Lecture 4

Dynamics

Dynamics
- kinetics (why) and kinematics (how) of bodies
- relationship of the motion to the forces that causes it

Force
- interaction between two bodies or between a body and its environment
- a vector quantity
- SI unit is newton (N); 1 N = 1 kg m/s2

Types of Forces
1. Contact Forces – forces that involves direct contact between two or more bodies.
a. Normal Force, "𝒏⃗ – is the force exerted on an object by any surface with which it is in
contact with. This force always acts perpendicular to the surface of contact, regardless of
the inclination of the surface.

b. Friction Force, 𝒇"⃗ – is the force that resists motion. By contrast, this force acts parallel to
the surface, in the direction that opposes sliding or motion.

c. Tension Force, "𝑻⃗ – is the pulling force exerted by a stretched rope or cord on an object to
which it is attached.

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2. Non-contact/Long-range Forces – forces that acts on an object without physical contact. The
four fundamental forces of nature listed below (in order of increasing strength) are all non-
contact forces.
a. Gravitational Force includes the familiar force of weight, "𝒘
"⃗, which results from the earth's
gravitational attraction acting on an object.

b. Electromagnetic Force includes electric force (for stationary particles) and magnetic force
(for particles in motion) which acts between all charged particles
c. Weak Nuclear Force is the force responsible for a common form of radioactivity called
beta decay, in which a neutron in a radioactive nucleus is transformed into a proton while
ejecting an electron and a nearly massless particle called an antineutrino.
d. Strong Nuclear Force is the force responsible for holding the nucleus of an atom together.
It counteracts the repulsive electric force between the protons inside a nuclei and makes
the nuclei stable.

Free Body Diagrams (FBD)

- a diagram showing the vectors, drawn to show the magnitude and directions of all the forces
applied to the body by the various other bodies or environment that interact with it.

Example Scenarios: FBDs for each of these will be discussed in the class.

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Superposition of Forces
- the principle of superposition of forces states that any number of forces applied at a point on a
body have the same effect as a single force equal to the vector sum of the forces. The principle
also implies that any force can be replaced by its component vectors, acting at the same point.

The net force, Σ𝐹⃗ , is the vector sum of all the forces acting on a body.
𝑅"⃗ = Σ𝐹⃗ = """⃗
𝐹! + """⃗
𝐹" + """⃗
𝐹# + ⋯

The components of the net force in 2D are,

𝑅$ = Σ𝐹$ , 𝑅% = Σ𝐹%

And the magnitude of the net force is given by,

"
Σ𝐹 = -(Σ𝐹$ )" + 0Σ𝐹% 1

Newton’s Laws of Motion

1. First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
- A body acted on by no net force moves with constant velocity (which may be zero) and
zero acceleration.
Σ𝐹$ = 0
Σ𝐹⃗ = 0 ⇒ 5 Σ𝐹 = 0
%
- Every object continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion (constant velocity) in a
straight line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.

The first law revolves around the following concepts:

• Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist changes in motion.
• Equilibrium is attained when a body is either at rest or moving with constant
velocity (uniform motion). Also, for a body to attain equilibrium, it must NOT be
acted by any forces, or by several forces such that the net force of the forces
equals zero.
• Inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds.
Specifically, it is a reference frame which is not accelerated.

Example:
1. In the classic 1950 science fiction film Rocketship X-M, a spaceship is moving in the vacuum of
outer space, far from any star or planet, when its engine dies. As a result, the spaceship slows
down and stops. What does Newton's first law say about this scene?

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2. You are driving a Maserati GranTurismo S on a straight testing track at a constant speed of
250 km/h. You pass a 1971 Volkswagen Beetle doing a constant 75 km/h. On which car is the
net force greater?

2. Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration)

- If a net external force acts on a body, the body accelerates. The direction of acceleration
is the same as the direction of the net force. The mass of the body times the acceleration
of the body equals the net force vector.
𝚺𝑭𝒙 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝚺𝑭"⃗ = 𝒎𝒂 "⃗ ⇒ 5 𝚺𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
𝒚 𝒚
Recall that the weight, "𝒘
"⃗, is a force (gravitational force). We can write an expression for
weight using Newton’s second law:
𝑤
""⃗ = 𝑚𝑔⃗

3. Third Law of Motion (Law of Action-Reaction)

- If body A exerts a force on body B (an “action”), then body B exerts a force on body A (a
“reaction”). These two forces have the same magnitude but are opposite in direction.
These two forces act on different bodies.
"⃗𝑨𝑩 = −𝑭
𝑭 "⃗𝑩𝑨
Action-reaction force pairs or simply action-reaction pairs are two opposite forces that
have equal magnitudes and opposite directions.

Example:
3. A 5.0 and 7.0 kg body are suspended at the end of the cord that passes over a massless
frictionless pulley, as shown below.

(a) What is the acceleration of the system?

(b) What is the tension of the cord?

4. Suppose a 170-g hockey puck is moving along a straight line on a frictionless surface with
constant speed. How much force is exerted by the surface to the puck?

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5. A car of weight w rests on a slanted ramp attached to a trailer. Only a cable running from the
trailer to the car prevents the car from rolling off the ramp. (The car's brakes are off and its
transmission is in neutral.) Find an expression of the tension in the cable and the force that the
ramp exerts on the car's tires.

6. Find the tension in each cord in the figure below if the mass of the suspended object is 2.0 kg.

7. An elevator and its load have a combined mass of 800 kg. The elevator is initially moving
downward at 10 m/s, and it slows to a stop with constant acceleration in a distance of 25.0 m.
What is the tension in the supporting cable while the elevator is being brought to rest?

8. An 8.00-kg block of ice, released from rest at the top of a 1.50-m-long frictionless ramp, slides
downhill, reaching a speed of 2.46 m/s at the bottom. (a) What is the angle between the ramp
and the horizontal? (b) What would be the speed of the ice at the bottom if the motion were
opposed by a constant friction force of 10.0 N parallel to the surface of the ramp?

9. A toboggan loaded with students (total weight w) slides down a snow-covered slope. The hill
slopes at a constant angle a, and the toboggan is so well waxed that there is virtually no friction.
What is its acceleration?

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10. A ball of mass m1 and a block of mass m2 are attached by a lightweight cord that passes over
a frictionless pulley of negligible mass as in the figure below. The block lies on a frictionless incline
of angle q. Find an expression for the acceleration of the two objects and the tension in the cord.

11. A certain orthodontist uses a wire brace to align a patient’s crooked tooth as in the figure
below. The tension in the wire is adjusted to have a magnitude of 18.0 N. Find the magnitude of
the net force exerted by the wire on the crooked tooth.

12. The figure below shows loads hanging from the ceiling. Find the tension in each of the three
strands of cord supporting each load.

Prepared by:
Inst. Adrian Patrick S. Labtic

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