TECHNO MAIN SALT LAKE SECTOR-V, KOLKATA PROJECT REPORT ON RELATON ON A SET MATHEMATICS- II CE (BS) 302 Name: Santanu Das Student Roll no.-2213008002 Semester: 3'sem (2"*Year) Department Of Civil Engineering Date: 29/08/20022 Signature eo afar LesCONTENT e MOTIVATION e INTRODUCTION e ASSOCIATED PROPERTIES e EXAMPLES e APPLICATIONS e« REFERENCE 1|PageMOTIVATION According to the structure of CA2 of MAKAUT , we need to prepare a report on the topic “ Relation on a Set ” is assigned by our respected teacher Sushil Kumar Dey . With his proper guidance , I have completed my report . 2|Page@ INTRODUCTION :- Often in maths, we come across with the word ‘relation’. Generally speaking, by relation we usually understand some connection between the two living or non-living things. Like the relations of mother-daughter, brother-sister, teacher- student etc. We are quite familiar with these relations. Today, we will learn about a new concept of “relations” in maths. Mathematically, we can also define a relationship between the two elements of a set. Let’s begin! Given any two non-empty sets A and B, A relation R from A to B is a subset of the Cartesian product A x B and is derived by describing a relationship between the first element (say x) and the other element (say y) of the ordered pairs in A & B. Consider an example of two sets, A - {2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13} and B = {1, 2, 8, 4, 5}. The Cartesian product A x B has 30 ordered pairs such as A x B = {(2, 3), (2, 5)...(10, 12)}. From this, we can obtain a subset of A x B, by introducing a relation R between the first element and the second. element of the ordered pair (x, y) as R-{(, y):x = 4y - 3,x € A andy € B} Then, R= {(5, 2), 9, 3), (13, 4)}. ( Arrow representation of the Relation ‘R’) 3|Page@& Representation of Relation ;- A relation is represented either by Roster method or by Set-builder method. Consider an example of two sets A = {9, 16, 25} and B = {5, 4, 8, -3, -4, -5}. The relation is that the elements of A are the square of the elements of B. + Insetbuilder form, R - {(x, y): x is the square of y, x € A and yeB). + Inroster form, R = {(9, 3), (9, -3), (16, 4), (16, -4), (25, 5), (25, -5)}. Representation of Relation 4|Page@ ASSOCIATED PROPERTIES :- Se * EMPTY RELATION :- Ifno element of set X is related or mapped to any element of X, then the relation R in A is an empty relation, ie, R= ®. Think of an example of set A consisting of only 100 hens in a poultry farm. Is there any possibility of finding a relation R of getting any elephant in the farm? No! R is a void or empty relation since there are only 100 hens and no elephant. * UNIVERSAL RELATION :- A relation R ina set, say A isa universal relation if each element of A is related to every element of A, i.e. R= A A. Also called Full relation. Suppose A is a set of all natural numbers and B is a set of all whole numbers. The relation between A and B is universal as every element of A is in set B. Empty relation and Universal relation are sometimes called trivial relation. = IDENTITY RELATION :- In Identity relation, every element of set A is related to itself only. I - {(a, a), € A}. For example, If we throw two dice, we get 36 possible outcomes, (1, 1), (1, 2), ... , (6, 6). If we define a relation as R: {(1, 1), (2, 2), (8, 3), (4, 4), 6, 5), (6, 6)}, it is an identity relation. 5|PageINVERSE RELATION :- Let R be a relation from set A to set B ite., R € A x B. The relation R’ is said to be an Inverse relation if R' from set B to A is denoted by R' = {(b, a): (a, b) € R}. Considering the case of throwing of two dice if R = {(1, 2), (2, 3)}, R ‘= {(2, 1), (8, 2)}. Here, the domain of R is the range of R'and vice- versa. REFLEXIVE RELATION :- If every element of set A maps to itself, the relation is Reflexive Relation. For every a € A, (a, a) € R. SYMMETRIC RELATION :- A relation R on a set A is said to be symmetric if (a, b) € R then (b, a) € R, foralla& bE A. TRANSITIVE RELATION :- A relation in a set A is transitive if, (a, b) € R, (b, c) € R, then (a, c) € R, for all a, b,c € A. EQUIVALENCE RELATION = A relation is said to be equivalence if and only if it is Reflexive, Symmetric, and Transitive. For example, if we throw two dices A & B and note down all the possible outcome. Define a relation R= {(a, b): a € A, b € B}, we find that {(1, 1), (2, 2), ..., (6, 6) € R} (reflexive). If {(a, b) - (1, 2) € R} then, {(b, a) = (2, 1) € R} (symmetry). ). If {(a, b) - (1, 2) € R} and {(b, c) = (2, 8) € R} then {(a, c) = (1, 3) € R} (transitive) . 6|Page@ EXAMPLES :- QI : Let R be a relation on Q, defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b € Q anda - b € Z}. Show that R is Symmetric relation. Answer : Given R = {(a, b) : a, b € Q, anda - b € Z}. Let ab € R > (a - b) € Z, ice. (a - b) is an integer. => -(a - b) is an integer => (b - a) is an integer >,aeER Thus, (a, b) € R> (b,a) ER Therefore, R is symmetric. Q2: Three friends A, B, and C live near each other at a distance of 5 km from one another. We define a relation R between the distances of their houses. Is R an equivalence relation ? Answer : For an equivalence Relation, R must be reflexive, symmetric and transitive. + Ris not reflexive as A cannot be 5 km away to itself. + The relation, R is symmetric as the distance between A & B is 5 km which is the same as the distance between B & A. + Ris transitive as the distance between A & B is 5 km, the distance between B & C is 5 km and the distance between A & Cis also 5 km. ‘Therefore, this relation is not equivalent. 7|PageQ3 : Find the Cartesian Product of A-(1,2,3} and B={x,y,z}. Answer : We have, AxB={(1,x),(1,y),(1,2),(2,x),(2,y),(2,2),(3,x),(8,y),(3,2)}.All relations from A to B have to be subsets of this set. Q4: Show that “is congruent to” is an equivalence relation on triangles in a plane. Answer : Let us consider the set all triangles in a plane. Now we check if the relation “is congruent to” satisfies reflexivity, symmetry, and transitivity.Reflexivity: Every triangle is congruent to itself, so the relation is reflexive.Symmetry: If AA is congruent to AB, then AB is congruent to AA. Thus, the relation is symmetric. Transitivity: If AA is congruent to AB and AB is congruent to AC, then we have AA is congruent to AC. Thus the relation is transitive.From the observations, we can see that “is congruent to” is an equivalence relation on the set of triangles in a plane. (Source: https://protonstalk.com/sets/types-of- relations/) @ APPLICATIONS :- Relations are an important concept in set theory and its operations. Therefore, they play an important role in other concepts like functional analysis. The applications are broad-ranging and sets the foundations for many other fields in set theory. @ REFERENCE :- 1) https://google.com/ 2) https://www.toppr.com/ 8) https://www.math-only-math.com/ 4) https://protonstalk.com/ 5) https://byjus.com/ 8|Page