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Robotics Number 5

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18 views2 pages

Robotics Number 5

Uploaded by

Bal Candelon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex

series of actions automatically.[2] A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may
be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke human form, but most robots are task-
performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive
aesthetics.

Mobile robot

Main articles: Mobile robot and Automated guided vehicle

Mobile robots[84] have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one
physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided
vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the
floor, or uses vision or lasers.[85] AGVs are discussed later in this article.

Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments.[86] They also appear as
consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots
are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs
that focus on mobile robot research.[87]

Mobile robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on assembly lines because
they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely
encounter robots. However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in
and around homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found in military applications.[88]

Industrial robots (manipulating)

Main articles: Industrial robot and Manipulator (device)

A pick and place robot in a factory

Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and an end effector that is
attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly.

The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot
in ISO 8373:

"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or


more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications."[89]
This definition is used by the International Federation of Robotics, the European Robotics Research
Network (EURON) and many national standards committees.[90]

The industrial robots in food and drink processing plants are used for tasks such as feeding machines,
packaging, and palletizing, which have replaced many manual, physical tasks. The complexity of digital
skills required by workers varies depending on the level of automation and the specific tasks involved.[91]

Service robot

Main article: Service robot

Most commonly industrial robots are fixed robotic arms and manipulators used primarily for production
and distribution of goods. The term "service robot" is less well-defined. The International Federation of
Robotics has proposed a tentative definition, "A service robot is a robot which operates semi- or fully
autonomously to perform services useful to the well-being of humans and equipment, excluding
manufacturing operations."[92]

Educational (interactive) robots

Main article: Educational robotics

Robots are used as educational assistants to teachers. From the 1980s, robots such as turtles were used
in schools and programmed using the Logo language.[93][94]

There are robot kits like Lego Mindstorms, BIOLOID, OLLO from ROBOTIS, or BotBrain Educational Robots
can help children to learn about mathematics, physics, programming, and electronics. Robotics have also
been introduced into the lives of elementary and high school students in the form of robot
competitions with the company FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology). The
organization is the foundation for the FIRST Robotics Competition, FIRST Tech Challenge, FIRST Lego
League Challenge and FIRST Lego League Explore competitions.

There have also been robots such as the teaching computer, Leachim (1974).[95] Leachim was an early
example of speech synthesis using the Diphone synthesis method. 2-XL (1976) was a robot shaped
game / teaching toy based on branching between audible tracks on an 8-track tape player, both invented
by Michael J. Freeman.[96] Later, the 8-track was upgraded to tape cassettes and then to digital.

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