Smt. Narbada Devi J.

Agarwal Vivekananda Vidyalaya

Senior secondary school Vyasarpadi, Chennai-39

PHYSICS EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT 2024-25

Transistor as a Switch

SUBMITTED BY:

Neelakandan.K

XII B
 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that bonafide project work has been done by Neelakandan.K of class XII B
in Smt. NDJA Vivekananda Vidyalaya senior secondary school, Vyasarpadi, Chennai-39,
Tamil Nadu during the year 2024-25.

DATE STAFF INCHARGE PRINCIPAL

Submitted for (all India senior secondary certificate examination) physics practical
examination at Smt. NDJA Vivekananda Vidyalaya senior secondary school, Vyasarpadi,
Chennai-39

DATE SCHOOL SEAL EXTERNAL EXAMIER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby place my humble obeisance to our honorable correspondent sri. Shravankumar Todi
Ji, for equipping us with exemplary infrastructure and laboratory amenities. inspite smt. M.
Latha for able support.

The colorful project as seems, is the product of inspiration, enthusiasm and guidance
provided by our physics teacher smt. SORNAVALLI M.Phil., MSc., B.Ed., and to whom I
owe a lot. I also pay reverent homage to our lab assistant smt. Kavita BCA with whose help
and assistance, I have been able to fabricate this present project.

I also clinch this opportunity to thank my parents who have served as the backbone and my
friend who helped have in various aspects in the completion of the project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. AIM 2

3. APPARATUS REQUIRED 2

4. THEORY 4

5. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP 6

6. PROCEDURE 6

7. OBSERVATION 7

8. TABULAR COLUMN 7

9. GRAPH 8

10. RESULT 9

11. PRECAUTIONS 9

12. SOURCE OF ERROR 9

13. APPLICATION 10

14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 10
 TRANSISTOR AS A SWITCH

INTRODUCTION:

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power.
It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor
material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A
voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through
another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the
controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Some transistors are packaged
individually, but many more in miniature form are found embedded in integrated circuits.
Because transistors are the key active components in practically all modern electronics, many
people consider them one of the 20th century's greatest inventions.

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AIM:

To Conclude a transistor can as a Switch by marking its switching regions in the circut

(Cutoff and Saturation region) of a given NPN transistor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

NPN Transistor,milli ammeter,micro ammeter,0-10 volt meter,volt meter,connecting

wires

(i)NPN Transistor:

A negative-positive-negative transistor is denoted by the abbreviation NPN. A p-type

semiconductor is fused between two n-type semiconductor materials in this configuration. It
is divided into three sections: emitter, base, and collector. In an NPN transistor, the flow of
electrons is what causes it to conduct.

(ii)Milli ammeter:

it is a device used to measure the current in milliampere.in the circuit this milliamperes
connected between collector and the collector voltage of circuit to measure collector current
in series.

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(iii) Micro ammeter:

it is a device used to measure the current in microampere.in the circuit this microammeter
connected between base and the Base voltage of circuit to measure collector current in series.

iv) Volt meter:

It is a device used to measure the potential difference between 2 wires.Here voltmeter with
range 0-10 is used to measure the collector emitter voltage and another voltmeter with range
used to measure collector base voltage.

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THEORY:

Transistor as a Switch

For understanding the working of a transistor as switch we use bipolar junction transistor
(BJT) and will construct its current versus voltage curve.

There are 3 regions in which transistor operates the first one is active, second one is
saturation and third one is cut-off region.

In the first region that is active regions, transistor operates as an amplifier.

But in other 2 regions that are saturation region in which transistor is in on state and cut-off
region in which transistor is off, work as a switch.

Now we discuss the switching regions of a NPN TransisteTransistor with detailed.

Transistor Cut-off Region

In this operation region of a transistor the value of current at base is zero (IB=0) so the value
of current at collector will also 0.

The value of voltage across the collecter and emitter terminals (VCE) is higher that cause to
make larger depletion layer in the transistor and zero current flows through the component.

So the transistor is completely off meant it is an open cirucit.

Transistor Saturation Region

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In this portion, the transistor will have such biasing that the amount of current at base
terminal is maximum that causes to flow extreme current through the collector.

The value of the voltage at collector and emitter terminals will be zero so there will be no
depletion layer and a large amount of current will passes through the transistor and it behaves
like a closed switch.

In a simple way, we can define saturation region as it will occur when the current flows
through the collector are extreme and the voltage across base terminals is 0.7 volts it is for
NPN transistor.

in this project we going to determine the cut off saturation regions by finding output
characteristics of the NPN transistor in CE mode

Model graph:-

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EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

1.Arrange all the componenets as shown in the figure.

2.Make sure all the components are neanear and tight

3.Check the volt meters and Ammeters are sensitive enough, use single core copper wire for
connections.

PROCEDURE :

Output characteristics of NPN transistor:-

1.Note the collector current Ic by adjusting collector voltage Vc zero, and

base current Ib = 50 μA by adjusting base voltage Vb.

2.To note the collector current, make the collector voltage 1V,
2V,3V,4V,5V,6V,7V,8V,9V respectively and note the readings on collector current..

3.Now change the base current Ib=100 micro Ampere and repeat step 2.

4.Repeat the same process for Ib=150 micro Ampere and 200 micro Ampere
respectively and note down the readings.

5.Mark the readings on the graph by reffering the model graph..

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OBERSVATION:.

Least count of collector emitter volt meter:

Least count of collector base volt meter:
Least count of collector current ammeter:
Least count of collector base current ammeter:

TABULAR CLOUMN:

S.No Collector emitter Collector current (Ic)

voltage(Vce) (mA)
(Volts)
Ib=50μA Ib=100μA Ib=150μA Ib=200μA
1. 1 5 14 21 29

2. 2 5 14 21 29

3. 3 5 14 21 29

4. 4 5 14 21 29

5. 5 5 14 21 30

6. 6 5.2 14 21 31

7. 7 5.2 14 22 31

8. 8 5.2 14 22 32

9. 9 5.2 15 22 32

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GRAPH:

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RESULT:

1. Thus,the cutoff region of a NPN transistor is identified and observed the no current is
flowing through it. I.e. the transistor behaves as a switch in open circuit
2. Thus,the saturation region of a NPN transistor is identified and observed that
maximum current is flowing through it.I.e. the transistor behaves as a switch in closed
circuit.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. All the connections should be neat,clean and tight.

2. Check the voltmeters and ammeters have zero error.
3. Use single core copper wire for connections.
4. Check whether the transistor is working properly.

SOURCE OF ERROR:

1. The Ammeters or voltmeters that may have zero error.

2. The transistor may not work properly.

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APPLICATION:

● Transistor switches can be used to switch and control lamps, relays or even motors.
● When using the bipolar transistor as a switch they must be either "fully- OFF" or
"fully-ON"
● Transistors that are fully "ON" are said to be in their Saturation region.
● Transistors that are fully "OFF" are said to be in their Cut-off region.
● When using the transistor as a switch, a small Base current controls a much larger
Collector load current
● When using transistors to switch inductive loads such as relays and solenoids, a
"Flywheel Diode" is used.
● When large currents or voltages need to be controlled, Darlington Transistors can be
used

BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.google.com

www.slideshare.net

www.byjus.com

www.quora.com

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