhm<M!fQVme<!outqObXgqxK/!!
!29/!-vh<hi<!dvEim<mz<!)n*!uz<gjebig<gz<!we<xiz<!we<e@!
• -bx<jg!-vh<hjv!2.21!% sz<hi<!Osi<k<K!211!.!2611!C!ouh<hh<hMk<Kl<!OhiK!
-vh<hiqe<!sq^<.2,5.hizq!JOsihqiqe<!sr<gqzqgt<!jmsz<jhM!hqj{h<Hgtiz<!GXg<gh<!
A
hqj{g<gh<hMgqe<xe/!-kx<G!uz<gjebig<gz<!we<X!ohbi</!
• 2.4!% sz<hjv!ogi{<Mt<t!-vh<hi<!lqVKuieK,!fQTl<!ke<jlBjmbK/!!
K
• 4.21!% sz<hjv!ogi{<Mt<t!-vh<hi<!gceliieK,!ofgqPl<!ke<jlBjmbK/!
!2:/!hz<zqe!hzhcgt<!Gxqk<K!Gxqh<H!ujvg/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
-v{<M!nz<zK!nkx<G!Olx<hm<m!ouu<OuX!ujg!yx<jxh<hc!&zg<%Xgjtg<!
ogi{<Mt<t!hzhcbieK!hz<zqe!hzhcgt<!weh<hMl</!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
w/gi!.!hqB,ei!-!S !
!31/!lg<Gl<!hzhcgt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!w/gi/!kVg/!
• Sx<Xs<$pzqz<!gi{h<hMl<!F{<[bqiqgtiz<!wtqkig!sqjkg<gh<hMl<!ohiVm<gt</!
• -bx<jgh<!hzhcgt<!Gxqh<hqm<m!gizk<kqx<Gh<!hqxG!kiligOu!lg<Ggqe<xe/!
• Neiz<!osbx<jgh<!hzhcgt<!lg<Gukqz<jz/!
• w/gi/!.!hizq!zig<cg<nlqzl<,!!hizq!gqjtg<gizqg<!nlqzl</!!
!
Please
!
!32!hqe<uVueux<jx!Ofi<Ogim<M,, GXg<G,!hz<zqe!hzhcgt<!we!ujgh<hMk<K/!
Ofi<Ogim<M!hzhcgt<! GXg<G!hzhcgt<! hz<zqe!hzhcgt<!
LDPE jfzie<!7,7! !!hqB,ei!-!N
HDPE !!omvqzQe<! !!hqB,ei!-!S
!!!om0h<zie<! !!Ohg<gjzm<! fqObih<vQe<
!Ni<zie< (PAN)! !!Olzjle<!
!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!hzhcgt<!kbiiqh<H!lx<Xl<!nke<!hbe<gt<!
!33/!hizq!wk<kqzQe<!hzhcgt<!
L
!!!!-ju!=k<kQeqe<!Osi<h<H!hzhcbiGl</!-v{<M!ujgbie!hizqk<kQe<ge<!dt<te/!
A
1. LDPE - Gjx!nmi<k<kq!hizq!wk<kqzQe!
<
D
A
!!!!!!hbe<gt<!: !2/!ohil<jlgt<!osb<b,!
IK
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3/!lqe<gl<hqgTg<G!gih<Hh<!ohiVtig!!
!!!!3/!HDPE - dbi<!nmi<k<kq!hizq!wk<kqzQe!
<
!!!!!!wk<kqzQe<!!!sQg<zi<.fim<mi HDPE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
273K / 6-7atm
LV
hbe<gt<!: him<cz<gt<,!Gpib<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!!
!34/!om0h<zie<!!
A
!!!!omm<vih<TOvi!wk<kqzQe<!!!O2 / Δ om0h<zie<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
K
!!!! !
!!!!!hbe<gt<!: !2/!ohiVm<gtqe<!lQK!Olz<!H,s<sig!H,s,!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!3/!ym<mi!sjlbz<!hik<kqvr<gt<!osb<b!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!35/!Ni<zie<!)hizq!ng<vqOzi!jfm<jvz<!. PAN*!
!!!! !
!!!!!!hbe<gt<!: Ohii<jugt<,!^<oum<mi<gt<!kbiiqg<g!hbe<hMgqxK/!
!
Please
!
!36/!omiqzQe!
< !
!!!!wk<kqzQe<!gqjtg<giz< +!!omiqkizqg<!nlqzl<!!!!!!!!!!!omiqzQe<!
!!!!! !
!
!!!!!! !
!!!!!!hbe<gt<!: 2/!osbx<jg!-jpbig!!3/!kjzgus!g{<{icjb!uZU,m<m!!
!37/!jfzie<!.!7,7!!
L
!!!!oag<si!olk<kqzqe<!jm!nlQe< +!nch<hqg<!nlqzl<<!!!!!!!!!!!jfzie<!.!7,7!
A
D
! !
!!!!!hbe<gt<!: K{q!ofb<b, !nm<jmgt<<!kbiiqg<g/!! A
!38/!hqB,ei!-!S!
!!!!!2,4!hqB,m<mijmbQe< +!^<jmiqe<<!!!!!!!!!!hqB,ei!-!S!
IK
!!!! !
LV
!!!!!hbe<gt<!: mbi<gt<,!cB,Hgt<!kbiiqg<g/!
!39/!hqB,ei!- N!!!
!!!!2,4!hqB,m<mijmbQe< + uqjez<!sbjeM!!!!!!!!!omiqzQe<!
A
K
! !
!!hbe<gt<!: gjvh<hie<gtqe<!ogit<gze<gt<,!-mlix<X!hm<jmgt<!kbiiqg<g/!
!!!!!!!!! !
!
Please
L
A
D
A
IK
LV
A
K
send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 93853
!
d{<jl!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!djph<H!!!!!!!!!!!!!dbi<U!
!!
“yVjlg<g{<!kie<gx<x!gz<uq!yVux<G!!!!!!!!!
wPjlBl<!Wlih<H!djmk<K”
[yV!hqxh<hqz<!kie<!gx<x!gz<uqbieK!
nh<hqxh<hqx<G!lm<Ml<!nz<zilz<!yVuEg<G!!!!!!!!!
WP!hqxh<hqZl<!dkUl<!ke<jlBjmbkiGl]< !
L
!
A
!
D
A
IK
LV
!
A
!
uip< k < K g< g Tme< / //!
K
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !
P. KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY,
GOVT. BOYS HR. SEC. SCHOOL
ANTHIYUR – ERODE (Dt). Cell 9150550110
கீழே ககொடுக்கப்பட்டுள்ள நீல நிற எழுத்துக்களள கதொட்டு அந்த

தளலப்பிற்கு ஏற்ப பொட குறிப்புகளள கபற்றுக் ககொள்ளவும்
✓ TN State Board 1th – 12th Standard Text Books 2021-22 New Edition
GUIDES :
➢ 6th – 12th Standard All Publications Guides 2021-22 New Edition
➢ 6th Standard All Guides
➢ 7th Standard All Guides ➢ For Recent Educational Updates & News
Please Visit : News.Kalvikadal.in
➢ For Direct Download of Study Materials
Please Visit : Material.kalvikadal.in
➢ 12th Standard All Guides Follow us on our Social Media
FULL GUIDES :
➢ 10th Standard All Subjects FULL Guides Free Download
Question Papers :
➢ 10th Standard Full Portion Question Papers MEGA Collection
➢ 10th Standard PUBLIC EXAM Original Question Paper
➢ 11th Standard PUBLIC Exam Original Question Paper & Answer key
➢ 12th Standard PUBLIC Exam Original Question Paper & Answer key

12-Th Chemistry Tamil Medium Material-copy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12-Th Chemistry Tamil Medium Material-copy

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12-Th Chemistry Tamil Medium Material-copy

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.

CHEMISTRY IS IMPORTANT FOR OUR LIFE

21! Hxh<hvh<H!Oukqbqbz<! 93!

24! giql!jfm<v\e<!Osi<lr<gt<! 212!

25! dbqvqbz<!&zg<%Xgt<! 215!

26! ne<xim!uip<uqz<!Oukqbqbz<! 221!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

5/! nZlqeqbk<kqe<!geqll<!.!gtqle<! nZlqeqbk<kqe<!kiK!-!hig<jsm<!!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

NgOu!wu< u qk!yMg< G !giv{qBl< ! hbe< h Mk< k ilz< ! njugjt!yMg< g !

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!B(OH)3 + 3C2H5OH nmi< H2SO4 B(O C2H5)3 + 3H2O

jmOhiOve<! +!nl<Olieqbi!!!!! !!!OhivOsiz<!)geql!ohe<sQe<*

C6H5N2BF4 ∆ BF3 + C6H5F + N2!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

3/! lqe<!gmk<Kl<! lqe<!gmk<kiK!

4/! keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!djmbK! keqk<k!wzg<m<vie<!-z<jz!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!!!!!!CO + 3 H2 Cu / 50atm CH4 + H2O

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!61/!-v{<mil<!uiqjs!giv!dOzigl<!A-e< ! jam< j vM!NeK!B!we<x!Ohivieqe<!

!!!!!A.e< ! jam< j vM!+ Ohivie<!Osi<ll<!)B*!!!!!!!!yMg<Gl<!giv{q!)C*!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!2LiH + B2H6 2LiBH4

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

• Cl2 + F2 473K 2ClF

!23. XeF2, XeF4, XeF6 wu<uiX!kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK@!

• GOtiiqe<!+ $mie!NaOH!!!!!!!!Osicbl< ! GOtiOvm< !

!!!!!H2O!+ Cl2!!!!!!!HCl + HOCl

H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

AX3 BrF3, ClF3, sp3d T!ucul<!

AX5 BrF5, IF5 sp3d2 sKv!hqvlqM!

AX7 IF7 sp3d3 Jr<Ogi{!-VhqvlqM!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!27/!4d!uvqjsbqz<!EO M3+ / M2+!lkqh<hqz<!Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gjt!uquiq/!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

hqx!Ng<sq\Oex<x!fqjzgt<! +2, +4 +2, +4, +5, +6, +7

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!37/!ohikqUk<!kqxe<!ujvbX/!sc, bcc, fcc -!e<! ohikqUk<!kqxje!wPKg/!

!!!!sc - 52.31 %, bcc - 68 %, fcc - 74 %

!41/!a. AAAA ohikqf<k!njlh<H! b. AB AB AB ohikqf<k!njlh<H!

!42/!ohiVt<jlb!gesKv njlh<hqe< (bcc)!ohikqUk<!kqxjeg<!g{g<gqMg/!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!!!!!uqjeOugl<! = K[ A] !!!!K -!uqjeOug!lixqzq!!!!!!!!!!!!!

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!= - ).25* log10 (1x10)

!!!!!A.e< ! jam< j vM!+ Ohivie<!Osi<ll<!)B!!!!!!!!yMg<Gl<!giv{q!)C!!!!