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    Calcium and homestatis

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    sheralikhhann3

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    Calcium and homestatis

    Uploaded by

    sheralikhhann3
    1 views4 pages

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1 views4 pages

    Calcium and homestatis

    Uploaded by

    sheralikhhann3

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Calcium and phosphate

    Metabolism and regulation

    Bone structure and remodelling

    Calcium cycles in bone tissue


    Osteoblasts making bone
    Osteoclasts cut the bones to form
    50 percent ionized calcium protein bound 40 parent and 10 parent is attached to other groups

    Biochemical function
    1. In slides
    2. Blood coagulation- binds to blood clotting factors and start activation
    3. Nerve excitiblilty- more calcium less nerve excitability
    4. Activation of enzymes- in slides
    5. Intracellular messenger- calcium colmodulin IP3 system. 3rd messenger too-
    3rd messengers that enters through its channel and does some change sinside in the cell
    without causes a
    6. Neuromuscular transmission through acetycholine
    7. Mebrane integrity and permeability
    8. Action on heart- calcium concentration heart contraction. More calcium more contraction.
    We can give calcium blockers to decrease myocardial contraction
    9. Secretory processes; zymogen- inactive by pancreases and insulin by beta cells

    Calcium homeostaais
    1. If need of calcium then from gut bone and kidney may say calciun absorb ho jaye ghi.
    2. Signals in t he body that inhibits calcium reabsorption from gut kidney and bones if there is
    more calcim

    Factors that increase absorption in the intestine


    Calcitriol – vitamin D3
    PTH acts by enchancing calcitriol production- vitamin D3
    Acidity- lo wpH so more is absorbed
    Growth hormone
    Pregnancy lactation
    Lactose arginine lysine
    Decrease absorption in slides in intestine

    Phosphorus- serum
    Functions; DNA back bone
    700 miligrams
    Atp synthesis
    Activation and inactivation of enzyme
    Coenzymes NADP
    Rile in ICF
    1. Component of nucleic acids, nucleotides, phopsholipids
    2. ATP GTP CTP
    3. Part of zoenzyme NAD NADP FAD FMN
    4. Phosphate buffer
    5. Role in energy metabolism as phosphorylated intermediates
    6. Enzymes

    Role in ECF

    Hormonal regulators;
    1. calcitonin CT; comes from thyroid. Inside thyroid have cells follicular iout side and colloid in
    centre
    folluclar release T3 and T4
    parafollicular releases calcitonin
    role; released when body has more calcium in the body. Decreases the CA ions in blood. By
    reabsorption of calcium into bone. Calcium absorption in kidney is less so its excreted

    2. Parathyroid hormone PTH; from parathyroid gland. There are 4 glands. Parathormone
    released when calciu mis less in blood so, kidneys reabsorption and intestine absorption is
    increased. Osteoclasts work harder. Osteoblasts work less
    3. Pre para to pro para to active parathormone
    4. Short half life less than 20 minutes
    5. Machainsim is through 2 pathways. Renal cells through CAMP phosphorylation of kinases . In
    bones it will work on osteoblasts on IP3 and DAG and uses calmodulin kinases
    6. 1, 25 vitamin D3 (calcitriol). 1,25 is active form of vitamin D3

    Kidney and its functional unit


    Nephrons
    The tubule cells
    IN SLIDES

    EFFECT ON INTESTINE
    1 alpha hydroxylase enzyme. When calcium nand p is less then pTH is released which causes
    activation of 1AH in kidney and then it forms 125 cholecalciferol calcitriol which is active form of
    vitamin 3. Hormonal regulator
    125 vitamin D3
    Cholesterol precursor goes to liver and turn into 7 dehydrocholesterol goes to the skin and then UV
    light converts it into vitamin d3 or Cholecalciferol which is taken back to the liver where an Enzyme
    25 hydroxylase which produces hydroxylation at the 25th position. Of vitamin which makes 25
    hydroxycholecalciferol which is taken to kidneys where 1alpha hydroxylase enzyme hydroxylases
    which makes dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol.
    Vitamin D£ increases ca uptake from the gut and increases transcription and translation of ca
    transport proteins in gut epithelium
    Minor role; also simulates osteoclasts
    Increases ca reabsorption from the bone

    Cholecalciferol-
    IN SLIDES

    Calcium more then thyroid realses calcitonin to decrease calcium


    Is low blood then parathormone release and incfease calcium in blood
    Self regulatory loops depended on phosphate and calcium concentration
    Ionic calcium is needed to be in proper range otherwise these jjormones are activated.

    Factors affecting phosphorus metabolism and absorption

    A table in the slide important.

    Steroid and peptide hormones

    Thyroid.
    Adrenal gonadal steroids.
    Growth hormone.

    Disorder of bone metabolism hypercalcemia


    In SLIDES.

    Hyper calcimia;
    IN slides

    Hyperparathryroidusm

    Hypocalcemia causes
    IN SLIDES

    Tetany rapid to and fro momvenets


    Laryngeal stridor means whistling from larynx
    Dysphagia is difficulty in eating food
    Tingling of mouth and extremities.
    Trousseau sign
    A blood pressure cuff is inflated to 20mm hg above systolic blood pressure.
    Case

    Vitamin deficiency, calcium deficiency

    Meno pause after 40 cause bone disorders in women due to low estrogen

    Osteoporosis(patients 40 +)

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