sgp 24-25

SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTION
LABORATORY MANUAL
A.Y:2024-2025 (ODD SEM)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES (SEAS)
SRM UNIVERSITY-AP
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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No. List of Experiment Page. No
1 DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELAY 3-6
2 OVER CURRENT RELAY 7-11
3 CHARACTERISTIC OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY 12-17
4 UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY 18-23
5 IDMT EARTH FAULT RELAY 24-28
6 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 29-31
7 SYNCHRONISING SCHEME IN GENERATOR PROTECTION 32-33

SIMULATOTR
8 STUDY OF REVERSE POWER PROTECTION IN GENERATOR 34-35
PROTECTION SIMULATOR
9 STUDY OF BUCHHOLZ RELAY 36-38
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Experiment No:01 Date:
DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELAY
Aim: Study and testing of Digital type Frequency relay (1Ø) to plot relay characteristics under
testing of FHP Alternator set up.
Apparatus:
1. Digital frequency relay kit

2. Patch chords
Theory:
Relay which functions at a predetermined value of frequency; may be an over-frequency relay,

an under-frequency relay, or a combination of both.
Under Frequency Protection Working Principle:
Under Frequency Protection is used to protect the transformer/generator/alternator when the

frequency drops below the operating frequency. It is a backup protection for over fluxing (V/F)
protection. Under frequency occurs due to turbine low speed, AVR failure, diode failure, grid
frequency fluctuation etc. The generator can tolerate moderate under frequency operation
provided voltage is within an acceptable limit. Under frequency causes over fluxing in the
generator/transformer, speed drops in the motors, output voltage dropping etc. The abnormal
under frequency on the machine may be due to improper speed control adjustment or disoperation
of the speed controller.
The generator under frequency protection consists of two stage tripping. Stage 1 trip command
is given to grid circuit breaker and stage 2 trip command is given to generator circuit breaker.
Over Frequency Protection:
Over frequency protection or over speed protection is used to protect the generator from over
speeding of generator’s rotor, reduce the eddy current losses as the frequency increases and
protect the winding against v/f over fluxing protection.
Principle of Over frequency protection:
Normally, Generator is an energy conversion device, which converts mechanical energy into
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electrical energy and the mechanical energy is given by the steam
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turbine or diesel engine or gas turbine etc. here the input fuel may be changed but the mechanical
energy is given to the alternator/generator by the manner of rotation (revolution). The revolution
is directly proportional to the frequency of the alternator/generator. Under Normal condition the
frequency is stable around 50Hz or 60Hz. The turbogenerator rotates at rated speed under normal
condition. During abnormal condition, increasing the speed in the turbine leads to elevated
frequency in the generator. The machine operated at higher speeds at which the rotor material no
longer contains the centrifugal forces imposed on them resulting in serious damage to the turbine-
generator set.
The generator can tolerate moderate over frequency operation provided voltage is within an
acceptable limit. The abnormal over frequency on the machine may be due to improper speed
control adjustment or disoperation of the speed controller or severe grid disturbance or sudden
load through off.
Procedure:
1. Connect power cable to Digital frequency relay kit (port available back side of the kit).
2. Connect PT-output terminals to RLY-PT input by using patch chords.
3. Connect CB-AUX-contact input to OF-AUX-contact & UF-AUX-contact by using
patch chords.
4. Set an under-frequency value in frequency relay meter value of 49 Hz.
5. Set an over-frequency value in frequency relay meter value of 52 Hz.
6. Now you switch MCB-1, MCB-2 and MCB-3.
7. Now set 50Hz in VFD, after that press run button then, alternator will run normally.
Here you can observe frequency meter shows healthy condition.
8. Now to you can set below 49Hz in VFD by using knob available in VFD
9. Now you can observe frequency meter it will shows fault after it will trip means
disconnect output/load from this circuit.
10. Now press the reset button of breaker 1.
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11. then, you can set frequency value of 53Hz in VFD by using knob available in VFD.
12. Now you can observe frequency meter it will shows fault after it will trip means
disconnect output/load from this circuit.
Result:
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Experiment No: 02 Date:
OVER CURRENT RELAY

Aim: Study and testing of Electromechanical type over current relay & to plot IDMT
/DMT characteristics.
Apparatus:
a) Device characteristics trainer kit
b) Digital multimeter-3 number
c) Connecting wires
Precautions:
a. Keep the MCB in off condition.
b. Keep the Autotransformer in Minimum Position.
c. Keep the Power ON/OFF switch in off position.
INTRODUCTION:
The function of a relay is to detect abnormal conditions in the system and to initiate
through appropriate circuit breakers the disconnection of faulty circuits so that
interference with the general supply is minimized. Relays are of many types. Some
depend on the operation of an armature by some form of electromagnet. A very large
number of relays operate on the induction principle. When a relay operates it closes
contacts in the trip circuit which is normally connected across 110 V D.C. supplies
from a battery. The passage of current in the coil of the trip circuit actuates the plunger,
which causes operation of the circuit breaker, disconnecting the faulty system.
A 3-phase contactor simulates the operation of the circuit breaker. The closure of the
relay contacts short-circuits the 'no-volt ' coil of the contactor, which, in turn,
disconnects the faulty system. The protective relaying which responds to a rise in
current flowing through the protected element over a pre-determined value is called
'overcurrent protection' and the relays used for this purpose are known as overcurrent
relays. Earth fault protection can be provided with normal overcurrent relays, if the
minimum earth fault current is sufficient in magnitude. The design of a comprehensive
protection scheme in a power system requires the detailed study of time-current
characteristics of the various relays used in the scheme. Thus, it is necessary to obtain
the time
Page | 7 current characteristics of these relays.
The over current relay works on the induction principle. The moving system consists
of an aluminium disc fixed on a vertical shaft and rotating on two jewelled bearings
between the poles of an electromagnet and a damping magnet. The winding of the
electromagnet is provided with seven taps (generally0, which are brought on the front
panel, and the required tap is selected by a push-in -type plug. The pick-up current
setting can thus be varied by the use of such plug multiplier setting. The pick-up current
values of earth fault relays are normally quite low. The operating time of all overcurrent
relays tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum value with increase in the
value of current. This is an inherent property of The electromagnetic relays due to
saturation of the magnetic circuit. By varying the point of saturation, different
characteristics can be obtained, and these are:
1. Definite time
2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
3. Very Inverse
4. Extremely Inverse
THEORY:
There are several over current protection such as fuse, thermal relay & IDMT
Relay. IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time) Relay is a high accuracy over
current relay. If we do not want to flow the current in lines more than 1 Amp, we will
set the tripping current in our relay 1 Amp. As the current will become 1.10 or 1.20,
the relay disc will start forward and trip the breaker after certain time. It is widely
used to prevent over current on transmission lines, power transformers etc., because
the error & tripping time of the relay is tolerable by the lines and transformer.
As the requirement of system is that the faulted line should be open
instantaneously. If the faulted line breaker fails to open the faulted line, the next supply
breaker has to be open to for making dead the faulty line. The next breaker may be at
higher voltage line or the same voltage. The next breaker should open only after the
first breaker failure. So, we will allow approx. 0.4 sec time to operate first breaker. If
first breaker does not become open within 0.4 sec than it will be assume failure and the
next breaker will become functional. These time and current distinguish is made by
IDMT relay.
Page | 8
The time multiplier setting for an inverse time relay is defined as: -
𝑇
𝑇𝑀𝑆 =
𝑇𝑚
Where T = the required time of operation.

Tm = The time obtained from the relay characteristics curve at TMS = 1.0 and using
PSM
equivalent to max fault current.
Current setting is adjusted by means of a tapped plug bridge hence known as
PSM.
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑆𝑀 =
𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
The operating time of an over current relay tends to become asymptotic to a definite
minimum value with increase in the value of current. This is inherent in
electromagnetic relays due to saturation of magnetic circuit. So, by varying the
saturation, different characteristics are obtained. If the core is made to saturate at large
stage, it is called IDMT relay. The time characteristics in inverse over the same range
and then after saturation occur and definite min. time is reached. At low value of
operating current, the shape of current is determined by effect of restraining force of
control spring while at higher values the effect of saturation predominates.
Different time multiplier setting (TMS) are obtained by varying the travel of
disc or cup required to close the contracts. Higher is the TMS, greater is the spring
restraining force. In order to make the relay operate at constant value of minimum trip
current for any TMS greater holes are cut in the disc.
Procedure:
1. Set the pick-up value of the current marked 2.5 A by inserting the plug in the
groove.
2. Set the Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) initially at 1.0.
3. Switch ON the Power using Power ON/OFF Switch (IRS SWITCH).
4. Switch ON the MCB.
5. Press the START Button.
6. Apply current of 5A (Indicate the front panel ammeter) by Adjusting the Front
panel
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autotransformer – (Now the disc in over current relay is rotate and relay may trip –
but don’t
consider this function).
a. Now the fault current of 5A is set.

b. Press Manual STOP Button.
c. Now the setup is ready for applying Fault current of 5A.
d. Wait for some time to settle the DISC in over current relay in initial /
home position.
7. Apply current of 5A (Indicate the front panel ammeter) by Adjusting the Front
panel
autotransformer – (Now the disc in over current relay is rotate and Stop clock is
start and relay
may trip – but don’t consider this function).
a. Now the fault current of 5A is set.
b. Press Manual STOP Button.
c. Press the Reset switch in STOP CLOCK.
d. Now the setup is ready for applying Fault current of 5A.
e. Wait for some time to settle the DISC in over current relay in initial /
home position.
9. Now the DISC in RELAY is started to rotate and relay is tripped after some time.
10. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped and
indicate the
relay trip time, note down this trip time in table.
11. Repeat the above procedure (Procedure 1 to 10) with different Time setting
Multiplier.
12. Draw graph Applied fault current Vs Measured tripping time- It gives IDMT
Characteristics.
13. Repeat the same with different TMS.
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Tabular Column:
TMS-Time setting multiplier = 0.5
S.No. Applied Fault Calculated tripping Measured PSM-Plug setting
Current in time in (msec) Tripping Time in multiplier
(Amp) (msec)
1 5.0 4.33
2 8.21 2.9
3 9.81 2.56 2.0
4 11.86 2.27
TMS-Time setting multiplier = 1.0

S.No. Applied Fault Calculated tripping Measured PSM-Plug setting
Current in time in (msec) Tripping Time in multiplier
(Amp) (msec)
1 5 8.2
2 8.1 5.7
3 10 5 2.0
4 12.5 4.41
Result:
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CHARACTERISTIC OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

Aim: To Plot the IDMT characteristics of Over voltage relay
Apparatus:
● PLT-VR1 module
● Patch Chords
Precautions:
• Keep the MCB is in off condition.
• Keep the Autotransformer is in Minimum Position.
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position.
Introduction:
through appropriate circuit breakers the disconnection of faulty circuits so that
interference with the general supply is minimized. Relays are of many types. Some
depend on the operation of an armature by some form of electromagnet. A very large
number of relays operate on the induction principle. When a relay operates it closes
contacts in the trip circuit which is normally connected across 110 V D.C. supply
from a battery. The passage of Voltage / current in the coil of the trip circuit actuates
the plunger, which causes operation of the circuit breaker, disconnecting the faulty
system.
Page | 12
A 3-phase contactor simulates the operation of the circuit breaker. The closure of the
relay contacts short-circuits the 'no-volt ' coil of the contactor, which, in turn,
disconnects the faulty system. The protective relaying which responds to a rise in
Voltage flowing through the protected element over a pre-determined value is called
'over voltage protection' and the relays used for this purpose are known as over
voltage relays. The design of a comprehensive protection scheme in a power system
requires the detailed study of time-current characteristics of the various relays used in
the scheme. Thus, it is necessary to obtain the time current characteristics of these
relays.
The over voltage relay works on the induction principle. The moving system
consists of an aluminum disc fixed on a vertical shaft and rotating on two jeweled
bearings between the poles of an electromagnet and a damping magnet. The winding
of the electromagnet is provided with seven taps (generally0, which are brought on
the front panel, and the required tap is selected by a push-in -type plug.
The pick-up voltage setting can thus be varied by the use of such plug
multiplier setting. The pick-up values of relays are normally quite low. The operating
time of all relays tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum value with
increase in the value of voltage. This is an inherent property of the electromagnetic
relays due to saturation of the magnetic circuit. By varying the point of saturation,
different characteristics can be obtained, and these are
1. Definite time
3. Very Inverse
Page | 13
Theory:
For the satisfactory working of all electrical and electronic devices, it is recommended
to allow voltage at prescribed limits. Voltage fluctuations in electric power supply
certainly have adverse effects on connected loads. These fluctuations can be of over
voltage and under voltage. Overvoltage can be caused by a number of reasons, sudden
reduction in loads, switching of transient loads, lightning strikes, failure of control
equipment such as voltage regulators, neutral displacement. Overvoltage can cause
damage to components connected to the power supply and lead to insulation failure,
damage to electronic components, heating, flashovers, etc.
Overvoltage relays can be used to identify over voltages and isolate equipment. These
relays operate when the measured voltage exceeds a predetermined set-point. The
voltage is usually measured using a Potential Transformers. The details of the ratio of
the potential transformer are also entered into the relay. These relays are usually
provided with a time delay. The time delay can be either instantaneous, fixed time or
for IDMT (inverse definite minimum time) curves.
Fault voltage = Plug setting voltage X Set voltage.
The time multiplier setting for an inverse time relay is defined as: -
𝑇
𝑇𝑆𝑀 =
𝑇𝑚
Where T = the required time of operation.
Tm = The time obtained from the relay characteristics curve at TMS = 1.0 and using
PSM
Equivalent to max fault current.
Voltage setting is adjusted by means of a tapped plug bridge hence known as PSM.
𝐹𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃𝑆𝑀 =
𝑃𝑙𝑢𝑔 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
The operating time of an over voltage relay tends to become asymptotic to a
definite minimum value with increase in the value of current. This is inherent in
electromagnetic relays due to saturation of magnetic circuit. So, by varying the
saturation, different characteristics are obtained. If the core is made to saturate at large
stage, it is called IDMT relay. The time characteristics in inverse over the same range
and then after saturation occur and definite min. time is reached. At low value of
operating voltage, the shape of voltage is determined by effect of restraining force of
control
Page | 14spring while at higher values the effect of saturation predominates.
Different time multiplier setting (TMS) is obtained by varying the travel of disc or cup
required to close the contracts. Higher is the TMS, greater is the spring restraining
force. In order to make the relay operate at constant value of minimum trip current for
any TMS greater holes are cut in the disc.
Procedure:
1. Connect front panel connector P1A to PT input L1’s 1st terminal by using
connecting wires.
2. Connect front panel connector P2A to PT input L1’s 2nd terminal by using
connecting wires.
3. Connect NC-1, 1st terminal to 1 terminal on the front panel.
4. Connect NC-1, 2nd terminals to 2 terminal on the front panel.
6. Set the relay by given relay setting procedure (attached at end of this
experiment procedure).
7. Apply voltage ------ VAC Which should be GREATER THAN SETTING
VALUE (voltage value is Indicated by front panel voltmeters) by Adjusting the
Front panel Autotransformer.
8. Now the fault voltage of ------- VAC is set.
10. Now RELAY is tripped after calculated time.
11. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped
and indicate the relay trip time, note down this trip time in table.
12. Draw graph Applied fault voltage Vs Measured tripping time- It gives IDMT
Characteristics.
(Special note: this voltage relay module can work even single-phase
protection therefore no need to give three phase supply input to the relay
unit. In this study follow this connection procedure).
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Tabular Column: Tsm = 0.5
S.No. Applied Fault Indicated Calculated Pkup % value
Voltage (Volt) Tripping Time in Tripping Time in
(sec) (sec)
1 152 6.17
2 176 2.05 60%
3 190 1.45
Tsm = 0.5
S.No. Applied Fault Indicated Calculated Pkup % value
Voltage (Volt) Tripping Time in Tripping Time in
(sec) (sec)
1 110 3.13
2 131 1.33
3 151 0.87 40%
VOLTAGE RELAY (setting procedure):

❖ Initially the Relay displays
L1 :000.00V
L2 :000.00V
Press selection key Right> or left< show that the line Voltage, Zero(U0),
Positive(U1) And Negative (U2) Sequence voltage
❖ Over voltage Parameter change in voltage relay:
➢Press “ENTER” key;
➢Display shows “# EDIT/VIEW MENU#”.
➢Press selection key Right> ‘or’ Left< indicate block spotted to select option and
select “<PROTECTION>” Using “ENTER” key.
➢Display shows “# GROUP SELECTION#”.
select “<GROUP-1>” Using “ENTER” key.
➢Display shows “< PROTECTION>”.
select “<Over Voltage>” Using “ENTER” Key.
➢Display shows over voltage parameter “OVchar: IDMT”.
➢If you need to change over voltage characteristics press selection key Up˄ ‘or’
Down˅. Then save the characteristics press “ENTER” key.
➢Display shows “Save modification?”
select “YES” Using “ENTER” key
Page | 16
➢Display shows “Enter Password”
➢Then the Password is press “ENTER” key in four time and 2 second delay after
press “ENTER” key to change defined parameter.

➢Press selection key Right> Display shows “U>Prot: Enable” (Over voltage
protection). This condition is Enable
➢Press selection key right> Display shows “U>Pkup: 55%Un”
➢If calculated the set voltage the formula is
63.5
𝑉𝑆 = × 𝑈 > 𝑃𝑘𝑢𝑝
100
➢If you need to change the value press Up˄ ‘or’ Down˅. Then save the parameter
press “ENTER” key
Press selection key Right> ‘or’ Left< indicate block spotted to select option and
➢Press selection key right> Display shows “U>Ti: 0.05” (Voltage inverse Time)
➢If you need to change the value press Up˄ or Down˅. Then save the parameter
➢Back to main menu Press selection key Right> ‘or’ Left< indicate block spotted
to select option and select “<-BACK” Using “ENTER” key.
Calculation:
Tripping time (t)
Results:
Page | 17
UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

Aim: To Plot the IDMT characteristics of ‘under voltage’ relay.
Apparatus:
1. PLT-VR1 module
2. Patch chords
Theory:
through appropriate circuit breakers the disconnection of faulty circuits so that interference
with the general supply is minimized. Relays are of many types. Some depend on the
operation of an armature by some form of electromagnet. A very large number of relays
operate on the induction principle. When a relay operates it closes contacts in the trip
circuit which is normally connected across 110 V D.C. supply from a battery. The passage
of Voltage / current in the coil of the trip circuit actuates the plunger, which causes
operation of the circuit breaker, disconnecting the faulty system.
A 3-phase contactor simulates the operation of the circuit breaker. The closure of
the relay contacts short-circuits the 'no-volt ' coil of the contactor, which, in turn,
disconnects the faulty system. The protective relaying which responds to a rise in Voltage
flowing through the protected element over a predetermined value is called 'over voltage
protection' and the relays used for this purpose are known as over voltage relays. The
design of a comprehensive protection scheme in a power system requires the detailed study
of time-current characteristics of the various relays used in the scheme. Thus, it is
necessary to obtain the time current characteristics of these relays.
Page | 18
The over voltage relay works on the induction principle. The moving system consists of an
aluminum disc fixed on a vertical shaft and rotating on two jeweled bearings between the
poles of an electromagnet and a damping magnet. The winding of the electromagnet is
provided with seven taps (generally0, which are brought on the front panel, and the
required tap is selected by a push-in -type plug.
The pick-up voltage setting can thus be varied by the use of such plug multiplier
setting. The pick-up values of relays are normally quite low. The operating time of all
relays tends to become asymptotic to a definite minimum value with increase in the value
of voltage. This is an inherent property of the electromagnetic relays due to saturation of
the magnetic circuit. By varying the point of saturation, different characteristics can be
obtained, and these are
1. Definite time
3. Very Inverse
Precautions:
• Keep the MCB is in off condition
• Keep the Autotransformer is in Minimum Position
• Keep the Power ON/OFF switch is in off position
Procedure:
1. Keep two switches (that are available on the right side of the kit) ON position for under
voltage relay experiment.
2. Connect front panel connector P1A to PT input L1’s 1st terminal by using connecting
wires.
3. Connect front panel connector P2A to PT input L1’s 2nd terminal by using
connecting wires.
4. Connect NC-1, 1st terminal to terminal 1 of switch S2 on the front panel.
Page | 19
5. Connect NC-1, 2nd terminals to terminal 2 of switch S2 on the front panel.
7. Set the relay by the given relay setting procedure (attached at end of this experiment
procedure).
8. Apply voltage ------ VAC Which should be LESS THAN SETTING VALUE (voltage
value is Indicated by front panel voltmeters) by Adjusting the Front panel
Autotransformer.
9. Now the fault voltage of ------- VAC is set.
11. Now RELAY is tripped after calculated time.
12. Once the RELAY is tripped and the STOP CLOCK is automatically stopped and
indicate the relay trip time, note down this trip time in table.
13. Draw graph Applied fault voltage Vs Measured tripping time- It gives IDMT
Characteristics.
(Special note: this voltage relay module can work even with single-phase protection
therefore no need to give three phase supply input to the relay unit. In this study
follow this connection procedure).
Tabular Column: Tsm = 1.0

S.No. Applied Fault Indicated Error % Pkup % value
Voltage (Volt) Tripping Time in
(msec)
1 61 7.45
2 50 3.55 30%
3 45 2.89
4 40 2.42
Page | 20
Tsm = 0.5
S.No. Applied Fault Indicated Error % Pkup % value
Voltage (Volt) Tripping Time in
(msec)
1 150 7.26
2 140 5.05
3 130 4.00 75%
4 120 3.27
VOLTAGE RELAY (setting procedure):
❖ Initially the Relay displays
L1 :000.00V
L2 :000.00V
Press selection key Right> or left< show that the line Voltage, Zero(U0),
Positive(U1) And Negative (U2) Sequence voltage
❖ Under voltage Parameter change in voltage relay:
➢Press “ENTER” key.
➢Display shows “# EDIT/VIEW MENU#”.
select “<PROTECTION>” Using “ENTER” key.
➢Display shows “# GROUP SELECTION#”.
select “<GROUP-1>” Using “ENTER” key.
➢Display shows “< PROTECTION>”.
select “<Under Voltage>” Using “ENTER” Key.
➢Display shows over voltage parameter “UVchar: IDMT”.

Page | 21
➢If you need to change over voltage characteristics press selection key Up˄ ‘or’
Down˅. Then save the characteristics press “ENTER” key.
➢Press selection key Right> Display shows “UV>Prot: Enable” (Over voltage
protection). This condition is Enable
➢Press selection key right> Display shows “UV>Pkup: 55%Un”
➢If calculated the set voltage the formula is
63.5
𝑉𝑆 = × 𝑈 > 𝑃𝑘𝑢𝑝
100
➢If you need to change the value press Up˄ ‘or’ Down˅. Then save the parameter
Press selection key Right> ‘or’ Left< indicate block spotted to select option and
➢Press selection key right> Display shows “U>Ti: 0.05” (Voltage inverse Time)
➢If you need to change the value press Up˄ or Down˅. Then save the parameter
➢Display
Page | 22 shows “Enter Password”
➢Back to main menu Press selection key Right> ‘or’ Left< indicate block spotted
to select option and select “<-BACK” Using “ENTER” key.
Results:
Page | 23
IDMT EARTH FAULT RELAY

Aim: To Plot the IDMT characteristics of electromagnetic IDMT EF relay.
Apparatus:
● PLT-10PS-OC1 module
● Patch Cords
Precautions
● Keep the MCB in off condition.
● Keep the rheostat in maximum Position and one should be open.
● Keep the Power ON/OFF switch in off position.
Theory:
Principle of the Construction and Operation of the Electromechanical IDMT Relay As
the name implies, it is a relay monitoring the current, and has inverse characteristics with
respect to the currents being monitored. This (electromechanical) relay is without doubt
one of the most popular relays used on medium- and low-voltage systems for many
years, and modern digital relays' characteristics are still mainly based on the torque
characteristic of this type of relay. Hence, it is worthwhile studying the operation of this
relay in detail to understand its characteristics
The current I 1 from the line CTs, sets

up a magnetic flux A and also induces a
current I 2 in the secondary
winding which in turn sets up a flux in B. Fluxes A and B are out of phase thus producing
a torque in the disk causing it to rotate. Now, speed is proportional to braking torque,
and is proportional to driving torque. Therefore, speed is proportional to I 2.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
But 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Hence,
Page | 24
1
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝐼2
This therefore gives an inverse characteristic (see Figure). It can be seen that the
operating time of an IDMTL relay is inversely proportional to a function of current, i.e.
it has a long operating time at low multiples of setting current and a relatively short
operating...
The torque of these relays is proportional to f1,f2 Sin a, where f1 and f2 are the two
fluxes and a is the angle between them. Where both the fluxes are produced by the same
quantity (single quantity relays) as in the case of current or voltage operated, the torque
T is proportional to I2, or T = K I2, for coil current below saturation. If the core is made
to saturate at very early stages such that with increase of I, K decreases so that the time
of operation remains the same over the working range. The time -current characteristic
obtained is known as definite –time characteristic.
If the core is made to saturate at a later stage, the characteristic obtained is known as
IDMT. The time-current characteristic is inverse over some range and then after
saturation assumes the definite time form. In order to ensure selectivity, it is essential
that the time of operation of the relays should be dependent on the severity of the fault
in such a way that the more severe the fault, the less is the time to operate, this being
called the inverse-time characteristic. This will also ensure that a relay shall not operate
under normal overload conditions of short duration. It is essential also that there shall be
a definite
Page | 25 minimum time of operation, which can be adjusted to suit the requirements of
the installation. At low values of operating current, the shape of the curve is determined
by the effect of the restraining force of the control spring, while at high values the effect
of saturation predominates. Different time settings can be obtained by moving a knurled
clamping screw along a calibrated scale graduated from 0.1 to 1.0 in steps of 0.05.
This arrangement is called Time Multiplier Setting and will vary the travel of the disc
required to close the contacts. This will shift the time-current characteristic of the relay
parallel to itself. By delaying the saturation to a further point, the Very Inverse and
Extremely Very Inverse time current characteristics can be obtained.
Connection Procedure:
1. Connect C1 & C2 terminals on the front panel to CT1 & CT2 terminals of the
motor Panel.
2. Connect the D1 terminal of the fault simulator to one end of the rheostat.
3. Connect the D2 terminal of the fault simulator to any one of the phases on the
motor panel.
4. Connect rheostat other end to MB terminal on the motor panel.
5. Connect R, Y, B terminals on the motor panel to R, Y, B terminals of the front
panel R, Y, B terminals of the front panel. (Right side of the kit).
6. Connect 3-phase supply to the over voltage trainer kit (left side of the kit).
7. Single Phase supply to over voltage trainer kit (back side of the kit).
8. Set the pick-up value of the current marked 0.4A by inserting the plug in the
groove.
9. Set the Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) initially at 1.0.
Experimental procedure:
2. Switch ON the MCB
4. Adjust the rheostat to increase the fault current by the reference of the ammeter
available in the test panel
5. Once the current reaches above the PSM value the relay will start pickup and
without changing the rheostat position press the stop button.
6. Now reset the stop clock.
7. Remove the variable rheostat one end previously connected to the body of the
Page | 26motor (MB).
8. Now press the start button and connect the variable rheostat one end to the body
of the motor (MB) simultaneously.
9. Then the relay got picked up and the corresponding time relay will trip and both
motor and stop clock were stopped.
10. Repeat the above procedure for different PSM settings as well as different fault
current values.
11. And tabulate the values and plot the graph.
Tabular Column: TMS-Time setting multiplier = 1.0

S.No. Applied Fault Measured Tripping Calculated PSM-Plug setting
Current in Time in (sec) tripping time in multiplier
(Amp) (sec)
1 0.526 23.75
2 0.753 10.46 0.4
3 1.04 7.31
Tabular Column: TMS-Time setting multiplier = 0.5

S.No. Applied Fault Measured Tripping Calculated PSM-Plug setting
Current in Time in (sec) tripping time in multiplier
(Amp) (sec)
1 0.517 8 0.3
2 0.760 3.5
3 1.162 2
Calculations:
Page | 27
Expected Graph:
Result:
Page | 28
Experiment no: 06 Date:
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Aim:
To study the over current protection using an over current relay in a transformer protection
simulator.
Apparatus:
S.NO. NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT QUANTITY
1. 3 Feeder protection simulator set 01
2. 3 phase auto transformer 415V, 10A 01
3. 3 phase lamp load 01
4. Patch Cords As Required
Precautions:
1) Before switching on the main power supply all switches and MCBs are in OFF
position.
2) Terminal connections are connected to specified terminal indications.
3) Auto transformer in minimum position.
Procedure:
1) OVER CURRENT RELAY CT INPUT’S CT1’S 1ST end to CT-3 OUTPUT’S
1st end.
2) OVER CURRENT RELAY CT INPUT’S CT1’S 2ND end to CT-3 OUTPUT’S
2ND end.
3RD end.
4) OVER CURRENT RELAY CT INPUT’S CT2’S 2ND end CT-3 OUTPUT’S
4TH end.
5TH end.
6) OVER CURRENT RELAY CT INPUT’S CT3’S 2ND end CT-3 OUTPUT’S
6TH end.
7) The 3 phase autotransformer is connected to the left side of the panel mains
terminals R, Y, B.
8) The load is connected to the right side of the panel load terminals U, V, W.
9) The relay ‘NO’ is connected to the circuit breaker-1 ‘or’ circuit breaker-2
terminal of panel right side to set the relay by its procedure.
Page | 29
10) Switch on the circuit breaker -2 and circuit breaker -1 by pressing the breaker –
1 RESET switch and breaker-2 reset switches. The breaker -1 and breaker – 2 to
be on then the lamps are indicated.
11) Switch on the MCB – 1 to connect the input supply to breaker-1 input and MCB
– 2 to connect load.
12) Switch on the three-phase supply and vary the voltage to rated voltage
13) Switch on the load one by one by using the selector switch on the load.
14) Now the current is read by the relay and shown in the LCD.
15) When the current reaches the above set value, it will trip, and the load is isolated.
(If the relay feedback is connected to the br-1 OCR pin then it will isolate the
input supply from mains. Suppose br-2 is connected with the feedback then load
is isolated).
Tabular column:
S.no. Pkup Applied Fault Measured Calculated
value Current Time Time
1. 0.2 1.16 51.32
2. 1.585 15.38
3. 1.995 10.07
S.no. Pkup Applied Fault Measured Calculated

value Current Time Time
1. 0.35 2 51.04
2. 2.42 21.81
3. 2.83 14.33
Page | 30
Theoretical calculations:
0.14
Normal Inverse 3.0 𝑡= 𝐼 0.02
𝑡𝑖 (𝑠)
( ) −1
𝐼𝑠
0.061
𝑡𝑖 (𝑠)
( ) −1
𝐼𝑠
0.14
𝑡𝑖 (𝑠)
( ) −1
𝐼𝑠
13.5
Very Inverse t 𝑡= 𝐼 𝑡𝑖 (𝑠)
( )− 1
𝐼𝑠
Result:
Page | 31
SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME IN GENERATOR
PROTECTION SIMULATOR
Aim: To study the characteristics of synchronization testing in generator protection

simulator.
Apparatus:
1. GENERATOR PROTECTION SIMULATOR setup
2. AC motor (2HP) coupled with alternator (1KVA) 1-set.
3. Patch cords as req.
4. 3-Phase Autotransformer
Precautions
1. Before switching on the main power supply all switches and MCBs are in OFF
position.
2. Voltage adjustment knob in minimum position.
3. Terminal connections are connecting to specified terminal indication.
Procedure:
To connect,
a) MFM relay PT-INPUT ‘S PT1-1st terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 1st terminal.
b) MFM relay PT-INPUT ‘S PT1-2nd terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 2nd
terminal.
c) MFM relay PT-INPUT ‘S PT2-1st terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 3rd terminal.
d) MFM relay PT-INPUT PT2‘S -2nd terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 4th terminal.
e) MFM relay PT-INPUT PT3‘S -1st terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 5th terminal.
f) MFM relay PT-INPUT PT3‘S -2nd terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 6th terminal.
g) MFM relay PT-INPUT PT1A ‘S -2nd terminal to PT-2 OUTPUT’S 1st
terminal.
h) MFM relay PT-INPUT PT1A ‘S -2nd terminal to PT-2 OUTPUT’S 2nd
terminal.
1. Switch on the power by using the power ON/OFF switch.
2. Switch on the MCB-1 and MCB-3(MCB-2 should be in off
position only).
Page | 32
3. Switch on the MCB-4 and MCB-5.
4. Switch on the alternator-1 field power on/off.

5. Switch on the breaker-1, breaker-2 and breaker-4 by pressing the reset
switches.
6. Run the machine as its rated RPM of 1500 and set the mains voltage by rated
or somewhat less around 220v.
7. Adjust the field adjustment knob to set the alternator voltage should equal to
mains voltage.
8. And check the phase sequence measurement indicators. (in proper sequence
all indicators are got simultaneous off and on)
9. Set both voltage and frequency of alternator and mains same as followed.
10. Voltage From the generator shown by the MFM-1 on the simulator and mains
voltage and current shown by MFM—2.
11. Both frequencies are shown by respective meters F1 and F2.
12. And press the sync on/off switch now the synchroscope starts rotating and
the needle comes center point switch on the MCB-2(if properly synced then
the meter A1, A2 and A3 shows the very less current)
13. Now the sync is completed then press the sync on/off the meter doesn’t.
rotating holding in center position always and phase sequence measurement
indicator stops glowing.
Results:
Page | 33
STUDY OF REVERSE POWER RELAY PROTECTION SCHEME IN

GENERATOR PROTECTION SIMULATOR
Aim: To study the characteristics of synchronization testing in generator protection
simulator.
Apparatus:
1. GENERATOR PROTECTION SIMULATOR setup
2. AC motor (2HP) coupled with alternator (1KVA) 1-set.
3. Patch cords as req.
4. 3-Phase Autotransformer
Precautions
1. Before switching on the main power supply all switches and MCBs are in OFF
position.
2. Voltage adjustment knob in minimum position.
3. Terminal connections are connecting to specified terminal indication.
Procedure:
To connect,
a. OCR &E/F-RELAY CT INPUT CT1’s-1st terminal to CT2’s-1st terminal.
b. OCR&E/F-RELAY CT INPUT CT1’s-2nd terminal to CT2’s-2nd terminal.
c. OCR &E/F-RELAY CT INPUT CT2’s-1st terminal to CT2’s-3rd terminal.
d. OCR &E/F-RELAY CT INPUT CT2’s-2nd terminal to CT2’s-4th terminal.
e. MFM relay PT-INPUT ‘S PT1-1st terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 1st terminal.
f. MFM relay PT-INPUT ‘S PT1-2nd terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 2nd terminal.
g. MFM relay PT-INPUT ‘S PT2-1st terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 3rd terminal.
h. MFM relay PT-INPUT PT2‘S -2nd terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 4th terminal.
i. MFM relay PT-INPUT PT3‘S -1st terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 5th terminal.
j. MFM relay PT-INPUT PT3‘S -2nd terminal to PT-1 OUTPUT’S 6th terminal.
k. MFM relay PT-INPUT PT1A ‘S -2nd terminal to PT-2 OUTPUT’S 1st
terminal.
l. MFM relay PT-INPUT PT1A ‘S -2nd terminal to PT-2 OUTPUT’S 2nd
terminal.
1. Switch on the power by using the power ON/OFF switch.

2. Switch on the MCB-1 and MCB-3(MCB-2 should be in off position only).
3. Switch on the MCB-4 and MCB-5.
4. Switch on the alternator-1 field power on/off.
5. Switch on the breaker-1, breaker-2 and breaker-4 by pressing the reset
switches.
6. Run the machine as its rated RPM of 1500 and set the mains voltage by rated
or somewhat less around 220v.
Page | 34
7. Adjust the field adjustment knob to set the alternator voltage should equal to
mains voltage.
8. And check the phase sequence measurement indicators. (in proper sequence all
indicators are got simultaneous off and on)
9. Set both voltage and frequency of alternator and mains same as followed.
10. Voltage From the generator shown by the MFM-1 on the simulator and mains voltage
and current shown by MFM—2.
11. Both frequencies are shown by respective meters F1 and F2.
12. And press the sync on/off switch now the synchroscope starts rotating and
the needle comes center point switch on the MCB-2(if properly synced then the meter
A1, A2 and A3 shows the very less current)
13. Now the sync is completed then press the sync on/off the meter doesn’t.
rotating holding in center position always and phase sequence measurement
indicator stops glowing.
14. Simply apply some load with a lamp load and measure the power with MFM-1 and
MFM-2 meters. In this case, the MFM-1 meter will display a negative power value,
indicating that the alternator is not supplying enough power to the load.
15. 15. With a constant load, simply increase the alternator speed and measure the power
with MFM-1 and MFM-2 meters. The power is showing a positive value in MFM-1
and a negative value in MFM-2, indicating that the alternator is exporting some extra
power to the grid.
16. For the above 2 conditions write the comments.
Results:
Page | 35
Experiment No:09 Date:
STUDY OF BUCHHOLZ RELAY

Aim: To Study the working principle of BUCHOLZ relay with practical setup
Apparatus:
BUCHOLZ relay with transformer setup
THEORY:
Buchholz relay is a special type of relay which is widely used for internal protection of a
transformer. According to the history, this relay is named after Max Buchholz in 1921. This relay is
mainly used in oil immersed transformer for providing protection against all types of internal faults
like any insulation breakdown. By definition, Buchholz relay is oil and gas actuated relay which is
located in the pipeline connecting the transformer main tank and the conservator. This is a simple
definition of what is Buchholz relay. As we proceed further, we will know the construction and
working principle of Buchholz relay.
Buchholz relay is a safety device which is generally used in large oil immersed transformers (rated
more than 500 kVA). It is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay. It is used for the
protection of a transformer from the faults occurring inside the transformer, such as impulse
breakdown of the insulating oil, insulation failure of turns etc.
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PRINCIPLE

The Buchholz Relay working principle of is very simple. Buchholz Relay function is based on
very simple mechanical phenomenon. It is mechanically actuated. Whenever there will be a minor
internal fault in the transformer such as an insulation faults between turns, breakdown of core of
transformer, core heating, the transformer insulating oil will be decomposed in different
hydrocarbon gases, CO2 and CO. The gases produced due to decomposition of transformer
insulating
Page | 36 oil will accumulate in the upper part the Buchholz Container which causes fall of oil
level in it.
Fall of oil level means lowering the position of float and thereby tilting the mercury switch. The
contacts of this mercury switch are closed, and an alarm circuit energized. Sometime due to oil
leakage on the main tank air bubbles may be accumulated in the upper part of the Buchholz
Container which may also cause fall of oil level in it and alarm circuit will be energized. By
collecting the accumulated gases from the gas release pockets on the top of the relay and by
analysing them one can predict the type of fault in the transformer. Whenever a fault occurs inside
the transformer, such as insulation failure of turns, breakdown of core or excess core heating, the
fault is accompanied by production of excess heat. This excess heat decomposes the transformer
insulating oil which results in production of gas. The generation of gases depend on intensity the of
fault. Gas bubbles tend to flow in upward direction towards conservator and hence they are
collected in the Buchholz relay which is placed on the pipe connecting the transformer tank and
conservator.
CONSTRUCTION Buchholz relay consists of an oil filled chamber. There are two hinged floats,
one at the top and other at the bottom in the chamber. Each float is accompanied by a mercury
switch. The mercury switch on the upper float is connected to an alarm circuit and that on the lower
float is connected to an external trip breaker. The construction of a Buchholz relay is shown in the
figure.
How Does A Buchholz Relay Work?

Whenever a minor fault occurs inside the transformer, heat is produced by the fault
currents. The produced heat causes decomposition of transformer oil and gas bubbles are produced.
These gas bubbles flow in upward direction and get collected in the Buchholz relay. The collected
gas displaces the oil in Buchholz relay and the displacement is equivalent to the volume of gas
Page | 37
collected. The displacement of oil causes the upper float to close the upper mercury switch which is
connected to an alarm circuit. Hence, when minor fault occurs, the connected alarm gets activated.
The collected amount of gas indicates the severity of the fault occurred. During minor faults the
production of gas is not enough to move the lower float. Hence, during minor faults, the lower float
is unaffected.
During major faults, like phase to earth short circuit, the heat generated is high and a large amount
of gas is produced. This large amount of gas will similarly flow upwards, but its motion is high
enough to tilt the lower float in the buchholz relay. In this case, the lower float will cause the lower
mercury switch which will trip the transformer from the supply, i.e. transformer is isolated from the
supply.
Advantages of Buchholz Relay
 Buchholz relay indicates the internal faults due to heating and it helps in avoiding the
major faults.
 Severity of the fault can be determined without even dismantling the transformer.
 If a major fault occurs, the transformer can be isolated with the help of buchholz relay to
prevent accidents.
PROCEDURE:
 Close all the gate valve in transformer set up
 Fill the oil in transformer via conservator up to Buchholz relay
 If the oil fills the Buchholz relay, the NC contact in relay will changes to NO contact and
the lamp will stops the glowing
 If you want to trip the Buchholz relay open the Left side gate valve, now the oil flow
towards the Bottom Tank at the same time open the right-side gate valve and collect the oil
in oilcan.
 When the oil level getting down from Max to Min, relay will be tripping same as Bulb will
be glowing.
 Repeat the experiment, close all the gate valves, now refill the oils to conservator.do repeat
same as the above procedure.
RESULT:
Page | 38

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SWITCH GEAR AND PROTECTION

A.Y:2024-2025 (ODD SEM)

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES (SEAS)

S.No. List of Experiment Page. No

1 DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELAY 3-6

2 OVER CURRENT RELAY 7-11

3 CHARACTERISTIC OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY 12-17

4 UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY 18-23

5 IDMT EARTH FAULT RELAY 24-28

6 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 29-31

7 SYNCHRONISING SCHEME IN GENERATOR PROTECTION 32-33

DIGITAL FREQUENCY RELAY

1. Digital frequency relay kit

Relay which functions at a predetermined value of frequency; may be an over-frequency relay,

Under Frequency Protection Working Principle:

Under Frequency Protection is used to protect the transformer/generator/alternator when the

Over Frequency Protection:

Principle of Over frequency protection:

OVER CURRENT RELAY

Where T = the required time of operation.

a. Now the fault current of 5A is set.

TMS-Time setting multiplier = 1.0

CHARACTERISTIC OF OVER VOLTAGE RELAY

2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)

Fault voltage = Plug setting voltage X Set voltage.

VOLTAGE RELAY (setting procedure):

press “ENTER” key to change defined parameter.

UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

2. Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)

Tabular Column: Tsm = 1.0

VOLTAGE RELAY (setting procedure):

❖ Initially the Relay displays

❖ Under voltage Parameter change in voltage relay:

➢Press “ENTER” key.

➢Display shows “# EDIT/VIEW MENU#”.

select “<PROTECTION>” Using “ENTER” key.

➢Display shows “# GROUP SELECTION#”.

select “<GROUP-1>” Using “ENTER” key.

➢Display shows “< PROTECTION>”.

select “<Under Voltage>” Using “ENTER” Key.

➢Display shows over voltage parameter “UVchar: IDMT”.

Down˅. Then save the characteristics press “ENTER” key.

➢Display shows “Save modification?”

select “YES” Using “ENTER” key

➢Display shows “Enter Password”

press “ENTER” key to change defined parameter.

protection). This condition is Enable

➢Press selection key right> Display shows “UV>Pkup: 55%Un”

➢If calculated the set voltage the formula is

press “ENTER” key

➢Display shows “Save modification?”

➢Display shows “Enter Password”

press “ENTER” key to change defined parameter.

press “ENTER” key

➢Display shows “Save modification?”

select “YES” Using “ENTER” key

press “ENTER” key to change defined parameter.

to select option and select “<-BACK” Using “ENTER” key.

IDMT EARTH FAULT RELAY

The current I 1 from the line CTs, sets