Chap 09 SolutionsDragLift_22011111

Solutions for selected
problems related to drag and

lift
Fluid Mechanics II (ME-316)
Dr. Syed Ahmad Raza
Prob. Q.29
Fluid flows past the bar shown in the figure. Assume that the
drag due to pressure is equal to the drag due to viscous effects.
Determine 𝜏avg in terms of the dynamic pressure and also estimate
the drag coefficient (based on the frontal area) for this object.
1
Fluid Mechanics II (ME-316) Drag and lift problems
Solution
Let 𝑏 = width of the bar.

Friction drag, 𝐷 𝑓 = average shear stress × area
= 𝜏avg (10ℎ · 𝑏 · 2) = 20ℎ𝑏𝜏avg
Pressure drag, 𝐷 𝑝 = pressure difference × frontal area
h i
1 2 1 2
= 2 𝜌𝑈 − (−0.2) 2 𝜌𝑈 (ℎ · 𝑏)

1 2
= 1.2ℎ𝑏 2 𝜌𝑈
where dynamic pressure = 12 𝜌𝑈 2.
Since it is given that 𝐷 𝑓 = 𝐷 𝑝 , therefore:

1 2
20ℎ𝑏𝜏avg = 1.2ℎ𝑏 2 𝜌𝑈

1 2
⇒ 𝜏avg = 0.06 2 𝜌𝑈 ANS
For coefficient of drag, 𝐶𝐷 :

𝐷 𝐷 𝑓 + 𝐷𝑝
𝐶𝐷 = 1
= 1
2 2𝐴
2 𝜌𝑈 𝐴 2 𝜌𝑈
h i
1 2

20ℎ𝑏𝜏avg + 1.2ℎ𝑏 2 𝜌𝑈
= 1
2 𝜌𝑈 2 𝐴
h n oi h i
1 2 1 2
20ℎ𝑏 0.06 2 𝜌𝑈 + 1.2ℎ𝑏 2 𝜌𝑈
= 1 2 (ℎ𝑏)
2 𝜌𝑈
= 20 (0.06) + 1.2
𝐶𝐷 = 2.4 ANS
2
Prob. Q.30
Two baseballs of diameter 7.35 cm are connected to a rod 7 mm in
diameter and 56 cm long, as shown in the figure. What power is
required to keep the system spinning at 400 rpm? Include the drag
of the rod. For air take 𝜌 = 1.225 kg/m3 and 𝜇 = 1.8 × 10−5 Pa · s.
Solution
𝑑 𝑠 = 7.35 cm, 𝑑𝑟 = 7 mm, 𝑟𝑟 = 28 cm, 𝑁 = 400 rpm

𝜇 = 1.8 × 10−5 Pa · s, 𝜌 = 1.225 kg/m3
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑁/60 = 41.9 rad/s
Sphere:
𝑑𝑠
𝑟 𝑠 = 𝑟𝑟 + = 31.675 cm = 0.31675 m
2
𝑈𝑠 = 𝑟 𝑠 𝜔 = 13.2718 m/s
𝜌𝑈𝑠 𝑑 𝑠
Re𝑠 = = 66387
𝜇
3
Figure 1: Drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a

smooth circular cylinder and a smooth sphere.
From the graph (figure 9.21(a)):

𝐶𝐷,𝑠 ≈ 0.49
𝐷𝑠
∵ 𝐶𝐷,𝑠 = 1 2
2 𝜌𝑈𝑠 𝐴 𝑠
1 2 𝜋𝑑 𝑠2

1 2
⇒ 𝐷 𝑠 = 𝐶𝐷,𝑠 · 𝜌𝑈𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 𝐶𝐷,𝑠 · 𝜌𝑈𝑠
2 2 4
2

1 𝜋(0.0735)
𝐷 𝑠 = 0.49 × (1.225)(13.2718) 2 = 0.224 N
2 4
Power, 𝑃𝑠 = 𝐷 𝑠 · 𝑈𝑠 = 0.224 × 13.2718 = 2.97 W
Rod:
𝑟
𝑟
𝑈𝑟 = 𝜔 = 5.9 m/s
2
𝜌𝑈𝑟 𝑑𝑟
Re𝑟 = = 2811
𝜇
4
From the graph (figure 9.21(a)):

𝐶𝐷,𝑟 ≈ 1.3
1 1
𝐷 𝑟 = 𝐶𝐷,𝑟 · 𝜌𝑈𝑟2 𝐴𝑟 = 𝐶𝐷,𝑟 · 𝜌𝑈𝑟2 (𝑟𝑟 𝑑𝑟 )
2 2
1
𝐷 𝑟 = 1.3 × (1.225)(5.9) 2 (0.28 × 0.007) = 0.054 N
2
Power, 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐷 𝑟 · 𝑈𝑟 = 0.05 × 5.9 = 0.32 W
Therefore, power requirement of the entire assembly:
𝑃 = (𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟 ) × 2 = 6.58 W ANS
5
Prob. Q.31
As a young design engineer you are asked to design an emergency
braking parachute system for use with a military aircraft of mass
9500 kg. The plane lands at 350 km/hr, and the parachute system
alone must slow the airplane to 100 km/hr in less than 1200 m.
Find the minimum diameter required for a single parachute, and
for three noninterfering parachutes. Take 𝐶𝐷 = 1.43 for a single
parachute.
Solution
𝑚 = 9500 kg, 𝑈𝑖 = 350 km/hr, 𝑈 = 100 km/hr

𝑥 = 1200 m, 𝐶𝐷 = 1.43, 𝜌 = 1.225 kg/m3
Assumptions:
1. Standard air
2. Parachute behaves as open hemisphere
3. Vertical speed is constant
6
Applying Newton’s second law to the aircraft:

1 2
−𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎 where 𝐷 = 𝐶𝐷 2 𝜌𝑈 𝐴

1 𝑑𝑈
−𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝑈 2 𝐴 = 𝑚
2 𝑑𝑡
Separate the variables:

𝑑𝑈 1 𝜌𝐴
= −𝐶 𝐷 · 𝑑𝑡
𝑈2 2 𝑚
∫ 𝑈 ∫
𝑑𝑈 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴 𝑡
2
=− 𝑑𝑡
𝑈 2𝑚 0
𝑈𝑖
1 1 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴
− − =− ·𝑡
𝑈 𝑈𝑖 2𝑚
1 1 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴
= + ·𝑡 (i)
𝑈 𝑈𝑖 2𝑚
Multiply both sides of equation (i) by 𝑈𝑖
𝑈𝑖 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴𝑡
=1+ · 𝑈𝑖 (ii)
𝑈 2𝑚
𝑈𝑖
𝑈=
1 + 𝐶𝐷2𝑚
𝜌 𝐴𝑈𝑖
·𝑡
𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑖
=
𝑑𝑡 1 + 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴𝑈𝑖 · 𝑡
2𝑚
Separate the variables and integrate:
∫ 𝑥 ∫ 𝑡
𝑈𝑖 · 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 𝜌 𝐴𝑈𝑖
0 0 1+ 𝐷 ·𝑡
∫ 2𝑚
𝑑𝑡 ln( 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡)
∵ =
𝐴 + 𝐵𝑡 𝐵
𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴𝑈𝑖 2𝑚
∴ 𝑥 = 𝑈𝑖 ln 1 + ·𝑡
2𝑚 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴𝑈𝑖

𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴𝑡 2𝑚
𝑥 = ln 1 + · 𝑈𝑖
2𝑚 𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴
7
Substitute equation (ii) in the above equation:

2𝑚 𝑈𝑖
𝑥= ln
𝐶𝐷 𝜌 𝐴 𝑈

2𝑚 𝑈𝑖
⇒𝐴= ln
𝐶𝐷 𝜌𝑥 𝑈
For the given values of 𝑚, 𝐶𝐷 , 𝜌, 𝑥, 𝑈𝑖 and 𝑈 :
∴ 𝐴 = 11.32 m2
𝜋𝑑 2
∵ 𝐴=
4
For a single-parachute system:
𝑑 = 3.8 m ANS
For a three-parachute system:
𝐴
𝐴three = = 3.77 m2
3
⇒ 𝑑 = 2.2 m ANS
8
Prob. Q.34
Air flows at 12 m/s over a 2 m by 0.5 m horizontal flat plate,
parallel to the longer side. Determine the drag on the plate, the
boundary layer thickness at a distance of 0.3 m from the leading
edge and the velocity 5 mm from the surface at the trailing edge.
The following results apply to laminar and turbulent boundary
layers, respectively:
𝜏𝑤,𝑥 = 0.332𝜌𝑈 2Re𝑥− /2 and 𝜏𝑤,𝑥 = 0.0288𝜌𝑈 2Re−𝑥 /5
1 1
Solution
Air: 𝜌 = 1.23 kg/m3 𝑈 = 12 m/s

𝜇 = 1.79 × 10−5 Pa · s 𝐿 = 2m
⇒ 𝜈 = 𝜇/𝜌 = 1.455 × 10−5 m2/s 𝑊 = 0.5 m
𝑈𝑥cr
Re𝑥,cr = = 5 × 105 ⇒ 𝑥cr = 0.606 m
𝜈
Since the plate length is greater than the critical length for the
given flow conditions, mixed boundary layer conditions exist over
the plate.
9
∫ 𝐿
𝐷= 𝜏𝑤 · 𝑊 𝑑𝑥
∫0 𝑥cr ∫ 𝐿
= 𝜏𝑤,𝑙 · 𝑊 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜏𝑤,𝑡 · 𝑊 𝑑𝑥
∫0 𝑥cr 𝑥 cr

Re−𝑥 /2
2 1
= 0.332𝜌𝑈 · 𝑊 𝑑𝑥
0
∫ 𝐿
Re−𝑥 /5
2 1
+ 0.0288𝜌𝑈 · 𝑊 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 cr
𝜈 1/2 ∫ 𝑥cr
= 0.332𝜌𝑈 2 𝑥 − /2 · 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑊
𝑈 0
𝜈 1/5 ∫ 𝐿
+ 0.0288𝜌𝑈 2 𝑥 − /5 · 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑊
𝑈 𝑥cr
1/2 0.606 4/5 2
𝑥 𝑥
= (0.0324) + (0.1673)
1/2 4/5
0 0.606
= 0.05 + 0.224 = 0.274 N ANS
At 𝑥 = 0.3 m, the boundary layer is laminar.

𝛿 5
∴ = 1/2 ⇒ 𝛿 = 3.016 × 10−3 m ANS
𝑥 Re𝑥
At the trailing edge where 𝑥 = 𝐿 = 2 m, the boundary layer is

turbulent.
𝛿 0.37
∴ = 1/5 ⇒ 𝛿 = 42.244 × 10−3 m
𝐿 Re
𝐿
Also, at 𝑥 = 𝐿:
𝑢 𝑦 1/7
=
𝑈 𝛿
10
For 𝑦 = 5 mm:
1/7
𝑢 0.005
= = 0.737
12 42.244 × 10−3
⇒ 𝑢 = 8.847 m/s ANS
11

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Solutions for selected

problems related to drag and

Dr. Syed Ahmad Raza

Let 𝑏 = width of the bar.

Since it is given that 𝐷 𝑓 = 𝐷 𝑝 , therefore:

For coefficient of drag, 𝐶𝐷 :

𝑑 𝑠 = 7.35 cm, 𝑑𝑟 = 7 mm, 𝑟𝑟 = 28 cm, 𝑁 = 400 rpm

Figure 1: Drag coefficient as a function of Reynolds number for a

From the graph (figure 9.21(a)):

From the graph (figure 9.21(a)):

Therefore, power requirement of the entire assembly:

𝑃 = (𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑟 ) × 2 = 6.58 W ANS

𝑚 = 9500 kg, 𝑈𝑖 = 350 km/hr, 𝑈 = 100 km/hr

Applying Newton’s second law to the aircraft:

Substitute equation (ii) in the above equation:

Air: 𝜌 = 1.23 kg/m3 𝑈 = 12 m/s

At 𝑥 = 0.3 m, the boundary layer is laminar.

At the trailing edge where 𝑥 = 𝐿 = 2 m, the boundary layer is

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