6.1.

Definite integral
We start with the definition of definite integral for a continuous complex valued function
of a real variable.
Definition. Let ft) = u(t) +iv(t) be a continuous complex valued function defined
on [a, b].
b b
We define f fo) dt:= fu) dt +ifve) dt.
Remark. The following properties of the definite integral can be easily verified

b b
1. Re ff) dt = fRe (f0)]dt

2. Im fft) dt = fIm [ft)] dt

b
3. Sf)+ g)]dt = f ft) dt+fg) dt
4. fcft) dt =cf f) dt where c is any complex constant.

Lemma.

Proof. Let f ft) dt =re,

 Complex Integration 133

= Re (since r isreal)

= Re
(
Re (e f)d) (using 1)

Thus

Definition. Let C be apiecewise differentiable curve given by the equation z = z(!)

where a<t<b. Let f(z) be acontinuous complex valued function defined in a region
containing the curve C. We define

tample 1. Consider f(z) dz where f(z) = -and Cis the circle lz = r described
C
epositive sense. The paramnetric equation of the circlelz| ris given by z = re
where 0sI<2I and z'()= ire'
134 Complex Analysis

23

-ifa
= 27i.

dz
! - a = 2ziwhere Cis the circle with centre a radius r ghe
Example 2. In general C
2 2T
dz riel
by the equation z =a+re",0<1< 27. For=
2-a reil
dt =i dt =2t

Theorem 6.1.-Cff(z)dz=-[ft)dz.
C
Proof. Suppose the equation of Cis given by z = z(t) where a <t <b. We kncw
that the equation of -C is given by
z(t) =z(b +a-) where a<Isb.

Now, -C f(e) dz = f f(z(b +a- ):'b+a -)-di).

Put b + a-t=u.Then -dt = du.
Also t = a’u =b and =b’u=a

-C

--[ruan:<(9du
C

Remark. The following results are immediate consequences of the definition.

1. Let a be a complex constant. Then f af (z)dz =
C
affz)d.
2. •if() +t g(:)jdz =fftcdz +f g(z)dz
C
 Complex Integration 135
Definition. Let C be a differentiable curve
beanother.differentiable curve with origin zT andwith origin Z3.
terminus z and
Thenterminus
the curvezz. CLetwhichC2
consists of C followed by C2 is a piecewise
terminus Z3. This curve is
denoted by C1 + C2. differentiable curve with origin z and
Remark. IfC = C+2 thenC f(z)dz = f f(z) + f f(z)dz
C
In general if C= Ci + C2+...+ C, then

C
C2

Definition. Let Cbe a piecewise differentiable curve given by the equation z = z(1)
where a<Isb. Then the length / of Cis defined by

Example. Consider the circle C with centre a and radius r. The parametric equation
of Cis given by z = a + re'' where 0 < s 2T.

.:Z)=irei!

21 27T 27

= 2rr.

Theorem 6.2. < MIwhere M = mnax{|f(2)1/ze C} and is the length of

C.

Proof. Supose Cis given by the equation z =z) where a <t <b.
By definition of M we have
Lf(z))sM for all t; a<t<b ... (1)
136 ComplerAnalysis

Now,

M|)ldt.(using(1))

= MI

MI

Solved Problems
Problem 1. Evaluate f(z)dz where f(z) =y-r- i3r andC is the line seguk
C
from : =0to z=|+i.
Solution. The equation of the line segment Cjoining z =0and z ='tiis givenby
y=I.

..The pramefic equation of Ccan be taken as x = and y = where 0s<. Hent

c() =x(t) +iy() =1+it so that '()
=(|+i).
Now, f(z() =- -i31 =-i3r.
 Compler ntegration 197

=|-i

dz oifn +1 where C is the circle with centre

Problem 2. Prove that (z-ayn |2ri if n=1
C
aand radius r and ne Z.
parameters equation ofthe circle C is given by z- a= re", 0<t<27.
Solution. The
.:Z)=iret

27
ireit
dz
(relityd
Now.-a 0
21

0
eil-ny72
provided n#1

(1-)rn-Tll-)
=0.

dz of 6.l)
= 27i.(Refer example 2
Hence the result.
1S Compler Analysis

Problem 3. Evaluate f dt from z = 0toz =4+ 2i along the curve Cconsisting of

the line segment from z= 0to = 2i followed by the line segment from z = 2i to
=4+2i.

Solution. Let Cjdenote the line segment joining 0to 2iand C2 denote the line segmeng
jining 2i to 4+2i. Then C = Ci+ C2.
Now the parametrie equation of Cj is given by .x () =0 and y() =Iwhere 0 sts2
Hence z() = x(t) + iy(t) = it so that z'(t) = i.
2
Hence fEd: -= j-inid1 =jui =2.
0 0

Now the parametric equation of C is given by x(t) = t and y() =2 where 0 st<4.
Hence z() =t+2i and () = 1.

sd:=e- 2i)dt

= 8-8i.

Jzd = )Ed: +t/dt= 2+8 -&i=10-8.

Problen 4. Evaluate fl|Edz where C is the closed curve consisting of the upper
semicircle |z = Iand the segment -I sx<I.
Solution. Let f(z) = | |

where Ci isthe upper semicircle

Izi = land C; is the line segment
-Is<I. -1
 Complex htegration 139

The uanmetric equation of Cj is given by =0stsI.

z

Hence z'u) =i!

=Ii.

<tsl.
The parametric equation of C; is given by y=0,x =twhere -I
Hence z(t) =t and')=1.
-t if -1st<0
Ako |:(0)|=tif0<sI
0

Hence f lz|Edz = f -t tdt +ft tdt

C

Ci
= Ii.
fo ifC is the unit circle lzl =1
Problem 5. Prove Td:= |47iif Cis the circle |z - I|=1
C
Solution. Let C be the unit circle |z| = I
z() = ewhere 0 < s 27.
ne parametric equation of Cis given by
Hence () = iland[E))'=Zi
140 Complex Analysis

27

EO)'d
27

=0.

Now, let C be the circle z - 1|= 1.

The parametric equation of Cis given by z(t) = 1+e' where 0 <s 27.
Hence z'() = iel.
2T

0
27T

q2T

= 47i.

Problem 6. Show thatzdz = -I +iwhere C is the square with vertiis

C
O(0,0), A(1,0), B(1, 1) and C(0, 1).
Solution. C= Ci +C; +C3 + C4 where
C1,C2, C: and C4 are the line segments C
B
OA,AB. BC and C0 as shown in the fig
ure. The parametric equation of Ci is given
by x =and y = 0where 0< t <l.

Hence z() =tandz') = 1.

A
 Compler Integration 141

C
The parametric equation of Cz is given by y=tand x=I where 0<S I. Hence
z) =1+ it and (t) =i.

C;

-ija+ta
The parametric equation of C3 is givenby y = l and x =l-1,0stsl.
Hence z(t) = (| )) +i and z'(t)=-1.

C3 0

The parametric equation of CA is given by x = 0, y = 1- 1,0 <t < I. Hence

z(0) =i(|-) andz )= -i.

CA 0

1 4i 4 i
Hence fedz = + - - t i
Problem 7. Evaluate the integral f(x-iy')dzwhere Cis the parabola y = 2r' from
(1,2) to (2, 8).
Solution. Let f(z) = '-iy'.The parametric equation of Cis given by x = tand
y= 2rwhere I <t <2.
142 Cuplex Analyss

.. z) A() +iy) =1+i2rand ) =|+4i.

-(6-)-(-)I
511 49

3+2
Problem 8. Evaluate d where C is the semi circle:= 2where 0< #s.

Solution. Here ' ) = 2ie"so that d: = 2ie"d9.

-[-)-()]
-4+2zi.
 Complex Integration 143
Problem9. Let Cbe the arc of the
circle z| = 2 from z = 2to z = that
2i lies in the
W
firstquadrant. Without actually evaluting the integral show that dz

Solution Let f(z) =

¿2+1
(0,2)
C

Since Cis the circular arc of radius 2 lying in

thefirst quardrant the lengthl of Cis; given by
:2) = I (2.0)

Alsoon C.[2+1|= -(-1)|2 1²1-| -l|= a -l=3

Thus |: +1|23

dz
Hence by theorem 6.2

<4v2 where C is the

Problem 10. Without evaluating the integral show that
line segment from z=itoz=l.
segment joining (0, )to (1, 0) and its length is obviously 2.
Solution. Cis the line
minimum alue of Jz| is the perpendicular distance from the origin
AS¿ varies on C, the
to the line segment C.

Thuson C, Je| sothat |:r

.Bytheorem 6.2