MTH100 - General Mathematics

Assignment 1

MTH100 - General Mathematics

Assignment 1

Sets and Numbering Systems

Introduction to Sets

Mathematics often starts with the concept of "sets" and the organization of different numbering
systems. Sets are fundamental as they help represent any mathematical system, so it's essential to grasp
their definitions, notations, and key properties.

 Definition: A set is an unordered group of unique items, each called an element of the set.

Examples:

o All residents of Lahore form a set, with each person as an element.

o All towns in Punjab province create a set, with each town as an element.

o The collection of four-legged animals, like dogs, is another example of a set.

o The collection of counting numbers, pencils in a bag, and similar collections also
represent sets.

 Notation:

o Sets are commonly labeled with uppercase letters (e.g., DDD for the set of four-legged
dogs).

o Elements are often indicated by lowercase letters (e.g., ddddid to represent an

individual dog).

There are two popular ways to specify sets:

2.[3.] Roster Method: Listing elements within braces, such as {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} for counting
numbers from 1 to 5.

3.[4.] Set Builder Notation: This uses a condition to define elements, formatted as {variable |
condition}. For instance, {x | x < 6 and x is a counting number} represents counting
numbers less than 6, equivalent to {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

 Empty Set: The set without any elements, known as the null set, is symbolized by ∅.

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MTH100 - General Mathematics
Assignment 1

 Universal Set: This is a set encompassing all items under discussion, symbolized by UUU. For
example, if discussing students at a university, the universal set UUU might represent all
enrolled students.

Subset Relations

 If each item in set AAA is also in set BBB, then AAA is a subset of BBB (denoted A⊆BA \subseteq
BA⊆B). If some elements in BBB are not in AAA, then AAA is a proper subset of BBB (notated
A⊂BA \subset BA⊂B).

 Equality of Sets: Sets AAA and BBB are equal if both A⊆BA \subseteq BA⊆B and B⊆AB \
subseteq AB⊆A, indicating they contain the exact same elements.

Operations on Sets

1. Intersection (∩): The intersection of sets AAA and BBB, denoted A∩BA ∩ BA∩B, includes
elements common to both sets.

o Example: If A={3,4,6,8}A = \{3, 4, 6, 8\}A={3,4,6,8} and B={1,2,3,5,6}B = \{1, 2, 3, 5,

6\}B={1,2,3,5,6}, then A∩B={3,6}A ∩ B = \{3, 6\}A∩B={3,6}.

2. Union (∪): The union of sets AAA and BBB, symbolized by A∪BA ∪ BA∪B, includes elements
found in either set.

6\}B={1,2,3,5,6}, A∪B={1,2,3,4,5,6} A ∪ B = \{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6\}A∪B={1,2,3,4,5,6}.

o Example: For A={3,4,6}A = \{3, 4, 6\}A={3,4,6} and B={1,2,3,5,6}B = \{1, 2, 3, 5,

3. Properties:

o Union and intersection are commutative: A∪B=B∪AA ∪ B = B ∪ AA∪B=B∪A and

A∩B=B∩AA ∩ B = B ∩ AA∩B=B∩A.

o They are also associative: (A∪B)∪C=A∪(B∪C)(A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)

(A∪B)∪C=A∪(B∪C) and (A∩B)∩C=A∩(B∩C)(A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
(A∩B)∩C=A∩(B∩C).

Distributive properties apply, such as A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C)A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A

∩ C)A∩(B∪C)=(A∩B)∪(A∩C) and A∪(B∩C)=(A∪B)∩(A∪C)A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪
o

C)A∪(B∩C)=(A∪B)∩(A∪C).

Here's an enhanced version of the second part of your assignment with original phrasing and
restructured content.

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Student ID: BC24041249

MTH100 - General Mathematics
Assignment 1

MTH100 - General Mathematics

Assignment 1

Numbering Systems and Cardinality

Numbering Systems

The progression of numbering systems started with the natural need to count objects, leading to the
development of different types of numbers.

1. Natural Numbers (N): The most basic counting numbers like 1,2,3,…1, 2, 3, \dots1,2,3,… are
known as natural numbers.

2. Integers (Z): To solve equations like x+4=0x + 4 = 0x+4=0, the concept of negative numbers was
introduced, creating the set of integers {…,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,… }\{ \dots, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, \
dots\}{…,−3,−2,−1,0,1,2,3,…}, which includes natural numbers, their negative counterparts, and
zero.

3. Rational Numbers (Q): Numbers that can be expressed as a ratio of two integers (e.g., 23\frac{2}
{3}32, −32 -\frac{3}{2}−23, 0.333) make up the set of rational numbers. This group includes
fractions, terminating decimals, and repeating decimals.

4. Irrational Numbers: These numbers, such as 2\sqrt{2}2, π\piπ, and eee, cannot be represented
as simple fractions or repeating/terminating decimals. They are essential for expanding the
number system beyond rational numbers.

5. Real Numbers (R): Combining all rational and irrational numbers gives us the set of real
numbers. This system can represent nearly every quantity we encounter in real-world problems.

6. Complex Numbers (C): For equations like x2+4=0x^2 + 4 = 0x2+4=0, which have no real solution,
imaginary numbers were introduced. Complex numbers take the form a+bia + bia+bi, where aaa
is the real part and bbb is the imaginary part (iii represents the square root of −1-1−1).

These systems are related in a hierarchy: N⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂CN \subset Z \subset Q \subset R \subset
CN⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C, with each set extending the possibilities of the previous ones.

Cardinality and Set Size

The concept of cardinality refers to the number of elements within a set:

 Finite Sets: Sets with a countable number of elements, like {1, 2, 3}, have finite cardinality.

 Infinite Sets: Sets with an unbounded number of elements, like the set of natural numbers, are
infinite and have the same cardinality as NNN.

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MTH100 - General Mathematics
Assignment 1

In notation, ∣A∣|A|∣A∣ represents the cardinality of a set AAA.

Historical Development of Numbers

Originally, numbers served only as a counting mechanism with natural numbers. As mathematics
advanced, limitations of natural numbers prompted extensions:

1. Negative Numbers: To address the limitation of equations without solutions, such as x+4=0x + 4
= 0x+4=0, negative numbers were introduced.

2. Real Numbers: This further expansion provided solutions to more types of equations, but issues
like square roots of negative values still posed challenges.

3. Imaginary and Complex Numbers: To solve equations like x2=−4x^2 = -4x2=−4, imaginary units
(denoted as iii) were introduced. Attaching this unit to real numbers led to complex numbers,
which have both a real and an imaginary component.

Complex Numbers and Operations

Complex numbers allow more flexibility in mathematics, with specific rules governing their operations:

 Addition and Subtraction: For two complex numbers, (a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i(a + bi) + (c + di)
= (a + c) + (b + d)i(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i.

 Multiplication: The product of two complex numbers, (a+bi)(c+di)(a + bi)(c + di)(a+bi)(c+di),

follows binomial expansion with i2=−1i^2 = -1i2=−1.

 Conjugates: The conjugate of z=a+biz = a + biz=a+bi is z∗=a−biz* = a - biz∗=a−bi. Conjugates

have helpful properties:

o (z∗)∗=z(z*)* = z(z∗)∗=z

o z×z∗=a2+b2z \times z* = a^2 + b^2z×z∗=a2+b2, a real number.

o z+z∗=2az + z* = 2az+z∗=2a (real) and z−z∗=2biz - z* = 2biz−z∗=2bi (pure imaginary).

 Division: Dividing complex numbers requires multiplying by the conjugate of the denominator to
eliminate the imaginary part in the denominator.

Absolute Value or Modulus of a Complex Number

The absolute value (or modulus) of a complex number z=a+biz = a + biz=a+bi is its distance from the
origin on the complex plane, calculated by:

∣z∣=a2+b2|z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}∣z∣=a2+b2

Student ID: BC24041249

MTH100 - General Mathematics
Assignment 1

Complex Numbers: Properties and Operations

Introduction to Complex Numbers

Complex numbers were created to handle equations that couldn’t be solved with real numbers alone.
They take the form a+bia + bia+bi, where aaa represents the real part and bbb the imaginary part, with
iii being the square root of −1-1−1. The set of complex numbers, denoted by CCC, includes numbers like
2−4i2 - 4i2−4i, −3+5i-3 + 5i−3+5i, and −5+34i-5 + \frac{3}{4}i −5+43i.

Visualizing Complex Numbers

In the complex plane, complex numbers are represented graphically, with the real component placed on
the x-axis and the imaginary part on the y-axis. This mapping means a complex number a+bia + bia+bi
appears as a point with coordinates (a,b)(a, b)(a,b), offering a way to visualize addition, subtraction, and
other operations.

Basic Operations with Complex Numbers

 Addition and Subtraction: To add or subtract complex numbers, combine like terms. For
instance, given two complex numbers (a+bi)(a + bi)(a+bi) and (c+di)(c + di)(c+di):

(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i(a+bi)+(c+di)=(a+c)+(b+d)i

Similarly, for subtraction:

(a+bi)−(c+di)=(a−c)+(b−d)i(a + bi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d)i(a+bi)−(c+di)=(a−c)+(b−d)i

Example:

o (4+6i)+(3+7i)=(4+3)+(6+7)i=7+13i(4 + 6i) + (3 + 7i) = (4 + 3) + (6 + 7)i = 7 + 13i(4+6i)

+(3+7i)=(4+3)+(6+7)i=7+13i

o (10−4i)−(5+2i)=(10−5)+(−4−2)i=5−6i(10 - 4i) - (5 + 2i) = (10 - 5) + (-4 - 2)i = 5 - 6i(10−4i)

−(5+2i)=(10−5)+(−4−2)i=5−6i

 Multiplication: When multiplying complex numbers, use the distributive property, treating
i2i^2i2 as −1-1−1. For example:

(a+bi)(c+di)=ac+adi+bci+bdi2=(ac−bd)+(ad+bc)i(a + bi)(c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi^2 = (ac - bd) + (ad +

bc)i(a+bi)(c+di)=ac+adi+bci+bdi2=(ac−bd)+(ad+bc)i

Example:

o (2+3i)(4+5i)=(2×4−3×5)+(2×5+3×4)i=−7+22i(2 + 3i)(4 + 5i) = (2 \times 4 - 3 \times 5) + (2 \

times 5 + 3 \times 4)i = -7 + 22i(2+3i)(4+5i)=(2×4−3×5)+(2×5+3×4)i=−7+22i

Student ID: BC24041249

MTH100 - General Mathematics
Assignment 1

Conjugates and Their Properties

The conjugate of a complex number z=a+biz = a + biz=a+bi is denoted by z∗=a−biz^* = a - biz∗=a−bi.

This “mirror image” has some useful properties:

1. Conjugate of a Conjugate: Applying the conjugate operation twice returns the original number,
i.e., (z∗)∗=z(z^*)^* = z(z∗)∗=z.

2. Product of Conjugates: The product z⋅z∗z \cdot z^*z⋅z∗ results in a real number (a2+b2)(a^2 +
b^2)(a2+b2).

3. Sum and Difference: The sum z+z∗=2az + z^* = 2az+z∗=2a is always real, while the difference
z−z∗=2biz - z^* = 2biz−z∗=2bi is purely imaginary.

Division with Complex Numbers

To divide complex numbers, multiply both the numerator and denominator by the conjugate of the
denominator to eliminate iii from the denominator:

a+bic+di=(a+bi)(c−di)(c+di)(c−di)\frac{a + bi}{c + di} = \frac{(a + bi)(c - di)}{(c + di)(c - di)}c+dia+bi=(c+di)

(c−di)(a+bi)(c−di)

This approach simplifies the fraction, with the denominator now a real number.

Absolute Value (Modulus) of Complex Numbers

The modulus, or absolute value, of a complex number z=a+biz = a + biz=a+bi, represents its distance
from the origin in the complex plane and is calculated as:

∣z∣=a2+b2|z| = \sqrt{a^2 + b^2}∣z∣=a2+b2

For example, the modulus of 3+4i3 + 4i3+4i is 32+42=5\sqrt{3^2 + 4^2} = 532+42=5.

Student ID: BC24041249