A

Micro project report On

“Renewable Energy”
SUBMITTED TO M.S.B.T.E., Mumbai

For the Award of

DIPLOMA IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY

Roll no Name of Student Enrollment no

28 Nikita Sudhakar Akhade 2210740532
57 Shraddha Girish Shaha 2110740570
75 Piyusha Ravindra Gaikawad 23212470513
80 Rudrani Pandhurang Kore 2110740105

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr.A.N.Waghmode.
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
NBA ACCREDIATED

SVERI’s College of Engineering (Polytechnic), Pandharpur

Gopalpur Pandharpur-413304
2024-25
AFFILIATED TO

M.S.B.T.E.
Evolution sheet for Micro Project

Academic Year:- 2024-25 Name of Faculty:- Mr.A.N.Waghmode.

Course:- Information Technology Course code:- IF5I
Subject:- Environmental Studies Subject Code:- 22447
Semester:- V Scheme:- I

Title of Project:- “Renewable energy”

COs addressed by the Micro Project:

CO 1 Select Alternative Energy Resource for Engineering.

Comments/Suggestions about team work/leadership/inter-personal communication (if any)

Marks out of
Marks out of 6 Total
4for
for mark
Roll No Name of students performance
performance in sout
in oral/
group activity of 10
Presentation

28 Nikita Sudhakar Akhade

57 Shraddha Girish Shaha
75 Piyusha Ravindra Gaikawad
80 Rudrani Pandhurang Kore

Name and
Signature of Mr.A.N.Waghmode.
faculty
 SVERI’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (POLYTECHNIC), PANDHARPUR.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project report entitled

“Renewable Energy”
Submitted by

Roll no Name of Student Enrollment no

28 Nikita Sudhakar Akhade 2210740532
57 Shraddha Girish Shaha 2110740570
75 Piyusha Ravindra Gaikawad 23212470513
80 Rudrani Pandhurang Kore 2110740105
is a bonafide work carried out by above students, under the guidance of Mr.A.N.Waghmode. and
it is submitted towards the fulfillment of requirement of MSBTE, Mumbai for the award of Diploma in
Information Technology at SVERI’s COE (Polytechnic), Pandharpur during the academic year 2022-2023.

(Mrs.A.N.Waghmode)
Guide
(Mr.G.S.Misal.) (Dr.N.D.MIsal.)
HOD Principal

Place:Pandharpur
 Acknowledgement

“Renewable Energy” has been developed successfully with a great contribution of two students in a
period of two months. We like to appreciate their guidance, encouragement and willingness since without
their support the project would not have been a success. We would like to give our heartfelt gratitude to
Principal Dr. N. D. Misal, Guide Mr.A.N.Waghmode & HOD Mr.G.S.Misal who is the supervisor of our
project for helping and encouraging us in many ways to make our project a success. We would never been able
to finish our work without great support and enthusiasm from friends and support from our family. We would
like to thank the department of Information Technology, for giving us permission to initiate this project and
successfully finish it.
 Introduction
Renewable energy (or green energy) is energy from renewable natural resources that are replenished on a
human timescale. The most widely used renewable energy types are energy, Hydrogen Energy ,wind power, and
hydropower. Bioenergy and geothermal power are also significant in some countries.
consider nuclear power a renewable power source, although this is controversial. Renewable energy
installations can be large or small and are suited for both urban and rural areas. Renewable energy is often
deployed together with further electrification. This has several benefits: electricity can move heat and vehicles
efficiently and is clean at the point of consumption.Variable renewable energy sources are those that have a
fluctuating nature, such as wind power and solar power.
 Methodology

 Definition:-

Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are
consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable
energy sources are plentiful and all around us.
Fossil fuels - coal, oil and gas - on the other hand, are non-renewable resources that take hundreds of millions of
years to form. Fossil fuels, when burned to produce energy, cause harmful greenhouse gas emissions, such as
carbon dioxide.

 Growing need of Renewable Energy:-

Growth in clean energies is unstoppable, as reflected in statistics produced annually by the International
Energy Agency (IEA): according to IEA forecasts, the share of renewables in global electricity supply
will increase from 28.7% in 2021 to 43% in 2030, and they will provide 2/3 of the increase in electricity
The shift to renewables has been driven by multiple global crises – worsening climate change,
skyrocketing fossil fuel prices, macroeconomic instability, and a pressing energy crisis. Renewables have
become more developed and affordable over time and have been growing faster than all other energy
forms since 2011.
The primary objective for deploying renewable energy in India is to advance economic development,
improve energy security, improve access to energy, and mitigate climate change. Sustainable
development is possible by use of sustainable energy and by ensuring access to affordable, reliable,
sustainable, and modern energy for citizens. Strong government support and the increasingly opportune
economic situation have pushed India to be one of the top leaders in the world’s most attractive
renewable energy markets.
The government has designed policies, programs, and a liberal environment to attract foreign investments
to ramp up the country in the renewable energy market at a rapid rate. It is anticipated that the renewable
energy sector can create a large number of domestic jobs over the following years. This paper aims to
present significant achievements, prospects, projections, generation of electricity, as well as challenges
and investment and employment opportunities due to the development of renewable energy in India. In
this review, we have identified the various obstacles faced by the renewable sector. The recommendations
based on the review outcomes will provide useful information for policymakers, innovators, project
developers, investors, industries, associated stakeholders and departments, researchers and scientists.
  Types of Energy Resources:-

1. Renewable Energy Sources:-

Renewable energy sources are energy resources that are naturally replenished over a relatively short period.
Unlike fossil fuels, which can take millions of years to form, renewable energy sources are more sustainable and
have a lower environmental impact Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy, comes from
natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished. For example, sunlight and wind keep
shining and blowing, even if their availability depends on time and weather. While renewable energy
is often thought of as a new technology, harnessing nature’s power has long been used for heating,
transportation, lighting, and more. Wind has powered boats to sail the seas and windmills to grind
grain. The sun has provided warmth during the day and helped kindle fires to last into the evening.
But over the past 500 years or so, humans increasingly turned to cheaper, dirtier energy sources, such
as coal and fracked gas.Now that we have innovative and less-expensive ways to capture and retain
wind and solar energy, renewables are becoming a more important power source, accounting for more
than 12 percent of U.S. energy generation. The expansion in renewables is also happening at scales
large and small, from giant offshore wind farms to rooftop solar panels on homes, which can sell
power back to the grid. Even entire rural communities (in Alaska, Kansas, and Missouri) are relying
on renewable energy for heating and lighting.As renewable use continues to grow, a key goal will be
to modernize America’s electricity grid, making it smarter, more secure, and better integrated across
regions.
 Types of Renewable Energy Sources:-

A. Solar Energy:-

Solar energy is the energy harnessed from the sun’s radiation. It can be converted into electricity or heat,
making it a versatile and sustainable energy source. Here are the key aspects of solar energy:
radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat, causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity. The total
amount of solar energy incident on Earth is vastly in excess of the world’s current and anticipated energy
requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs.
In the 21st century solar energy has become increasingly attractive as a renewable energy source because of its
inexhaustible supply and its nonpolluting character, in stark contrast to the finite fossil fuels coal, petroleum, and
natural gas. See also solar power.

Fig.Solar Energy
 Advantages of Solar Energy:-

 Renewable Resource: Solar energy is abundant and inexhaustible, as sunlight is available almost
everywhere and will not run out.

 Environmentally Friendly: It produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, helping to

combatclimate change and reduce air pollution.

 Low Operating Costs: Once installed, solar panels have low maintenance and operational costs,
oftenrequiring only occasional cleaning.

 Energy Independence: Utilizing solar energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and enhances energy
securityfor individuals and nations.

 Job Creation: The solar industry creates jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and research.

 Grid Stability: Distributed solar systems can enhance grid resilience and reduce the risk of blackouts.

 Scalability: Solar installations can range from small residential systems to large utility-scale
projects,making it versatile for different energy needs.

 Incentives and Rebates: Many governments offer financial incentives, tax credits, and rebates to
encouragesolar energy adoption.

 Increased Property Value: Homes with solar energy systems can have higher property values and sell
morequickly.

 Energy Storage Potential: Coupled with battery storage, solar energy can provide a reliable power
sourceeven when the sun isn't shining.
 Disadvantages of Solar Energy:-

 Intermittency: Solar energy production is dependent on sunlight, making it less effective during cloudy
days or at night, which can lead to inconsistent energy supply.

 High Initial Costs: The upfront costs for purchasing and installing solar panels can be significant,
although prices have been decreasing over time.

 Space Requirements: Solar panels require a considerable amount of space for installation, which can be a
challenge in densely populated areas.

 Energy Storage Costs: To ensure a reliable power supply, energy storage solutions (like batteries) can be
expensive, adding to overall costs.

 Manufacturing Impact: The production of solar panels involves the use of hazardous materials and
energy-intensive processes, which can have environmental impacts.

 Limited Efficiency: Solar panels typically convert only a fraction of sunlight into electricity (around 15-
22%), meaning a large area may be needed for significant energy production.

 Grid Integration Challenges: Integrating solar energy into existing power grids can require upgrades and
can be complex, particularly in areas with high penetration.

 Weather Dependency: Solar energy generation is affected by weather conditions, which can impact
energy reliability.

 Recycling Issues: End-of-life disposal and recycling of solar panels can pose challenges, as they contain
materials that need to be managed properly.

 Aesthetic Concerns: Some people find solar panels unattractive, which can lead to opposition in certain
neighborhood’s or communities.
B. Wind Energy:-
Generated by converting the kinetic energy of wind through turbines, wind energy is a significant contributor
to electricity production in many countries.

Wind is used to produce electricity by converting the kinetic energy of air in motion into electricity. In
modern wind turbines, wind rotates the rotor blades, which convert kinetic energy into rotational energy.
This rotational energy is transferred by a shaft which to the generator, thereby producing electrical energy

Fig.Wind Energy
 Advantages of Wind Energy:-

 Renewable Resource: Wind is an inexhaustible energy source that can be harnessed as long as the sun
shines and the earth rotates.

 Low Operating Costs: Once wind turbines are installed, the on-going operational and maintenance costs
are relatively low compared to fossil fuel energy sources.

 Environmentally Friendly: Wind energy generates electricity without emitting greenhouse gases or air
pollutants, making it a clean energy alternative.

 Job Creation: The wind energy sector creates jobs in manufacturing, installation, maintenance, and
support services.

 Energy Independence: Utilizing domestic wind resources can reduce reliance on imported fuels,
enhancing national energy security.

 Scalability: Wind energy projects can range from small community-based systems to large offshore wind
farms, accommodating various energy needs.

 Land Use Benefits: Wind farms can coexist with agricultural activities, allowing land to be used for
multiple purposes simultaneously.

 Technological Advancements: Continuous improvements in turbine technology have increased efficiency

and energy output, making wind power more competitive.

 Rapid Deployment: Wind projects can often be constructed and operational relatively quickly compared
to traditional power plants.

 Grid Resilience: Distributed wind generation can enhance grid reliability and stability, particularly in
remote or rural areas.
 Disadvantages of Wind Energy:-

 Intermittency: Wind energy production is variable and dependent on wind conditions, which can lead
to fluctuations in energy supply.

 Visual and Noise Impact: Wind turbines can be considered visually unappealing and may generate
noise, which can be a concern for nearby residents.

 Land and Space Requirements: Wind farms require significant land area, which can impact local
ecosystems and land use.

 Wildlife Impact: Turbines can pose a threat to birds and bats, leading to potential ecological concerns.

 High Initial Costs: The upfront costs for purchasing and installing wind turbines can be substantial,
although they have decreased over time.

 Infrastructure Needs: Some wind energy projects may require additional infrastructure, such as roads
and transmission lines, which can lead to environmental disruption.

 Maintenance and Reliability: While operating costs are low, wind turbines require regular
maintenance, and mechanical failures can occur.

 Location Limitations: Wind energy is most effective in specific geographic areas with consistent wind
patterns, limiting its applicability in some regions.

 Energy Storage Challenges: Storing excess energy generated during high-wind periods can be costly
and complex, necessitating effective battery systems.

 Public Opposition: Some communities may resist the development of wind farms due to concerns
about aesthetics, noise, or environmental impact.
C. Hydropower:-

Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which
uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.

Hydroelectricity uses the energy of running water, without reducing its quantity, to produce electricity.
Therefore, all hydroelectric developments, of small or large size, whether run of the river or of
accumulated storage, fit the concept of renewable energy.

Hydropower is energy derived from flowing water. More than 2,000 years ago, the ancient Greeks used
waterpower to run wheels for grinding grain; today it is among the most cost-effective means of
generating electricity and is often the preferred method where available. In Norway, for example, 99% of
electricity comes from hydropower. The world’s largest hydropower plant is the 22.5 gigawatt Three
Gorges Dam in China. It produces 80 to 100 terawatt-hours per year, enough to supply between 70 million
and 80 million households.

The basic principle of hydropower is using water to drive turbines. Hydropower plants consist of two
basic configurations: with dams and reservoirs, or without. Hydropower dams with a large reservoir can
store water over short or long periods to meet peak demand. The facilities can also be divided into smaller
dams for different purposes, such as night or day use, seasonal storage, or pumped-storage reversible
plants, for both pumping and electricity generation. Hydropower without dams and reservoirs means
producing at a smaller scale, typically from a facility designed to operate in a river without interfering in
its flow. For this reason, many consider small-scale hydro a more environmentally-friendly option.

Fig.Hydropower
 Advantages of Hydropower:-

 Renewable Resource: Hydropower relies on the water cycle, making it a sustainable and inexhaustible
energy source.

 Low Emissions: It produces minimal greenhouse gas emissions during operation, contributing to
reduced air pollution and climate change mitigation.

 High Efficiency: Hydropower plants are highly efficient, converting a large percentage of the energy in
flowing water into electricity.

 Energy Storage: Hydropower systems can store energy in reservoirs, allowing for a reliable supply
during peak demand periods.

 Flexible Generation: Hydropower can quickly ramp up or down to meet fluctuating energy needs,
providing grid stability.

 Job Creation: The construction and operation of hydropower facilities create jobs in various sectors,
including engineering, construction, and maintenance.

 Irrigation and Water Supply: Many hydropower projects also provide water for irrigation and
municipal supply, benefiting agriculture and communities.

 Flood Control: Reservoirs can help manage flood risks by controlling water flow during heavy rainfall.

 Recreational Opportunities: Hydropower facilities often create reservoirs that can be used for
recreational activities like fishing, boating, and swimming.

 Long Lifespan: Hydropower plants typically have long operational lifespans, often exceeding 50 years,
which makes them a stable energy investment.
 Disadvantages of Hydropower:-

 Environmental Impact: Construction of dams can disrupt local ecosystems, affecting fish populations
and wildlife habitats.

 Displacement of Communities: Large hydropower projects can require the flooding of land, leading to
the displacement of local communities and loss of livelihoods.

 Altered Water Flow: Dams can change the natural flow of rivers, affecting sediment transport, water
quality, and aquatic ecosystems.

 Limited Locations: Suitable sites for hydropower development are geographically limited to areas with
sufficient water flow and elevation changes.

 High Initial Costs: Building hydropower facilities, especially large dams, can require substantial upfront
investment and time.

 Risk of Drought: Dependence on water availability means hydropower can be affected by drought
conditions, reducing electricity generation.

 Maintenance and Safety Concerns: Aging infrastructure can pose risks, including dam failures that
could lead to catastrophic flooding.

 Climate Change Impact: Changes in precipitation patterns due to climate change can affect water
supply and energy generation.

 Seasonal Variability: Hydropower generation can vary significantly with seasonal changes in water
flow, affecting reliability.

 Fish Migration Barriers: Dams can obstruct fish migration routes, impacting fish populations and
ecosystems unless adequate fish passages are implemented.
D. Biomass Energy:-
Biomass is renewable organic material that comes from plants and animals. Biomass can be burned directly
for heat or converted to liquid and gaseous fuels through various processes.
Biomass can be defined as any organic material or waste that contains chemical building blocks like
carbon, hydrogen, and other components that are vital to our modern energy and materials economy.
Biomass is the single largest supply of carbon on planet earth and is a sustainable and renewable source for
the products that are currently made from petroleum. Here's how it goes from waste to watts.

Trees and plants absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis. The energy is trapped inside until
theorganic material is converted into other products that are used as sources of energy and materials.

There are several kinds of biomass such as agricultural residues, purpose-grown energy crops, and wood.

For hundreds of thousands of years, humans have used wood, or charcoal made from wood, for fuel to
heathomes and cook food.

To make bioenergy from wood, scraps or sawdust can be collected from farms and forestry manufacturers.
There are several ways to convert biomass into usable energy. It can even be turned into fuels to power
cars, trucks, and airplanes!

To make fuels, wood is converted first to an intermediary gas or liquid that can be upgraded to make a
finalproduct such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. It's almost like putting a tree trunk in your gasoline tank!

Biomass also includes wastes, and there are processes that work for many types of waste biomass, like
animalwaste. That's right, poop! Believe it or not, poop can be used to make electricity.

Fig.Biomass Energy
 Advantages of Biomass:-

 Renewable Resource: Biomass is derived from organic materials, such as plants and animal waste,
making it a sustainable energy source when managed properly.

 Waste Reduction: Using biomass for energy helps reduce waste by converting agricultural, forestry,
and municipal waste into usable fuel.

 Carbon Neutrality: Biomass can be considered carbon neutral, as the CO2 released during combustion
is roughly equal to the amount absorbed by the plants during their growth.

 Energy Independence: Biomass can be produced locally, reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels
and enhancing energy security.

 Job Creation: The biomass industry creates jobs in agriculture, processing, and energy production,
contributing to local economies.

 Diverse Applications: Biomass can be converted into various forms of energy, including electricity,
heat, and biofuels, offering versatility in energy generation.

 Soil Health: Biomass production can improve soil health through crop rotation and the use of cover
crops, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

 Support for Rural Economies: Biomass energy projects can benefit rural areas by providing new
markets for farmers and enhancing economic development.

 Utilization of Marginal Lands: Biomass crops can often be grown on land not suitable for food
production, maximizing land use.

 Technological Advancements: On going research and development are improving biomass conversion
technologies, making them more efficient and cost-effective.
 Disadvantages of Biomass:-

 Land Use Competition: Biomass production can compete with agricultural land, potentially driving up
food prices and affecting food security.

 Deforestation: Large-scale biomass harvesting can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, and loss of
biodiversity.

 Carbon Emissions: While biomass is renewable, its combustion can still release significant carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases, especially if not managed sustainably.

 Air Pollution: Burning biomass can emit pollutants such as particulate matter and volatile organi
compounds, negatively impacting air quality and public health.

 Water Consumption: Biomass crops often require large amounts of water for irrigation, which can strain
local water resources.

 Energy Input: The cultivation, harvesting, and processing of biomass can be resource-intensive,
sometimes requiring more energy than is produced.

 Seasonal Variability: Biomass availability can fluctuate seasonally, leading to inconsistent energy supply
and potential shortages.

 Transportation Costs: Transporting biomass from rural areas to processing facilities or power plants can
incur high costs and increase overall emissions.

 Technological Challenges: Some biomass conversion technologies are still developing, and existing
methods may not be efficient or cost-effective.

 Sustainability Issues: If biomass is sourced unsustainably, it can lead to ecological harm, soil degradation,
and depletion of natural resources
Conclusion:-
Renewable energy resources play a crucial role in addressing the challenges of climate change, energy
security, and sustainable development. They offer significant environmental benefits by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and decreasing dependence on fossil fuels. As technologies continue to
advance, the efficiency and affordability of renewable sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass
improve, making them increasingly viable alternatives. However, the transition to renewable energy also
presents challenges, including resource management, infrastructure development, and ensuring equitable
access. Policymakers, businesses, and communities must work collaboratively to create supportive
frameworks that encourage investment and innovation in renewables.
References:-
https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/stock.
www.india-re-navigator.com/utility