ARTIFICAL

INTELLIGENCE

LEC#1
Topics to be covered:
 What is AI?
 Why AI
 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence
 Goals of AI
 Advantages, Disadvantages of AI
 Applications of AI
 Deep learning vs. Machine learning vs. Artificial Intelligence
 Types of AI
 Top Technologies of AI

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What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with
different new technologies day by day.

Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial Intelligence which
is ready to create a new revolution in the world by making intelligent machines. The
Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a variety of subfields,
ranging from general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving
theorems, playing music, Painting, etc.

AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has a great
scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems

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With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work,
despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with
own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per Greek
myth, there were Mechanical men in early days which can work and behave like humans.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance
of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing,
traffic issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana,
Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such
as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic

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 5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires
lots of other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we should know that
how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which
is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving perception, language
understanding, etc.

To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:

o Mathematics
o Biology
o Psychology
o Sociology
o Computer Science
o Neurons Study
o Statistics

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Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors
and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a
bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users
such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show
the products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for
security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human in
human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence.
Being so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep
in our mind while creating an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:

o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it

requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but
still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which
they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still
it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment
with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

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 o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people
are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new
ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and
cannot be creative and imaginative.

Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential
for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our
daily life more comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.

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2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

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3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like
chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry
is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing
very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine
software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user
profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can
organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to
identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing
various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting
the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for
better and fast response.

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8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user
for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots are
programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help of
AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk
and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

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13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot
can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

Deep learning vs. Machine learning vs.

Artificial Intelligence
Deep Learning, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence are the most used terms on
the internet for IT folks. However, all these three technologies are connected with each
other. Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be understood as an umbrella that consists of
both Machine learning and deep learning. Or We can say deep learning and machine
learning both are subsets of artificial intelligence.

As these technologies look similar, most of the persons have misconceptions about 'Deep
Learning, Machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence' that all three are similar to each
other. But in reality, although all these technologies are used to build intelligent machines
or applications that behave like a human, still, they differ by their functionalities and
scope.

It means these three terms are often used interchangeably, but they do not quite refer to
the same things. Let's understand the fundamental difference between deep learning,
machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence with the above image.

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With the above image, you can understand Artificial Intelligence is a branch of
computer science that helps us to create smart, intelligent machines. Further, ML is a
subfield of AI that helps to teach machines and build AI-driven applications. On the other
hand, Deep learning is the sub-branch of ML that helps to train ML models with a huge
amount of input and complex algorithms and mainly works with neural networks.

Machine Learning is a sub-category of AI, and Deep Learning is a sub-category of ML,

meaning they are both forms of AI.

Artificial intelligence is the broad idea that machines can intelligently execute tasks by
mimicking human behaviors and thought processes.

Machine learning, a subset of AI, revolves around the idea that machines can learn and
adapt through experiences and data to complete specific tasks (Source: sas). An example
would be predicting the weather forecast for the next seven days based on data from the
previous year and the previous week. Every day, the data from the previous year/week
changes, so the ML model must adapt to the new data.

Deep learning is a subset of ML. DL models are based on highly complex neural networks
that mimic how the brain works. With many layers of processing units, deep learning takes
it a step further to learn complex patterns in large amounts of data. For example, deep
learning (combined with computer vision) in a driverless car can identify a person crossing
the road."

Types of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following
is flow diagram which explain the types of AI.

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AI type-1: Based on Capabilities:
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence.The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world
of Artificial Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for
one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in
unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert
system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language
processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and
can perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General
AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts
and time to develop such systems.

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3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think,
to reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its
own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of
such systems in real is still world changing task.

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality:

1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

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2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These
cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit,
and other information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots of
efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be
super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

Artificial intelligence its top 10 technologies:

(AI) – has been thriving on technological fronts. AI is currently used in the programming
of computer games, understanding of natural human languages (Apple’s Siri and
Microsoft Cortana), neural networks and robotics (eg. Sophia – the most advanced
human-like robot).

Companies are investing in AI and the percentage is increasing year on year – 38% in
2016 to 62% in 2018, with an expected increase in market growth from Dollars 8 billion
in 2016 to Dollars 47 billion in 2020 as per Forbes recent publication.

Some of the hottest technologies that ride on AI algorithms:

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Natural Language Generation
Data needs to be constantly evaluated and interpreted in the form of text. The data points
are turned into language/simple sentences and further communicated. The new
generation AI algorithm can do this at relatively lower costs and scale with enhanced
accuracy. It allows the employees to concentrate on other activities as computers are able
to conduct data analysis repeatedly while report generation is automated. It is chiefly
used in advertising, weather forecasts, recapitulate business intelligence papers etc. It is
already being used by Cambridge Semantics, SAS, Lucidworks, and Narrative Science etc.

Natural Language Processing

Often referred to as human-computer interaction, NLP refers to the computer’s
understanding of the language spoken by a human. The AI algorithm used here facilitates
in understanding sentences, answering questions posed, analyzing text and sentiments,
and aids in machine translation often using the English language. As per
www.gartner.com, “NLP is focused on deriving analytic insights from textual data, NLG is
used to synthesize textual content by combining analytic output with contextualized
narratives. NLP focuses on the language communicated and tries deciphering the same.” It
is used for security purposes and data mining too. Companies using NLP are Mindbreeze,
Coveo etc.

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Speech Recognition
The ability of an AI program of a computer to receive, identify, interpret and translate
spoken words (audio) into a machine-readable format (text) for carrying out further
commands is known as speech recognition.

This technology is currently used in mobile applications and reciprocal voice

response systems or powerful speech recognition programs such as Google Cloud

Speech API which apply neural network models for recognizing over 80 languages and
variations and converting audio to text. Other organizations are NICE, OpenText, Nuance
Communications etc.

Virtual Agents
These agents are typically animated human like characters which serve as a persona for
online customer services. People feel free while chatting with these graphical chat bots
which are exhibited on websites. The conversation is intelligent, queries are answered
quickly and accurately. These virtual agents aid in tracing information, fulfilling orders
and bookings. Companies using these are Google, Microsoft, Amazon, Apple etc.

Machine Learning Platforms

Machine Learning Platform is available as a service chiefly for finding patterns, predictive
analysis, classification and understanding data. It also attends to the potential of neural
networks,

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translation, face and speech recognition and NLPs (APIs are provided). Organizations
such as Google, Amazon and IBM offer free accounts that enables developers to use this
technology and create models without having to learn the actual ML algorithms, further
deploying these models into applications.

AI-Optimized Hardware
Used mostly in the technology called deep learning, Google and Facebook are leading
the path in the development of this hardware. Graphics processing units (GPUs) are chips
specially designed to run AI related computer jobs for image recognition, translations,
big data etc. However, deep learning uses artificial neural networks, create simulated
neurons, and are being researched with the intention of tackling real conversations.
Organizations: IBM, Nvidia etc.

Decision Management
According to Jack Shaw, “Systematic approaches can automate and improve decisions
across the enterprise. This includes automating many decisions. Many of these decisions
use the AI technique rather than just ‘if then else’ programs.” These include expert systems,
associative

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memory, fuzzy logic, neural networks, constraint programming, Bayesian Belief Networks,
case-based reasoning and intelligence agents etc. This is to replicate/exceed the potential
that people possess in making decisions or even go on to act on the person’s behalf
accurately, unswervingly and steadily (www.e-com.com). Eg. Informatica, Pegasystems
etc.

Deep Learning Platforms

A movement in machine learning, it is used in optical character recognition, NLP,
classification of entities that can be perceived and digitized by using a large quantity of
data set/inputs. It is a set of AI algorithms that use artificial neural networks while learning
in multi-levels corresponding to multi-layer abstraction. Used by Deep Instinct, Sentient
Technologies, MathWorks etc.

Biometrics
This technology is used for recognizing people for security applications using
statistics/computerized methods; for eg. in analyzing and verifying people or the person’s
identity

as per physical or behavioral description and is not limited to speech, body language etc.
It is not only used in passports, but also in laptop security, building access, and
encompasses business and international security too. Vendors include FaceFirst, Tahzoo
etc.

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Robotic Process Automation
This emerging process automation technology refers to using computer software or
‘robot’ which controls, automates, captures, and interprets processes. These have set
rules in the existing software applications that process transactions, control and operate
data, trigger new actions, prompt and set off responses and connect with other digital
systems. Industries such as insurance, finance, supply chain management, CRM, HRM etc.
are able to expedite their back and middle office tasks/execute tasks with the help of
these robots as these systems require to them to interact in a smooth manner by self-
learning and even self-correcting, reducing costs too. Vendors include Blue Prism, UiPath
etc.

According to a Forrester report, “There will be a 300% increase in the investment in

Artificial Intelligence. This will drive faster business decisions in marketing, e-commerce,
product management and other areas of the businesses by helping close the gap from
insights to action.”

With the combination of Artificial Intelligence, BigData and IoT technologies,

accessing, exploring and deciphering voluminous data will be possible leading to new
business knowledge and augmentation of customer understanding and exposure.

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