Module 4

Multiple qubit gates

Multiple qubit gates
Multiple qubit gates operate on two or more input qubits. Usually, one of them is a control qubit.
Controlled gates:
A gate with operation of the kind “If ‘A’ is true, then do ‘B’ is called controlled gate.

The qubit |A⟩ is called control qubit and the qubit |B⟩ is the target qubit.
The target qubit is altered only when the control qubit is |1⟩.
The control qubit remains unaltered during the transformations.

Controlled NOT gate or CNOT gate

The CNOT gate is a typical multi-qubit logic gate and the circuit is as follows:

The matrix representation of CNOT gate is as follows:

[ ]
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
U CN =
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0

The transformation can be expressed as

| A , B ⟩ ®∨ A , BÅA ⟩
Consider the operations of CNOT gate on the four inputs |00 ⟩ ,|01 ⟩ ,|10 ⟩∧|11 ⟩

Operation of CNOT gate for input |00 ⟩

Here in the inputs to the CNOT gate, the control qubit is |0 ⟩ . Hence, no change in the state of the
target qubit |0 ⟩ .

Hence, |00 ⟩ ®|00 ⟩

Operation of CNOT gate for input |01 ⟩

Here in the inputs to the CNOT gate, the control qubit is |0 ⟩ . Hence, no change in the state of the
target qubit |1 ⟩.

Hence, |01 ⟩ ® |01 ⟩

Operation of CNOT gate for input |10 ⟩

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Here in the inputs to the CNOT gate, the control qubit is |1 ⟩. Hence, the state of the target qubit flips
from |0 ⟩ to |1 ⟩

Hence, |10 ⟩ ®|11 ⟩

Operation of CNOT gate for input |11 ⟩

Here in the inputs to the CNOT gate, the control qubit is |1 ⟩. Hence, the state of the target qubit flips
from |1 ⟩ to |0 ⟩

Hence, |11 ⟩ ®|10 ⟩

The truth table for the operation of CNOT gate is as follows :

Input Output
|00⟩ |00⟩

|01⟩ |01⟩

|10⟩ |11⟩

|11⟩ |10⟩

Swap gate

The Swap gate is two-qubit operation. Expressed in basis state, the Swap gate swaps the state
of the two qubits involved in the operation.
The matrix representation of Swap gate is as follows

[ ]
1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
U SWAP=
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1

The schematic symbol of Swap gate circuit is as follows

The Swap gate is a combined circuit of 3 CNOT gates and the overall effect is that two input qubits
are swapped at the output

The truth table for the operation of Swap gate is as follows:

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 Input Output
|00⟩ |00⟩

|01⟩ |10⟩

|10⟩ |01⟩

|11⟩ |11⟩

Controlled Z gate (C Phase gate)

In controlled Z gate, the operation of Z gate is controlled by a control qubit.

If the control qubit is |A⟩ = |1⟩ then only the Z gate transforms the target qubit |B⟩ as per the Pauli Z
operation.
The action of controlled Z gate could be specified by a matrix as follows

[ ]
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
U Z=
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 −1

The controlled Z gate and the truth table are as follows:

Input Output
|00⟩ |00⟩

|01⟩ |01⟩

|10⟩ |10⟩

|11⟩ -|11⟩

Toffoli gate
 Toffoli gate is also known as CCNOT gate (controlled-Controlled-NOT).
 It has three inputs out of which two are control qubits and one is the target qubit.
 The target qubit flips only when both the control qubits are |1⟩.
 The two control qubits are not altered during the operation.

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The matrix representation, gate circuit and truth table of the Toffoli gate are as follows:

[ ]
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
UT=
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Truth table

Inputs Outputs
a b c a¢ b¢ c¢
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

Fredkin gate
Fredkin gate, also called controlled-SWAP gate, is a computational circuit suitable for reversible
computing.
It is universal, which means that any logical or arithmetic operation can be constructed entirely of
Fredin gates.
The Fredkin gate is a circuit or device with three inputs and three outputs.
The matrix representation, gate circuit and truth table of the Fredkin gate are as follows:

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[ ]
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1