MODULE 4

DEFINITE INTEGRALS

Ordinary Proper Integrals: Integrals of Odd and Even Functions, Wallis’ Formula;
and Improper Integrals.

In the introduction to the course, it was explained that the basis for the concept of integral
calculus are the problems on finding plane areas, A. To recall using summation, sigma notation,

∞
A= lim
Δx →0
∑ f (x )k Δxk ❑, the sum of many infinitely small forms, one
k k=1
having the form f (x) Δ x , which is the area of
an infinitesimal vertical strip or element to which the
area, A in Figure 1 is divided with even width Δx .
And,
∞
lim ∑ f ( x)k Δxk =¿ ∫ f (x ) dx ¿
Δxk → 0 k=1
b

The symbol ∫ means ∑ , which is equal to a sum.

a , is the lower limit, and b the upper limit, with
a ≤ x ≤ b . f ( x ) must be continuous in the interval

from a to ,b and A is bounded as in the figure, the

b

∫ f ( x ) dx , is called ordinary PROPER INTEGRAL. Figure 1

a
Proper integral is a DEFINITE INTEGRAL with limits a and b
having real values.
DEFINITE INTEGRAL because it is independent of the arbitrary constant c , unlike indefinite
integral.

On the otherhand, an IMPROPER INTEGRAL is a definite integral with either or both a and b are
infinity.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Let f ( x ) be a given continuous function. F (x) an integral of f f ( x ) ) and x=a , and x=b are two
given values of x . Then the change in the value of F (x) as x changes from a to b , i.e the
quantity,

F ( b )−F (a)

Is called the definite integral of f(x) between the limitsa and b , or simply the definite integral
from a tob , and denoted as,

∫ f ( x ) dx
a

a=lower limit
b=upper limit

Furthermore, definite integral is the value of the indefinite integral at the upper limit minus its
value at the lower limit, as illustrate below,

∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F (a)
a
 4.1 PROPER INTEGRAL
How do we evaluate proper integrals?
b

Proper integrals can be evaluate using the equation, ∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F ( a ) . Evaluation

a
can be best illustrated using examples. It is emphasized that your knowledge and skills in
evaluating indefinite integrals are needed for the remaining discussions including applications.

Properties of definite integrals,

b a

1. ∫ f ( x ) dx=−∫ f ( x ) dx
a b

b c b

2. ∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx , true whether or not c lies betweena and b .

a a c

b b
3.∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( z ) dz , meaning the definite integral of a given integrand is
a a

independent of the variable of integration.

Example 4-1

4
(1− y )
Evaluate ∫ dy
1 √y
4 4 −1
(1− y )
∫ √ y dy = ∫ y 2 (1− y )dy
1 1
Evaluate the integral by formula/s or technique/s,
4 −1 4 1
¿∫ y 2
dy−∫ y dy 2

1 1
 3
1 2
y y 4
¿∨ 2
− ∨
1 3 1
2 2

2 3 4
¿∨2 √ y −
3
√ y ∨1

Substituting the limits according to the formula,∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F (a), we have,

a

[ ]
4
(1− y ) 2 3 2
∫ √y dy=¿ 2 √ 4−
3
√ 4 −[2 √1− √13 ]
3
1

4
(1− y ) −8
∫ √y dy=
3
1
Answer

Example 4-2

e
log 10 x
Evaluate ∫ x
dx
1

1
log 10 x lnx
∫ x
dx , but log 10 x=
ln 10
0

e e
log 10 x lnx
∫ x dx=∫ xln10 dx
1 1
e
1 lnx
¿ ∫
ln 10 1 x
dx
2
1 ln x e
¿ [ ]
ln 10 2 1
1
¿ (1−0)
2 ln10
 e
log 10 x 1
∫ x
dx=
2 ln 10
1

Answer

Example 4-3

Evaluate ∫ √ 3dx
x −1
1

Changing variable,

Let u=√ 3 x−1 , then u2=3 x−1 and 2 udu=3 dx . Hence, changing limits,

when x=1 , u=√ 3 ( 1 )−1= √ 2

x=2 , u= √ 3 ( 2 )−1=√ 5
2 √5
∫ √ 3dx
x −1
2 udu
= ∫
3 √2 u
1

√5
2
¿ ∫ du
3 √2

¿ [u] √
2 5
3 √2
2

∫ √ 3dx 2
= ( √ 5− √ 2)
x −1 3
1
 Answer

4.1.1 Integrals of Even and odd Functions

Even Function - a function that remains unchanged when x is replaced by −x , that is,

f ( x )=f (−x )

Meaning a function that is symmetric with respect to the y – axis.

Example 4-4
Show that the function f ( x )=6 x 2−5 x 4 is an even function

2 4
f ( x )=6 x −5 x
Change x to –x,
f (−x ) =6 ¿
2 4
f (−x ) =6 x −5 x

Therefore, f ( x )=f (−x ), and the function f ( x )=6 x 2−5 x 4 is an even function.

Example 4-5
Is, f ( θ )=cos θ , an even function?
 YES, f ( θ )=cos θ , is an even function, for from trigonometry as proven,
cos θ=cos (−θ ) .

Odd Function – A function that satisfies the condition,

f ( x )=−f (−x )

An odd function is a function that is symmetric with the origin.

Example 4-6,
Show that f ( x )=x 3 √ a2−x 2 is an odd function.

f ( x )=x 3 √ a2−x 2

Change x to −x ,
f (−x ) =¿
f (−x ) =−x3 √ a2−x 2
x √ a −x ¿−(−x √ a −x )
3 2 2 3 2 2

Therefore, f ( x )=−f (−x ) , and the function f ( x )=x 3 √ a2−x 2, is an odd function.

Properties of Integrals of Even and Odd Functions,

If f ( x ) is an even function of( x ),

a a

∫ f ( x ) dx=2 ∫ f ( x ) dx
−a 0

If f ( x ) is an odd function of ( x ),
a

∫ f ( x ) dx=0
−a
Example 4-7
1
Evaluate ∫ (¿ 6 y −5 y )dy ¿by the use of properties of odd and even functions.
2 4

−1

∫ (¿ 6 y 2−5 y 4 )dy ¿
−1

2 4
f ( y )=6 y −5 y

Test if f ( y ) is odd or even,

2 4
f ( y )=6 y −5 y

Change to y to – y ,

f (− y )=6 ¿
2 4
f (− y )=6 y −5 y

Therefore, f ( y )=6 y 2−5 y 4 is an even function.

a a

Applying property for integral of even functions with variable y ,∫ f ( y ) dy =2∫ f ( y ) dy , we have,
−a 0

1 1

∫ (¿ 6 y −5 y )dy=2∫ (¿ 6 y 2−5 y 4 )dy ¿ ¿

2 4

−1 0

1 3 5
∫ (¿ 6 y 2−5 y 4 )dy=2∨ 63y −
5y 1
∨ ¿
5 0
−1

[ ][ ]
3 5 3 5
6(1) 5 (1) 6 (0) 5 (0)
¿2{ − − − }
3 5 3 5
1

∫ (¿ 6 y 2−5 y 4 )dy ¿ =2
−1
Answer
4.1.2. Wallis’ Formula

The integral,
π
2

∫ sin m x cos n x dx , m and n are integers ≥ 0 arises over and over

0

again in applications.

To evaluate the above integral more directly, use Wallis’ Formula.

WALLIS’ FORMULA
π
2
[ ( m−1 ) ( m−3 ) … 2∨¿ 1 ] [ ( n−1 )( n−3 ) … 2∨¿ 1]
∫ sin m x cos n x dx= ( m+ n ) ( m+ n−2 ) … 2∨¿ 1
¿
0
where :
π
∝= , when m∧n are both even .∝
2
∝=1 ,if othewise .
¿

Apply Wallis’ Formula to the following integrals,

Example 4-8
π
2

∫ sin 2 ∅ cos6 ∅ d ∅
0

π
2
( 2−1 ) [ ( 6−1 ) ( 6−3 )( 6−5 ) ]
∫ sin 2 ∅ cos6 ∅ d ∅ = [ ( 2+6 )( 2+6−2 ) ( 2+ 6−4 )( 2+6−6 )] . π2
0

( 1 ) [( 5 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 ) ] π
¿ .
[ ( 8) (6) ( 4 ) (2)] 2

( 1 ) [( 5 ) ( 3 ) ( 1 ) ] π
¿ .
[ ( 8) (6) ( 4 ) (2)] 2

π
2
5π
∫ sin 2 ∅ cos6 ∅ d ∅ = 256
0
 Answer

Example 4-9
π
2

∫ sin 4 β dβ
0

π
2
[ ( 3) ( 1) ] [ (1)]
π , for exponent 0, use a factor 1 in the numerator, and consider it
∫ sin 4 β dβ=¿ (4)(2) 2
¿ .
0
π
as even. Since both m and n are even, use ∝= .
2

¿
[ ( 3 ) (1 ) ] [ ( 1 ) ] . π
(4)(2) 2
π
2

∫ sin 4 β dβ=¿ 316π ¿

0

Answer

Example 4-10
π
2
Evaluate ∫ cos 5 α dα
0

π
2
[ ( 1 ) ] [(4 )(2)]
∫ cos 5 α dα = .1, not both m and n are even, so use ∝=1.
0 (5)(3)(1)
π
2
8
∫ cos 5 α dα =¿ 15 ¿
0

Answer

Example 4-11
 1

Evaluate ∫ x
4
√ 1−x 2dx
0

∫ x 4 √ 1−x 2 dx
0

Evaluate using trigonometric substitution,

Let x=sin θ

dx=cosθ dθ

Changing limits,

When x=o ,using x=sinθ

−1
θ=sin 0

θ=0

When x=1 , using x=sinθ

−1
θ=sin 1

π
θ=
2

Then,
π
1 2

∫ x 4 √ 1−x 2 dx=∫(sinθ)4 √1−sin2 θ cosθ dθ

0 0
 π
2

¿ ∫ sin 4 θ cos 2 ∅ dθ
0

By Wallis’ Formula,
1
[ ( 3 ) ( 1 ) ] [ (1 )]
∫ x 4 √ 1−x 2= (6)(4)(2) . π2
0

1
π
∫ x 4 √ 1−x 2= 32
0

Answer

4.2 Improper Integrals

To recall from the preceding section, an improper integral is a definite integral,

b

∫ f ( x ) dx , under either or both conditions,

a
1. either a∨b or both are infinity, or increases or decrease without bound,
2. the integral f ( x ) has an infinite discontinuity at an end point or one or more interior
points of the interval.

To illustrate, with A as the area of the shaded area in Figure 2 below,

b

A =∫ f ( x ) dx , with a fixed and b increasing without bound (see Figure 2), the function A
a

approaches a limit, an denoted as,

∞ b

∫ f ( x ) dx= lim ∫ f ( x ) dx
b →∞ a
a
 Figure 2

Properties of Improper Integrals,

∞ b

1. ∫ f ( x ) dx= blim
→∞
∫ f ( x ) dx
a a
b b

2. ∫ f ( x ) dx= a→−∞
lim ∫ f ( x ) dx
−∞ a
∞ c b

3. ∫ f ( x ) dx= a→−∞
lim ∫ f ( x ) dx +¿ lim ∫ f ( x ) dx ¿
b→∞
−∞ a c

If the limit exist, the improper integral is called convergent. If the limit does not exist, it is
called divergent., and the integrals at the left have no meaning.
Example a
∞

Evaluate ∫ dx
x
2
1

1
f ( x )= 2 , which is one of the bounding curves of the shaded area as shown in Figure 2
x
above. The curve referred to has the x – axis as its horizontal asymptote. Even at this point, you
are reminded to review your trigonometry, solid geometry, and analytic geometry ( on
sketching of curves of functions) as a preparation for our discussions on problems in
application.

Evaluating the integral we have,

∞ b

∫ dx2
dx
=lim ∫ 2 T
1 x b→∞ 1 x

1 b
¿ lim [¿− ] ¿
b→∞ x 1

1 1
¿− +
∞ 1

∫ dx
x
2
=1, which is the shaded
1

area, A in the figure above.

Answer

The limit exist and the integral is convergent.

 Example b

Evaluate
∞ 3
a
∫ 2
x +a
2
dx
−∞

From property 3 of Improper integrals,

∞ 0 b

∫ f ( x )dx= lim ∫ f ( x ) dx + lim

a →−∞ a
∫ f ( x ) dx +
b →−∞ 0
−∞

∞ 3 0 3 b 3
a a a
∫ 2
x +a
2
dx= lim ∫ 2 2 dx+ lim ∫ 2 2 dx
a →−∞ a x + a b →−∞ 0 x + a
−∞

¿ a 3 lim
a →−∞ [ 1
a
x
]
arctan 0 + a3 lim
a a
1
b →−∞ a [
x
arctan b
a 0 ]
( 0
¿ a 2 arctan −arctan
a
−∞
a
+ a 2 ¿) )

∞ 3
[
¿ a 2 0− ( −π2 )]+ a ( π2 −0)
2

∫ x 2a+ a2 dx=πa2
−∞

Answer
Example c
∞

Evaluate ∫ 2 dx
x+1
0

∞ b

∫ 2 dx =lim ∫
dx
x+1 b → ∞ 2 x +1
0 0

b
dx 2
¿ lim ∫ .
b→∞ 0 2 x +1 2
b
1 2 dx
¿ lim ∫
2 b → ∞ 0 2 x +1

1 b
¿ lim [ln ( 2 x+ 1 ) ]
2 b→∞ 0

1
¿ {ln [ 2 ( ∞ ) +1 ] −ln [ 2 ( 0 )+ 1 ) }⁡
2

1
¿ (ln ∞−0) ⁡
2
∞

∫ 2 dx
x+1
¿ ∞,
0

Answer

The limit does not exist, and the integral is called divergent.