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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

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GENERAL PHYSICS 2
Week 6
Writer Illustrator Language Editor
Mr. Ian Mark F. Allas Mr. Mark Anthony D. Acebuche Ms. Sheryl S. Verdadero

Content Editors Layout Artist

Ms. Rebecca M. Roxas Mr. Marc Christian T Perez
Dr. Richard C. Monserrat
Mr. Jose G. Vallo Jr.
Mr. Rico Antonio S. Mariano
Mr. Amado S. Banawa Jr.
MANAGEMENT TEAM
Dr. Malcolm S. Garma
Regional Director
Dr. Genia V. Santos Ms. Micah G. Pacheco
Chief, CLMD EPS, CLMD - Science
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EPS, CLMD - LRMS Librarian II, CLMD-LRMS

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
GRADE 12 – GENERAL PHYSICS 2
EXPECTATIONS
This Unified Supplementary Learning Material will help you to:
• understand the different postulates of special relativity.
• solve for time dilation, length contraction, relativistic velocities, momentum, and kinetic
energy for speeds comparable to the speed of light.
• appreciate the concept of relativity to human thinking.

PRE-TEST
Direction. Write the letter of the correct answer:
1. Which of the following is considered an inertial frame of reference?
A. An orbiting satellite.
B. A rotating spinning wheel in the playground.
C. A rocket that is accelerating when being launched.
D. A hot air balloon ascending vertically at a constant velocity.
2. Which of the following is true about proper time interval?
A. It is the longest time measured for an observer at rest.
B. It is the shortest time measured for an observer at rest.
C. It is the time measured with respect to a moving observer.
D. It is the time that is dependent on the speed of the observer.
3. Which of the following is true about time dilation?
A. The time measured by a moving observer increases.
B. The time measured by the ground observer increases.
C. The time measured by the ground observer decreases.
D. The time measured by the moving observer equals time measured by the ground
observer.
4. Which of the following statements is true for length contraction? The proper length of
a moving object relative to the earth can be measured by noting the coordinates of the
front and back ends at ______
A. the same time relative to a clock at rest.
B. different times relative to the clock at rest.
C. the same time with the clock on the moving object.
D. different times with the clock on the moving object.
1
5. What does the expression 2
represent?
√1− 𝑣2
𝑐
A. Time factor C. Lorentz factor
B. Length factor D. Energy factor

LOOKING BACK
During the study of Newtonian physics, everything is accounted for speed that is much
less than the value of the speed of light. If you want to measure the length of a spacecraft, all
you need to get is a measuring tape and lay the tape side-by-side the spacecraft that you are
measuring. If you want to know the amount of energy imparted to an object to set it in motion,
you need to know which force causes the object to move and how much it has moved. The
momentum of a car cruising at a certain speed can be calculated if you know how fast the car
is moving.

INTRODUCTION
In 1905, Albert Einstein become famous for his idea that time and space is affected by
motion – who observes and what is being observed. He revolutionized the theory of relativity
that simply states that everything is relative.

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Consider measuring the length of a spacecraft while it is at rest. To get the

measurement, one can simply put a measuring tape from the nose of the spacecraft to its tail.
The reading of the measurement is the length of the spacecraft. If the spacecraft is now flying
in the air and you are on the ground, how would you measure the length of the spacecraft?
Will your measurement agree with the measurement while the spacecraft is at rest?
You may say that with the knowledge of trigonometry and a useful measuring device
such as surveyors’ transit and electronic measuring device, you can measure the length of
the spacecraft in the air. However, the reading may not be the same. You will get a reading
that is shorter than the expected or true measurement.
The concept behind this difference in length is attributed to the definition of motion. As
we have understood in mechanics, an object is in motion if there is a change in the object’s
position with respect to its coordinate axis. This coordinate is your basis of what we call the
frame of reference.
An inertial frame of reference is a reference at which
Newton’s first law of motion is valid – that is the object is at
rest or continues to move in uniform motion unless acted
upon by a net external force. If an inertial frame likewise
moves with constant velocity with respect to any other inertial
frame, the moving frame is itself an inertial frame. Figure 1
shows a boat that is moving around the earth. For the boat,
the earth is considered an inertial frame because the
observer at the boat sees the earth at rest or not moving. Figure 1. Inertial frame of reference
But the earth itself is not stationary. It is rotating at a
constant speed on its axis. The same thing happens as the earth revolves around the sun,
and the sun moves with respect to the center of the galaxy, and finally, the galaxy is moving
with respect to the universe. All objects are moving with respect to a certain frame of reference.
If something changes position with respect to your frame of reference at a constant
velocity, is the other moving or are you moving? This question seems to be lacking sense
because there is no universal frame of reference that can be determined. This implies that
there is no “absolute inertial frame of reference.”
To address the lack of understanding of a universal frame of reference, the theory of
relativity was developed.

SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

There are two postulates of the special theory of relativity which states that in all inertial
frame of reference,
1. the laws of physics are the same; and
2. the speed of light has the same value.
The first postulate implies that the law of physics is at its simplest form stated when it is in
an inertial frame – that is, a non-accelerating frame of reference where Newton’s First law is
valid. Consider two situations, a boy standing on the ground throwing a ball straight up, and a
girl inside a fast-moving spacecraft at constant speed throwing a ball straight up. As expected
for the boy scenario, the ball will go back to his hand after a few seconds. As for the girl in the
moving spacecraft, the ball also moves back to her hand after a few seconds. This scenario
shows that for inertial frame, the same physical ideas apply in both cases for as long as the
frame is non-accelerating.
The second postulate simply informs us that no matter where and how you measure the
speed of light, the value will always yield the same speed, which is 3.0 x 108 m/s. If you see a
flash of light coming out from the head of a hypothetical car, the light will travel towards you at
the speed of 3.0 x 108 m/s. If the hypothetical car moves towards you at a certain speed and
sends flashes of light, according to the second postulate the speed of light will still be 3.0 x
108 m/s.

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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Time Dilation
Let us consider a different scenario, you are at rest relative to the ground and you set up
an experiment with two parallel mirrors that are separated with a certain distance d from each
other’s reflecting side, you send a pulse of light from one mirror and the other mirror will reflect
the pulse back. Every time the pulse returns to the other mirror, you measure it as one tick of
time – this is called a light clock. Then you also see a spacecraft moving at a speed that is a
fraction of the speed of light (say 50% the speed of light) performing the same experiment as
you are. Will there be a difference in the measured value of your light clock with the
measurement of the light clock in moving spacecraft?
When you are in a non-moving reference frame, you can say that the measurement of
the tick of time in the light clock is the same in every second and your measurement is the
same throughout. For a person performing the same experiment in a moving spacecraft, he
may also conclude that his measured value is the same. However, if compare the results for
the time measured in both experiments, you will say that the value of every tick in the light
clock inside the moving spacecraft is slower than the measured value for the experiment made
on the ground. This difference is accounted with the so-called time dilation.
If two identical clocks were placed in two different places, say one in the ground and
the other one in a moving spaceship relative to the ground, can an observer on the ground,
conclude that the clock ticks at the same rate?
Activity
The light clock (A picture analysis)
Objective: To analyze how time is affected by the motion of an object.
Direction: Study the picture below and answer the guide questions that follow. In the
picture, the light beam cycle is equivalent to one tick of a clock.

Figure 2. Light Clock as seen by (a) observer in the moving spacecraft, (b) observer outside.

Guide Questions:

1. Compare the distance traveled by light inside the spacecraft in (a) and in (b). Which
travels longer?
2. If one complete cycle of light from one mirror back is one tick, can an observer inside
a moving spacecraft say that one tick with his light clock is the same as one tick for an
identical light clock in the ground observer?
3. Will an outside observer say that the light clock in the moving spacecraft is the same
as his time?
4. What accounts for the ground observer with her observation?
5. Which light-clock tick slower with respect to the ground observer? Why?

Looking at figure 3. The light beam on its way up to the upper mirror, travels a horizontal
𝑡 𝑡
distance 𝑣 2, where 2 is the time for the beam of light to travel up and v is the speed of the

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spacecraft. The distance needed for light to travel up is

𝑡
given by 𝑐 2, where c is the speed of light. If the distance
between the upper mirror and the lower mirror is 𝐿𝑜 ,
then we can see using the Pythagorean equation that
𝑡 2 𝑡 2
(𝑐 ) = 𝐿𝑜 2 + (𝑣 ) Figure 3. Distance traveled by light
2 2
inside a spacecraft
Solving for the time gives us
𝑡2 2
𝐿𝑜 2 = (𝑐 − 𝑣 2 )
4
Solving for t, we get
4𝐿𝑜 2
𝑡2 =
𝑐2 − 𝑣2
2𝐿𝑜
𝑡= 𝑐
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
By inspection, we can say that 2L0/c is equal to t0 which is the time it takes for the light to
travel between mirrors at speed c and distance L0 – the original time from a rest observer.
Thus,
𝑡𝑜
𝑡=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
The above equation for t is the dilated time which is the time measured by an observer
in the other reference frame who sees an event in a moving frame, to is the known as the
proper time – the time measured by the observer at rest with respect to an event, v is the
speed of the moving object and c is the speed of light.
𝑣2
The term √1 − 𝑐2
gives us a value that is smaller than 1, thus, the expression t is always
greater than t0. Time dilation effects simply state that: A clock that is moving relative to an
observer ticks more slowly as compared to a clock at rest on the ground.
1
The term 2
in the above expression is called the Lorentz factor which is denoted by
√1− 𝑣2
𝑐
. We can rewrite the expression for t as:
𝑡 = 𝛾𝑡𝑜
Sample Problem:
An observer on earth records a mission in space to last for 20 hrs. If the spacecraft
travels at a speed of 0.80c, how long does the trip take as measured on the clock in the
spacecraft?
Given:
𝑣2
t = 20 hrs (time on the other reference 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑡 ቌඨ1 − ቍ
frame) 𝑐2
v = 0.80 c
(0.80𝑐)2
= 20 hrs ቌඨ1 − ቍ
Unknown: to (measured time in the clock 𝑐2
inside the spacecraft)
𝑡𝑜 = 20 hrs (0.6)
Solution:
= 12 hrs
Apply the equation for time dilation.
𝑡0
𝑡=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐

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UNIFIED SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS
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TWIN PARADOX
When an object travels closer to the speed of light, the time ticks slowly – time dilation
– which implies that the time is not an absolute quantity instead of a quantity that is affected
by relative motion between two bodies.
One of the known paradoxes in special relativity is the paradox of the twin. Consider
the twin brother Jose and Juan, as shown in Figure 4. Jose is an astronaut while Juan is a
scientist. Jose was sent for a mission to conduct a study on Mar’s surface feature, while Juan
does the study here on Earth. While Jose is traveling, he sees the time moving normally, but
for Juan, the time had elapsed a lot. When Jose returns from his mission, he meets his twin
and with surprise, Juan is older than him. The difference in their age is evidence that time
dilates.

Figure 4. Twin Paradox

LENGTH CONTRACTION
Like time, the observer’s motion affects the length of an object. The observed length
of an object in motion relative to an observer at rest will appear shorter than its actual length.
This observable change in length is called length contraction.
Length contraction can be calculated using the expression,
𝑣2
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 ඨ1 −
𝑐2
Where L0 is
called the proper length,
that is the length of the
object or the distance
between two points,
measured by the
observer at rest relative
to the moving object.
And L is the measured Figure 5. Length contraction. (a) at rest relative to the observer in the
length as seen by earth- spacecraft, (b) moving with high speed relative to the ground observer.
based observer. Length
contraction then states that: The length or distance of an object is measured to be shorter
when moving relative to the observer than when it is at rest.
Figure 5 shows how length is contracted if an object moves nearly at the speed of light.
One key thing that is evident is that no contraction happens along the diameter of a moving
object that travels near the speed of light. Only its length contracts!
Sample Problem:
A person inside a moving spacecraft measures the length of a spacecraft to be 90 m.
If the spacecraft moves with a speed 0.80c relative to the earth, for an earth observer, what is
the measured length of the spacecraft?

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Given:
𝑣2
Lo = 90 m 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 ඨ1 −
v = 0.80 c 𝑐2

(0.80𝑐)2
Solution: 𝐿 = (90 m)ඨ1 −
𝑐2
The proper length is 90 m,
because it the measured length of the 𝐿 = (90 m)ξ1 − 0.64
person at rest with respect to the moving 𝐿 = (90 m)ξ0.36
spacecraft. Thus, 𝐿 = 54 m

RELATIVISTIC ADDITION OF VELOCITIES

Look at the two coordinate systems at the right.
Coordinate S (in black) is at rest, while coordinate S’ (in
blue) is moving relative to S with constant velocity u.
Consider point P relative to both coordinate, we can see
that in S, point P has the following set of coordinates
𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦, and 𝑧 = 𝑧, respectively. However, at S’ the
coordinates x, y, and z will be,
𝑥 ′ = 𝑥 − 𝑢𝑡 𝑦′ = 𝑦 𝑧′ = 𝑧
Figure 5. Coordinate system for
This set of equations is known as the Galilean moving and non-moving frame
coordinate transformation equation. If we take the first
derivative with respect to time the coordinate equation, as the point moves along the x-axis
we get the velocities along the x, y, and z, for the S’ frame, that is,
𝑣𝑥′ = 𝑣𝑥 − 𝑢 𝑣𝑦′ = 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑧′ = 𝑣𝑧
If we consider that the speed of frame S’ approaches the speed of light c, the
transformation of coordinates will violate the second postulate of relativity which states that
speed of light is constant in all reference frame, that is if u = c, no speed must be greater than
the speed of light.
The more generalized equation for coordinates transformation can be expressed using
the Lorentz transformation equation in which it is consistent to the postulates of relativity
for a moving object that approaches the speed of light. These expressions can be written in
the form,
𝑥−𝑢𝑡
𝑥′ = 2
= 𝛾(𝑥 − 𝑢𝑡) 𝑦′ = 𝑦 𝑧′ = 𝑧
√1−𝑢2
𝑐

Where x’ is the coordinate of P at S’ frame, and u is the velocity of S’ with respect to

S. Taking the derivatives with respect to time, the velocities can be expressed as,
𝑣𝑥 −𝑢 𝑣𝑥′ +𝑢
𝑣𝑥′ = 𝑢𝑣 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣′
1− 2𝑥 1+ 2𝑥
𝑐
𝑐

Where 𝑣𝑥′ is the velocity of the object in the S’ frame, 𝑣𝑥 is the velocity of the object in
the S frame, and u is the velocity of S’ with respect to S.
Sample Problem:
A hypothetical car is moving relative to the earth with a velocity 0.7c. A person in the
car throws a stone at a velocity relative to the car at 0.5c. What is the velocity of the stone
relative to an observer on earth?

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Solution: 0.50𝑐 + 0.70𝑐
𝑣𝑥 =
Since the earth is the rest frame, (0.70𝑐)(0.50𝑐)
1+
we use 𝑣𝑥′ = 0.50𝑐, 𝑢 = 0.70𝑐 and the 𝑐2
1.20𝑐
unknown is 𝑣𝑥 , thus, 𝑣𝑥 =
𝑣𝑥′ + 𝑢 0.35𝑐 2
1+
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑐2
𝑢𝑣 ′ 1.20𝑐
1 + 2𝑥 𝑣𝑥 =
𝑐
1.35
𝑣𝑥 = 0.89𝑐
RELATIVISTIC MOMENTUM
Momentum as we know is simply inertia in motion, and it is the product of mass and
velocity. Conservation of momentum is a useful quantity in analyzing interactions among
particles in an isolated system. It states that for isolated systems momentum is conserved.
For an object that is moving near the speed of light, the momentum is simply defined
by the equation,
𝑚𝑣
𝑝=
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
Where m is the quantity known as the rest mass. Rest mass is the mass of an object
with respect to some inertial frame that is at rest. The equation above simply shows that if v
<< c, the value of the Lorentz factor is approximately equal to 1. Thus, the equation for
momentum reduces to the classical definition of momentum, that is, 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣. The Lorentz
factor is added in the equation to account for the relativistic motion of the particle as it moves
to an extremely high speed but not exceeding the upper speed limit which is the speed of
light c.
Sample Problem
A particle moves with a speed 0.85c. If the mass of the particle is similar to the mass
of an electron (m = 9.11x 10-31 kg), what is the relativistic momentum of the particle?
Solution:
Apply the relativistic momentum m
2.32 x 10−22 kg
𝑝= s
equation and substitute all the given. 2
𝑚𝑣 ඥ1 − (0.85)
𝑝= m
𝑣2 2.32 x 10−22 kg
√1 − 𝑝= s
𝑐2 0.53
(9.11 x 10−31 kg)(0.85𝑐) m
𝑝= 𝑝 = 4.41 x 10−22 kg
(0.85𝑐)2 s
√1 −
𝑐2
MASS AND ENERGY EQUIVALENCE
One of Einstein’s well-known equations is the relationship between mass and energy.
From Newtonian Mechanics, we know that work done on an object by a constant force is
equal to the change in kinetic energy of the object, that is, the work–energy theorem. The
kinetic energy in Newtonian physics is equal to the product of the mass of the object and its
1
velocity (𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣 2). Using this principle, Einstein showed that at high speed the kinetic
energy equation is not applicable. He showed that the kinetic energy of the particle traveling
at speed v near the speed of light c is given by:
𝑚𝑐 2
𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙 = − 𝑚𝑐 2
2
√1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
Where m is the rest mass of the particle and v is the speed of the particle. We can write the above
equation in terms of the  as: KE =  mc2 – mc2 = ( -1)mc2. This result states that the kinetic energy of
the particle is equal to the difference between  mc2 and mc2.
The term 𝛾𝑚𝑐 2 is the total energy (E) of the particle. Thus, we can rewrite the equation as:

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𝐸 = 𝛾𝑚𝑐 2 = 𝑚𝑐 2 + 𝐾𝐸 Deriving the Relativistic Kinetic Energy

If a particle is at rest at 𝑣 𝑣
𝑚𝑎
some reference frame its relativistic 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹𝑑𝑠 = ∫ 𝑑𝑠
KE is zero (since v is equal to zero). 0 0 3 𝑣2
√(1 − 2 )
Then, the expression becomes, 𝑐
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑚𝑐 2 𝑚𝑎
Where 3 is the known as the relativistic correction
𝑣2
This equation gives us the √(1− 2 )
𝑐
relationship between mass and
of Newton’s second law. But, a can be written as dv/dt,
energy which is known as the rest
then ads can be expressed as (dv/dt)ds. Moreover,
energy of the particle. The
equation states that “mass and ds/dt is equivalent to v then, ads can be expressed as
energy are both of the same vdv
things”. The conservation 𝑣
𝑚𝑣𝑑𝑣
principle of mass-energy states that 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑊 = ∫
0 3 𝑣2
a mass can either be created or √(1 − )
𝑐2
destroyed, when this happens an
amount of energy that is Evaluating the integral using change of variables – that
equivalent to the amount of is, let u = (1-v2/c2), and vdv = (-c2/2)du, we get
mass will vanish or come to
being, and vice versa. To 𝑣
𝑚𝑣𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑐 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 𝑚𝑐 2 −2
∫ =− ∫ 3= − [ 1]
emphasize relativistic mass is 0 3 𝑣2 2 0 2 2
√(1 − ) 𝑢 𝑢2
being converted to energy. The 𝑐2
equation informs us that masses at
rest have innate energy, which can 𝑚𝑐 2
𝐾𝐸 = − 𝑚𝑐 2
also be transformed to pure energy 2
√1 − 𝑣2
that for 1kg of mass can be 𝑐
converted to 9.0 x 1016 J of energy.
Sample Problem:
A proton (m = 1.67 x 10-27 kg) accelerates from rest to a speed 0.75c. What is the
proton’s (a) rest energy, and (b) total energy?
Solution: (b) The total energy is,
Rest energy can be calculated 𝑚𝑐 2
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛾𝑚𝑐 2 = 2
using 𝐸𝑜 = 𝑚𝑐 2 (v = 0), and the total √1− 𝑣2
𝑐
energy is 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝛾𝑚𝑐 2 m
(1.67 x 10−27 kg)(3.00 x 108 )2
s
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
(a) The rest energy is, √1− (0.75𝑐)
2
𝑐2
𝐸𝑜 = 𝑚𝑐 2 1.50 x 1010J
𝐸𝑜 = (1.67 x 10−27 kg)(3.00 x 108 )2 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
0.66
𝐸𝑜 = 1.50 x 10−10 J 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2.27 x 10−10 J

REMEMBER
The central concept of relativity is about the motion of object and observer based on
the inertial frame of reference. The correction factor known as the Lorentz factor () is essential
to relativistic variables, it provides a link to Newtonian physics to Relativistic motion that
implies the law of physics is true in all frame of reference and the speed of light is the same in
all reference frame. Equations of relativistic variables are as follows:
𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑣
Time dilation: 𝑡= 2
Relativistic 𝑝= 2
√1− 𝑣2 √1− 𝑣2
𝑐 momentum: 𝑐

Length Relativistic 𝑚𝑐 2
𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜 √1 −
𝑣2 𝐾𝐸 = 2
− 𝑚𝑐 2 = 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝐸𝑜
contraction: 𝑐2 Energy: √1− 𝑣2
𝑐
Relativistic 𝑣 −𝑢 𝑣𝑥′ +𝑢 Rest Energy: 𝐸𝑜 = 𝑚𝑐 2
𝑣𝑥′ = 𝑥 𝑢𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑢𝑣′
1− 2 1+ 2𝑥
addition of 𝑐
𝑐
velocities:

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CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Solve the following problems.
1. An astronaut in a space mission travels at a speed of 1.5 x 10 m/s2 to a nearby planet
for surface-feature study. Attached to him is a watch that measures time accurately.
According to the earth observer, the trip lasts for 24 hrs. How long does the trip last
according to his watch?
2. An observer on earth measures the length of a meterstick in a moving spacecraft to
be 0.750 m. What is the speed of the spacecraft?
3. When an electron is fired, it gains a speed of 1.50 x 108 m/s. If the mass of the electron
is 9.11 x 10-31 kg, what is the relativistic momentum of the electron?
4. Two spacecrafts were seen to be moving toward each other with spacecraft A moving
with a speed of 0.5c relative to the ground observer, and spacecraft B moving with a
speed of 0.8c relative to the same observer. What is the speed of A relative to B?
5. A 10 kg material was converted to energy. What is the amount of energy released
during the conversion?

POSTTEST
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space before the number.
1. Which of the following statement is true about an inertial frame of reference?
A. Any frame of reference that is accelerating with respect to another frame of
reference is itself an inertial frame.
B. Any frame of reference where Newton’s laws differ in quantity.
C. A frame of reference where the first law of Newton is valid.
D. Any accelerating frame is considered an inertial frame.
2. What is the time observed by an observer on the ground when a light clock is installed
in a moving spacecraft cruising at a speed of 70% the speed of light if the spacecraft
time is to?
A. 0.54to B. 0.71to C. 1.40to D. 1.80to
3. What is the speed of a particle if its kinetic energy is five times its rest energy?
A. 0.5c B. 0.65c C. 0.94c D. 0.98c
4. What is the measured length of a field whose ground measure is 1500 m for an
observer inside a spacecraft cruising at a speed of 0.5c?
A. 1060 m C. 1732 m
B. 1300 m D. 2121 m
5. What is the relativistic momentum of a particle that is fired with a speed of 1.80 x 10 8
m/s if the mass of the particle is 1.0 x 10-27 kg?
A. 1.14 x 10-19 kg m/s C. 2.85 x 10-19 kg m/s
B. 1.44 x 10-19 kg m/s D. 2.25 x 10 -19 kg m/s

REFERENCE:
Cutnell, J & Johnson, K. (2012). Physics (9th ed.). John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Young, H. and Freedman, R. (2016). University physics with modern physics (14th ed).
Pearson Education, Inc.
gets longer as it moves faster relative to the ground observer.
travels a longer distance, the time in the spacecraft “dilates” or
The clock in the moving spacecraft is slower. Because light 5.
light to travel from one mirror back.
5. 9.0 x 1017 J The motion of the spacecraft. It takes a longer distance for the 4. D 5. C 5.
4. 0.93c No 3. B 4. C 4.
3. 1.58 x 10-22 kg m/s spacecraft. D 3. B 3.
2. 1.98 x 108 m/s Yes, because he is at rest with respect to the moving 2. C 2. B 2.
1. 20.8 hrs The light travels longer in (b) than in (a). 1. B 1. D 1.
UNDERSTANDING
CHECK YOUR ACTIVITY POSTTEST PRETEST
Answers

1
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