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INTERACT
WITH
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
New Edition
1
Roland Birbal
Michele Taylor
9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 1 2019/09/06 14:59

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ISBN: 978 1 5104 7396 6

Contents
1 The parts of a computer system 2
2 Types of computers 17
3 Being IT safe – taking care of IT things (1) 34
4 Computers and health 40
5 Introduction to Microsoft Word 50
6 Data communications, networks and
the internet (1) 73
7 Computer ethics and research (1) 92
8 Drawing with Microsoft Paint 102
9 Desktop publishing 116
10 Introduction to problem solving 127
11 Applications of IT (1) 141
12 Implications of IT 153
13 Computing careers (1) 161
Glossary 170
Index 172

1 The parts of a computer system
Objectives What is a computer?

At the end of the chapter, A computer is a programmable electronic device that processes
you will be able to: data by following a set of instructions. The action of processing
data produces information that can be output or stored for future
❏ explain the terms use. Electronic devices use tiny electric currents, flowing through
‘computer’, ‘computer circuits, to perform their operations. These currents are formed by
system’, ‘multimedia’, electrons, which is where we get the term ‘electron-ic’.
‘hardware’ and ‘software’
An example of a fairly simple computer is a calculator. It can process
❏ differentiate between a data and output the information from the processing. For example,
computer and a computer adding ‘2 + 6’ (the processing) produces ‘8’ (the information). Other
system computers are much more sophisticated, as you will see in Chapter 2.
❏ describe the difference A computer system refers to the complete computer, which
between data and includes all the hardware and software required for the computer to
information work. A computer system allows users to input, process, output and
❏ explain the difference store data. Figure 1.1 shows the parts of a computer system.
between hardware and
software System unit (with
Monitor
CD/DVD drive)
❏ explain the difference
between application
software and system Speaker Speaker
software
❏ explain the stages involved
Keyboard Mouse
in computer processing
❏ explain the functions of Figure 1.1 Parts of a computer system
the central processing
unit, control unit,
arithmetic and logic unit, What is the difference between
and registers
data and information?
❏ state some of the reasons
Data is all the raw facts and figures that a computer processes by
for using computers
following a set of instructions called a program. Data by itself has
❏ explain how technology no meaning; it can be in the form of letters (a, b, c, d … x, y, z, and
tools impact productivity so on), numbers (1, 2, 3, 15, 456, and so on), pictures, sounds or
in the home, school, symbols. It is only when we attach meaning to data that we
community and workplace. get information. For example, if you collect the temperature
of your classroom each day for a month, you have collected data.

Hardware and software
When you instruct a computer to arrange (sort) this data, you could
Note! get the following types of information:
Can you think of other types ✱ The highest temperature over the period
of data you can collect in your ✱ The lowest temperature over the period
class that the computer can ✱ The mean (average) temperature over the period.
process to give information? This information may then be useful, for example, to determine
whether a classroom is too hot or too cold for comfortable working.
If the information was just raw data, it would not be easy to interpret.
Therefore, the computer has helped you to look at a real-life situation
or problem and make some sense of it.
Did you know? Hardware and software

A computer needs both hardware and software to process data. The
The term ‘multimedia’
refers to content that uses hardware and software are interdependent and must work together
a combination of different to manipulate data effectively and produce useful output.
forms such as text, audio,
images, animations, video and Hardware
interactive content. Hardware is all the physical parts of the computer system that
you can see and touch. These physical parts include all the devices
that make up the computer system. The internal hardware devices
that make up a computer and ensure that it functions correctly are
components. The hardware devices that are not essential to a
computer’s function are called peripherals. Keyboards, printers,
speakers, mice and hard drives are peripheral devices.
Hardware devices can be divided into five categories: Input, output,
storage, processing and communication. Table 1.1 shows examples
of the different devices in each category.
Table 1.1 Categories of hardware devices

Hardware devices
Input devices Output devices Storage devices Processing Communication
Keyboard, VDU, monitor/ Hard disk drive, CPU Modem, webcam
scanner, touch screen, speaker, CD/DVD, USB
screen, joystick, plotter, printer flash drive
mouse
Did you know? Software

Software is a set of instructions (called a program) that a
Did you know that an app you computer needs to carry out its tasks. For example, if you want
download to your smartphone to use the computer to type a letter, draw a picture or do some
is software? Can you think of accounting work, you would need different types of software to carry
apps that you or a friend use
out these tasks. Examples of software include word processors,
or are familiar with?
spreadsheets, graphics packages and database packages.

Software can be classified into two major categories:

✱ Application software
✱ System software.
Application software
Application software consists of programs that have been developed
to carry out specific tasks or solve particular problems. For example,
if you want to type a letter, you would need to use a word processor.
If you want to create a highly decorated birthday card, you would
need some type of graphics package. Word processors and graphics
packages are examples of application software.
Many different types of application software are available for sale.
Each type of software is designed for a particular type of activity.
Selecting the right application software to perform a task makes
it easier to accomplish the task, and will greatly improve the final
outcome or result. When you buy a new computer, it is usually sold
with system software and some application software. However,
depending on your needs, you may have to purchase additional
application software. Application software includes:
✱ entertainment software, such as games
✱ home or personal software, such as encyclopaedias
✱ productivity software, such as word processing and
spreadsheet packages
✱ specialist software such as desktop publishing and
graphics packages.
Application software can also be divided into the following categories:
User ✱ General-purpose software

✱ Integrated software
✱ Customised software
✱ Custom-written (tailor-made) software packages.
Application software
System software
System software consists of programs that manage and support the
resources and operations of a computer system. These programs
System software
Utilities  Operating system  enable the application software to run and the management of the
Language translators  system resources. Four major categories of system software are the:
Device drivers ✱ operating system
✱ utility programs
✱ device drivers
Hardware ✱ language translators.
Figure 1.2 Conceptual arrangement System software acts as a buffer between the hardware and the
of hardware, system software, application software. Figure 1.2 shows a conceptual arrangement
application software and the user of hardware, system software, application software and the user.

Stages of processing
Stages of processing
To accomplish its tasks, a computer has to process the data.
Processing data to get information involves the following
three stages:
✱ input
✱ processing
✱ output.
These three stages together are called the data-processing cycle.
Note!
Do you know the type and speed
Central Processing Unit
of the processor that is used in
your computer or your school’s Control Unit (CU)
computer?
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Input Output
devices devices
Main memory
Did you know?

Secondary or auxiliary storage
The mouse was invented in devices/backing store/disk storage
1963 by Douglas Engelbart. It
is called a ‘mouse’ because it
Figure 1.3 Stages of processing
has a basic mouse shape and
the cable that attaches it to
the computer looks like a tail. Input devices
When referring to more than Input devices such as keyboards, joysticks, mice and scanners
one device, both ‘mice’ and are used to get the data and instructions into the computer for
‘mouses’ are acceptable. processing.
Processing
The processing takes place in that part of the computer called
the central processing unit (CPU). The CPU, also known as
Did you know?
the processor, is the ‘brain’ of the computer. It takes raw data
Did you know that the and, following a set of instructions (programs), converts it into
unit ‘hertz’ (Hz) is named information. The speed at which a CPU processes data to convert it,
in honour of the German is measured in megahertz (millions of machine cycles per second) or,
physicist Heinrich Rudolf for newer machines, in gigahertz (GHz) (billions of machine cycles
Hertz (1857–1894). Hertz per second). A machine cycle is the sequence of instructions that the
laid the groundwork for the CPU performs to execute one program instruction. A computer that
development of the vacuum is used for gaming requires a very fast processor. One of the fastest
tube. He also discovered
processors for personal computers is the Intel Core i9-7980XE
electromagnetic waves.
with a speed of 4.4 GHz.

The control unit

Step 1 The control unit (CU) is the main part of the CPU. It directs
Fetching the instruction and coordinates all the activities within the CPU. The control unit
from memory determines the sequence in which instructions are executed, but
it does not execute these instructions itself. Instead, it sends the
data and instructions to the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) for
processing. The CPU is primarily responsible for movement of data
Step 2 and instructions from itself to the main memory and ALU and back.
Decoding the instruction The CU executes an instruction by performing the Steps 1 to 5 to
the left. These steps make up the data-processing cycle.
The control unit contains a number of registers. A register is a
Step 3
temporary storage location that holds a single instruction or data
Fetching the data required by the
item. Registers are used to store data and instructions that are
instruction from memory
needed immediately and frequently.
The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) performs all the arithmetic and
Step 4
logic functions in a computer. For example, if an instruction involves
Sending the data and instruction
an arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication
to the ALU for processing
or division, or the comparison of data, the control unit sends the data
to the ALU for processing.
Some of the logic functions are comparisons, such as the following:
Step 5
Sending the data to the memory
unit after processing Equal to = Greater than >
Less than < Greater than or equal to >=
Less than or <= Not equal to <>
equal to
For example, using the ‘equal to’ logic function, the ALU compares
two values to determine if they are equal. Other logical operations
performed by the ALU are AND, OR and NOT.
Main memory
The main memory (also called immediate access store or IMAS),
which is directly accessible to the CPU, holds data and instructions
that the computer is processing at the time. Therefore, the data
collected in the example about the temperature of the classroom
would be placed in main memory while it is being processed.
Output devices
Output devices translate information processed by the computer
into a form that the user can understand. After processing, the data
and information can be either stored in a secondary storage device,
such as the computer’s hard disk drive, or sent to an output device
such as a printer or a computer screen.

Why do we use computers?
DVD drive Monitor Speaker
Wireless Printer
modem
Keyboard Mouse
Figure 1.4 The components of a basic computer system
Why do we use computers?

We use computers for the following reasons:
✱ For their data-processing speed: Computers are very fast;
they can perform tens of millions of operations per second. With
this speed comes the power to undertake many different tasks
such as predicting weather forecasts, performing scientific
research and producing thousands of bills for utility companies.
✱ For their data-processing accuracy: Computers are very
accurate. Errors only occur if there is an error in the way in which
the hardware and software have been set up, or if there are errors
in the data that has been inputted into the system. Therefore,
errors usually occur because of some human error. Computers
can only do what they are set up and programmed to do.
✱ For storing large amounts of information in a small
space: Many types of computer storage media can be used to
store large volumes of data and information. For example, a single
CD-ROM disk or flash drive can hold the equivalent of a shelf of
library books in electronic form.
✱ For their ability to work continuously: Computers can
work continuously for very long periods – only needing to stop
Figure 1.5 Computers can work for upgrading or maintenance checks. In fact, most modern
continuously for long periods computers can be left switched on all the time if desired, to
with very little maintenance. continuously process data 24 hours a day and seven days a week.

The impact of technology in homes,

schools, community and the workplace
In the modern world, technology fills almost every aspect of our daily
lives. Technology tools are in our homes, schools, communities and
workplaces. We cannot escape the impact of technology on society,
which can be both positive and negative.
Technology in the home

In today’s evolving world, families are consistently searching for
opportunities to help them obtain a better balance of professional
and family life. One of the ways that parents try to achieve this
balance is through the use of technology in their day-to-day lives.
Keeping in touch
Technology can help busy families stay connected with one another.
Parents can check in with children at all times to see where they are
and what they are doing. Families can check in with one another
using text or phone calls, or through the use of video-conferencing,
such as Skype, Facetime or WhatsApp.
Entertainment
Modern technology has had a huge impact in the way we enjoy
entertainment at home. In addition to cable and satellite television,
new gaming consoles, computer technology and high-speed
broadband have added to the ability to enjoy a wide range of
entertainment at home. These technologies have made it possible
for home owners to enjoy online gaming, as well as an enormous
selection of streamed movies and music, all in the comfort of their
homes. In addition, people who like to read can access ebooks,
online magazines and online newspapers.
Convenience
Technology that enables online banking, online shopping and the
ability to pay bills online has made many of these daily tasks much
simpler, safer and more convenient. You no longer have to go to a
bank to withdraw money or transfer it to someone. Companies like
PayPal have created a platform where people can send and receive
money from any location using the internet. Paying bills has also
been simplified thanks to technology. You do not have to carry
cash with you when you go shopping. You can use your cell phone
and a banking app to do all your necessary bill payments online. In
addition, general housekeeping such as vacuuming can be done
using automated robots. These devices can help busy householders,
Figure 1.6 Technology allows families as well as people who aren’t able to clean their own floors, to keep
to do their shopping online. their floors clean and dust-free.

The impact of technology in homes, schools, community and the workplace
Safety and security

WiFi-enabled smoke and carbon monoxide monitors connected first
to a WiFi network and then over to a centralised system can alert
someone if there is a problem. Home security cameras can allow
home owners to monitor their homes even when they are not at home.
Efficiency
Smart switches, plug adapters and timers allow home owners to
switch off the power without even being in the room. With the new
types of smart light bulbs, you can set individual timings for all the
lights in your home. This enables you to save electricity and makes
sure that you only use the lights you really need at home.
Technology in schools
Technology has also improved education and learning processes. Many
Did you know? schools have started integrating educational technologies into their
Technologies such as smart schools to improve the way in which students learn. Many activities
whiteboards, computers, cell in a school day take up too much of a teacher’s time and productivity.
phones, iPad®, projectors and Various tasks, such as preparing resources, grading and returning
the internet are being used papers, preparing supplemental instructional material, and notifying
in classrooms to motivate and posting assignments, can be done easily using technology.
students to learn, and to Technology can also assist the teacher in the following ways:
enhance teaching and learning.
✱ Tracking student progress: Integrated learner systems can be
used to capture, analyse and present data on students’ progress.
✱ Linking students to learning tools: The ability of technology
to link students with one another and with online resources has
the potential to support instruction and enhance learning.
✱ Empowering teachers to provide more focused,
personalised instruction: The ability to deliver high-quality
content via technology can allow teachers to spend more time
creating innovative experiences and coaching students one-on-
one in more targeted and focused ways.
✱ Giving teachers a window into what is working: Teachers
can use technology-based assessments to inform their instruction.
These assessments can quickly produce data and surface patterns
that help teachers to identify where students are faltering and to
intervene with targeted coaching immediately, before the student
falls too far behind. Teachers can also use this information to revise
their lessons plans and teaching approaches.
✱ Reaching more students in more places: Technology
solutions have the potential to reach many more students at a
relatively low cost, especially as smartphones, broadband and
cellular coverage are available everywhere and have become
Figure 1.7 Technology allows more affordable. Even in low-income communities across the
students to access online world, an increasing number of students, teachers and classrooms
resources that enhance learning. are equipped with computers, tablets, and smartphones.

Technology in the community

Technology and human life cannot be separated, as we use
technology and depend on technology in most aspects of our daily
life. For example, people use technology to travel, to communicate,
to learn, to do business and to live in comfort.
Transport
Technology has improved transportation, as it provides mobility for
people and goods. In recent times, we have seen the growth of the
taxi transport apps. These apps allow users to book a taxi in many
countries in the world. The user puts in a destination and the app
maps a route, calculates a cost and gives the user several drivers
from which to choose.
Agriculture
Modern agricultural technology allows a small number of people to
grow vast quantities of food in a short period of time with less input,
which results in high yields and returns on investment. The use of
Figure 1.8 The use of technology technology in agriculture has also resulted in the development of
has created genetically modified genetically modified crops, which can grow quickly and are resistant
crops that are resistant to to many pests and diseases.
many pests and diseases, which
improves crop yield. Communication
People use technology to communicate with one another. Electronic
media such as radio, television, the internet and social media
have improved the way we exchange ideas, which can develop
our communities. In many countries, radio and television express
the concerns of society, and live forums are organised where the
community can contribute through cell phones or text service
systems like Twitter. During political elections, leaders use radio,
television and internet media to reach the people they want to serve.
Figure 1.9 Satellite technology allows television and radio broadcasts

to reach many people and communities.
10

Technology in the workplace

The introduction of new technology has enhanced productivity
and enabled greater collaboration, organisation and flexibility
in businesses.
Greater collaboration
Productivity and engagement in the office is a vital factor to an
organisation’s success. The right technology not only simplifies
how people work, but also increases cooperation between staff and
allows employers to have the best data on hand to make suitable
business decisions for business success. For example, software such
as ‘GoToMeeting’, which is an online video-conferencing software,
allows users to schedule meetings and share screens. Additionally,
collaboration tools such as ‘Google Docs™’ and ‘Google Sheets™’,
allow teams to work individually on a shared document, edit files
at the same time and save their changes automatically.
Better organisation
Implementing appropriate technology solutions allows everyone
to understand how the business works. For example, having all the
data in a centralised, easily accessible location enables staff to be
more organised and allows for better communication.
Greater flexibility
Workers are becoming more mobile and this development has
reached a point where most staff can work from a remote location
with little difference to physically being at the office. This allows a
continual flow of ideas and solutions across staff, strengthening the
team, the decision-making processes and the overall effectiveness of
the business.
Enhanced productivity
The use of computer-aided design (CAD) and manufacturing in
manufacturing companies has resulted in faster production of goods.
The internet has resulted in greater sales, faster distribution and
better after-sale customer service.
Figure 1.10 Technology in manufacturing allows goods

to be produced more quickly.
11

Summary 1
1 A computer is a programmable electronic 14 The main memory holds data and instructions
device that processes data following a that the computer is processing at the time.
set of instructions.
15 Output devices translate information
2 A computer system refers to the complete processed by the computer into a form that
computer, which includes all the hardware and the user can understand.
software required for the computer to work.
16 Computers are used because of their great
3 Data is all the raw facts and figures that speed, accuracy, large storage capacity and
a computer processes by following a set ability to work continuously in solving a
of instructions (called a program) to variety of problems that would otherwise
produce information. require many human hours of work.
4 Hardware is all the parts of the computer 17 Technology tools are in our homes, schools,
system you can see and touch, for example community and in the workplace.
printer, keyboard, mouse, system unit.
18 In our homes, technology helps families to
5 Software is a set of instructions (program) that keep in touch, provide entertainment, provide
a computer needs to carry out its tasks. convenience for many daily tasks, improves
efficiency by managing utilities, such as
6 Application software programs carry out
electricity, and enhances safety and security
specific tasks or solve particular problems.
through the use of monitoring devices.
7 System software is software that manages and
19 Technology has resulted in enhanced
supports the resources and operations of a
productivity, greater collaboration,
computer system.
organisation and flexibility in businesses.
8 Input, processing and output are the three
20 Technology has improved education and
stages of processing.
learning processes by tracking student
9 Input devices are used to get data and progress, linking students to learning tools,
instructions into the computer for processing. empowering teachers to provide more
focused, personalised instruction, giving
10 The central processing unit (CPU) is the ‘brain’
teachers a window into what’s working,
of the computer. It consists of two smaller
reaching more students in more places.
units known as the control unit (CU) and the
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). 21 Technology has improved the community
by providing better transport systems,
11 The control unit is the main part of the CPU.
communication systems and agricultural
It directs and coordinates all the activities
systems.
within the CPU.
12 A register is a temporary storage location that
holds a single instruction or data item.
13 The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) performs
all the arithmetic and logic functions in
a computer.
12

Questions 1
Copy and fill in the blanks questions 7 Input, processing and output are the three
1 A set of instructions that a computer needs to stages of data processing.
carry out its tasks is known as a _______. 8 A register is a permanent storage location.
2 _______ is a set of raw facts and figures. 9 Technology has improved communities by
3 _______ are used to get the data and providing better communication systems.
instructions into the computer for processing.
Multiple-choice questions
4 A computer system consists of both _______ Choose the best answer to each question.
and _______.
1 Which is not an example of a peripheral
5 Processing takes place in the part of the device?
computer known as the _______.
a Keyboard
6 The _______ directs and coordinates all the
activities within the CPU. b Mouse
7 A _______ is the sequence of instructions c Register

performed to execute one program instruction. d Speakers
8 The _______ performs all the arithmetic and 2 A program is a:
logic functions in a computer.
a hardware device.
9 _______ holds data and instructions that the
computer is processing at the time. b memory device.
10 _______ translate information processed c set of instructions.

by the computer into a form that the user d register.
can understand.
3 Which is not found in the CPU?
True or false questions a ALU
1 Data and information are the same.
b Control unit
2 The CPU is the brain of the computer.
c Memory
3 All the data is processed in the memory unit.
d Printer
4 The control unit sends data from the memory
to the ALU for processing. 4 The ALU processes data and stores it in:
5 Output devices translate information a a flash drive.

processed by the computer into a form that b the main memory.
the user can understand.
c a sound card.
6 A computer that is required for gaming does
not need a fast processor. d modem.
13

5 Which one of the following is not a function of Short-answer questions

the control unit? 1 Explain the difference between the terms
a Fetches instructions from memory ‘computer’ and ‘computer system’.
b Decodes instructions 2 Define the terms ‘hardware’ and ‘software’.
c Processes instructions 3 Using examples, explain the difference

between data and information.
d Fetches data for required instructions
4 Draw a diagram showing the three stages
6 The speed at which a CPU processes data to of processing.
convert it, is measured in:
5 Using an example explain the data-processing
a megabytes. cycle.
b gigahertz. 6 Draw a block diagram to illustrate the main
c gigabytes. components of a computer system.
d terabytes. 7 Describe the functions of the two main units

found in the central processing unit.
7 Registers are used to store data and
instructions that: 8 Explain the purpose of the following devices:
a are needed over a long period of time. a Input device
b are needed immediately and frequently. b Output device
c are needed at start up. c Main memory
d are needed to hold the program that is 9 a Explain the difference between application
being used. software and system software.
8 The main memory of a computer is also b Give two examples of application software
referred to as: and one example of system software.
a immediate access store. 10 State four reasons why computers are used.
b auxiliary storage. 11 Technology has permeated almost every

aspect of our daily lives.
c secondary storage.
a List three ways technology has made our
d backup storage. lives easier in our homes.
9 Which of the following is an example of b List three ways technology has enhanced
technology use in the home? productivity at the workplace.
a Keeping track of student progress 12 Technology has improved education and
b Greater collaboration learning processes.
c Entertainment a Explain two ways in which technology can

be used to assist the teacher.
d Enhanced productivity
b Describe an example of how you use
technology to assist with your studies.
14

Research questions 2 Use the internet to conduct research to

1 Using the internet to conduct research, determine the negative impacts of computers in:
answer the following questions. a the school.
a State the names of three manufacturers of b the home.
computer processors.
c the workplace.
b Create a table with the name of the
manufacturer and their latest processors. d the community.
3 Collect data in your school to determine for
what purposes students use their cell phone.
Analyse the data and present the information
to your teacher.
Crossword
1
Across Down
4 A set of instructions that a computer needs to 1 The part that holds data and instructions that
carry out its tasks the computer is processing at the time
5 Hardware devices that are not essential to a 2 All the raw facts and figures that a computer
computer’s function processes by following a program
6 The internal hardware devices that make up a 3 Sometimes referred to as the ‘brain’ of
computer and ensure its functionality the computer
7 All the parts of a computer system that you
can see and touch
15

STEM project
Your mother has given your grandmother a
computer as a gift. Your grandmother lives in a Hints
country outside of the Caribbean. She is a retired 1 How is a computer similar to an electronic
typist and is familiar with an electronic typewriter, typewriter? Do research on this.
but she is not very familiar with computers. 2 What are the main features of a manual? Write
However, she is looking forward to learning about
them. Your mother has asked you to write simple
up a table of contents.
step-by step guidelines to help your grandmother 3 A large, well-labelled diagram can be very
understand the parts of a computer and their effective in showing the parts of a computer.
functions, to gently get her started in its use. You
decide to consult with your classmates to get help
in writing these guidelines.
1 Write a precise statement on what the manual
should do for your grandmother.
2 Decide on the content and format of the
manual. What process did you and your
classmates follow to decide on the content
and format? Write a brief outline of this
process.
3 Produce the manual and get an elderly non-
computer-using adult to use it.
4 Were there any problems in the test use of
the manual? How do you plan to improve the
manual as a result?
16

2 Types of computers
Computer systems are classified based on system performance,
Objectives which in turn affects physical size and cost. As computer technology
At the end of the chapter, is changing rapidly, classifying computers on this basis is often very
you will be able to: difficult, since many of the newer, smaller systems can outperform
the large models of a few years ago.
❏ explain the differences
between the different
types of computer Types of computer systems
systems We can identify the following broad categories of computer systems:
❏ describe how personal ✱ Personal computers (PCs)
computers developed over ✱ Laptops
time ✱ Tablets
❏ explain the development ✱ Smartphones
of the five generations of ✱ Video gaming consoles
computers. ✱ Wearable computers
✱ Minicomputers
✱ Mainframe computers
✱ Supercomputers
✱ Quantum computers
✱ Embedded computers.
Did you know?

Did you know that present-
day personal computers can
perform tasks thousands of
times faster than the early
personal computers of 1980s?
Figure 2.1 Different types of computers
17

Personal computers (PCs)

Personal computers (PCs), also called microcomputers, are the most
common computers and come in many different shapes, sizes and
colours. PCs are designed to be used by one person at a time and can
usually fit on an office desk, which is why they are called ‘desktop
computers’. A PC consists of a system unit, a keyboard, a mouse
and a display screen, and has all the functional elements found in
Did you know? any larger system. As with the larger systems, a PC is designed
to perform input, control, arithmetic-logic, output and storage
The processing power of a functions. It can execute software program instructions to perform a
modern PC is far greater than
wide variety of tasks. Some examples of portable microcomputers are
that of a mainframe computer
laptops, notebooks, sub-notebooks, tablet computers, smartphones
in the 1960s.
and wearable computers.
Figure 2.2 A PC with VDU, system unit, speakers, mouse and keyboard
Laptops
A laptop computer is a portable version of a PC. Laptops are
equipped with a flat liquid crystal display (LCD) screen and weigh
from 1 to 4 kilograms (kg). The two main types of laptops are
notebooks and sub-notebooks.
18

Types of computer systems
Notebooks
A notebook computer is a portable computer that weighs 2 to 3 kg
and is roughly the size of a large thick notebook, around 35 × 25 × 4
centimetres (cm). Notebooks have a fairly large LCD colour screen
(about 30–35 cm across) and a fairly large keyboard, usually with a
small touch-sensitive pad that serves as a mouse.
Notebooks can be easily tucked into a briefcase or backpack, or
simply held under your arm, and can use power from an electrical
outlet or rechargeable batteries. Notebooks are usually just as
powerful as a desktop PC, but are smaller and cost more than their
equivalent desktop PC.
The processing speed and storage capacity of a notebook can vary
widely depending on the needs of the user. The processor speed
for a typical notebook ranges from 2.2 GHz to 3.1 GHz. These
devices usually have between 4 gigabytes (GB) and 16 GB of RAM
and a storage capacity that varies from 512 GB to 1 terabyte (TB).
A notebook is an easily portable device due to its relatively light
weight and a battery life that varies between 9 hours and 17 hours,
depending on the brand.
Figure 2.3 A notebook
Figure 2.4 A netbook
19

Sub-notebooks
A sub-notebook computer is an easily portable device that
usually weighs between 1 kg and 1.5 kg. It can fit in a large jacket
pocket and has a battery life of more than 10 hours. It has a small
screen, and a small keyboard without the mouse function. Sub-
notebooks can perform many of the functions of notebooks, but not
to the same degree of complexity.
Similar to a notebook, the processing speed and storage capacity of
a sub-notebook can vary widely depending on the needs of the user.
The processor speed for a typical sub-notebook computer ranges
from 1.6 GHz to 1.8 GHz. These devices usually have between 4 GB
and 16 GB of RAM and a storage capacity that varies from 256 GB
to 1 TB.
Figure 2.5 A sub-notebook computer

Netbooks
A netbook is a small, low-power notebook computer that weighs
less than 1.5 kg. It has a battery that can provide between 6 and 12
hours of service before being recharged. A netbook has a smaller
screen size (less than 30 cm), a smaller keyboard size and less
processing power than a full-sized laptop. Netbooks are designed
to be simple and can be used to perform easy tasks such as
word processing, email and internet browsing, as well as for light
entertainment and light levels of productivity.
Typically, netbooks have less RAM (Random Access Memory) and
hard disk capacity than laptops. The processor speed for a typical
netbook computer ranges from 1.5 GHz to 1.7 GHz. These devices
usually have between 2 GB and 4 GB of RAM and a storage capacity
that varies from 64 GB to 256 GB. Two of the most popular netbooks
at present are Lenovo 110S premium and the HP Stream Laptop PC
11-Y010NR.
20

Tablets
A tablet is a thin, lightweight mobile computer that typically weighs
less than 1 kg and has a battery that can provide between 15 and
18 hours of battery life. It is smaller than a laptop, but larger than a
smartphone.
All tablets use a touch screen as their primary input device. Users
can interact with the device by using their finger or a stylus. They
can also connect external devices such as a keyboard or mouse
wirelessly. A tablet can be used for gaming, retrieving information,
keeping connected with others, shopping, entertainment or taking
notes in meetings and lectures where a laptop may not be practical.
A typical tablet has a processing speed of between 1.5 GHz and
2.5 GHz, 2 GB to 16 GB RAM and a storage capacity of between
Figure 2.6 A tablet 256 GB to 1 TB.
Smartphones
A smartphone is a cell phone that performs many of the functions of
a computer. It usually has a touchscreen interface, internet access,
and an operating system capable of running downloaded apps.
Smartphones can be used to make phone calls, surf the web, send
and receive email messages, access a variety of apps (WhatsApp,
Waze, Facebook and Uber) and play online games.
The processing speed and storage capacity of smartphones varies
according to price. As their RAM, ROM and processing speed
increase, so does the cost of smartphones. An average smartphone
may have a processing speed of 2.3 GHz, 2 GB to 16 GB of RAM and
Figure 2.7 A smartphone a storage capacity of between16 GB to 64 GB.
Wearable computers
The latest trend in computing is wearable computers. Essentially,
common computer applications (email, database, multimedia,
calendar/scheduler, health monitoring system) are integrated into
watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing. For example, the
Apple Watch® is a wristwatch that interfaces with the iPhone® and
the user can also download apps such as a calculator app, camera
app, weather app and many more to the watch.
Figure 2.8 Wearable computers
21

Gaming consoles
A gaming console is a highly
specialised desktop computer
that is used to play video
games. Gaming consoles are
typically powered by operating
systems and CPUs that differ
from desktop computers. The
player interacts with the game
through a controller, which
is a handheld device with
buttons and joysticks or pads.
Gaming consoles are usually
connected to a television,
which outputs the video and
sound. Examples of consoles
include the Microsoft Xbox,
Sony Playstation, Nintendo
GameCube, and Nintendo Wii.
Figure 2.9 A gaming console

Embedded computers
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer used inside
a device to operate specific functions. It is housed on a single printed
circuit board that provides the circuitry needed for a microprocessor,
RAM, ROM and any necessary components. It is connected to:
✱ sensors, which are devices that detect changes in the
environment such as light, temperature or pressure
✱ actuators, which are hardware output devices that convert an
electrical control signal into a physical action.
Embedded computers are commonly used in items such as answering
machines, smart televisions, washing machines, cameras, cars,
motors, sewing machines, clocks and microwave ovens. For example,
in a microwave oven, the embedded system is designed to take
directions from the keypad and turn them into commands. If, for
Figure 2.10 The button instance, you program a microwave oven to operate on high for two
panel on a microwave minutes, the embedded system instructs the high-voltage transformer
to operate on full discharge for two minutes. When the two minutes
Note! expire, the embedded system commands the transformer to turn off.
A microprocessor is an The processing speeds, memory and storage capacities of
integrated circuit (IC) that embedded computers are usually much lower than a typical PC
incorporates core functions of computer due to the limited range of commands that they need
to perform. For example, the amount of RAM required for a typical
a computer’s central processing application may vary between 64 KB to 1 MB.
unit (CPU).
22

Minicomputers
Minicomputers have become outdated and are rarely used
today. They were very popular in the 1960s. Their cost, storage
and processing capabilities ranged between those of a PC and a
mainframe computer. They were mainly used in small manufacturing
plants, research laboratories and businesses.
Minicomputer systems were usually designed to handle the
processing needs of multiple users simultaneously. They allowed
many users to share access to central hardware through stations
called terminals. Minicomputers could support dozens of terminals.
A typical terminal had a keyboard, a display screen and a wire that
connected the terminal to the computer system. Lower-capacity
models had as low as 64 to 192 MB of memory, while higher-
capacity models had as high as 1 024 to 32 768 MB of memory.
Direct access storage disks, which were attached directly to the
server or computer, allowed a typical minicomputer to manage
anywhere from 4 GB to more than 18 000 GB of data.
Mainframes
Mainframes are very large, powerful computers. These computers
tend to be very expensive due to their superior processing power.
Mainframe computers are systems that offer more processor
capacity and greater storage capacity than a typical minicomputer.
A mainframe can handle thousands of users simultaneously.
They are found in large
organisations such as banks,
government agencies, insurance
companies and corporations, where
they perform tasks that require a
lot of computational power. These
tasks typically involve bulk data
processing such as censuses,
industry/consumer statistics, and
bank transaction processing.
The IBM z14 Model M05 is currently
one of the most powerful mainframe
computers available. The IBM z14
class mainframe computer can have
up to 170 core processors operating
at 5.2 GHz, 16 GB up to 32 TB of
Redundant Array of Independent
Memory (RAIM) and significant
Figure 2.11 A mainframe computer amounts of storage as required.
23

Supercomputers
Supercomputers such as the Titan
and the Sunway TaihuLight are two of
the largest, fastest and most powerful
computers, as of 2018. They are
designed to process complex scientific
applications and are typically used
for ‘number crunching’ (calculations
involving a huge number of
calculations) in scientific simulations,
scientific research and developments
in areas such as energy, space
exploration, medicine and industry.
upercomputers are also used for
S
(animated) graphics, fluid dynamic
calculations, nuclear energy research,
electronic design, and analysis of
geological data (for example, in
Figure 2.12 A supercomputer petrochemical prospecting). These
systems are very expensive, often
costing millions of United States of
America dollars.
Did you know? Quantum computers

Quantum computers are computers
Quantum mechanics is a designed to use certain properties of
physical science dealing with quantum mechanics to solve problems
the behaviour of matter and
that would be impractical or impossible
energy on the scale of atoms
for a classical computer (digital
and subatomic particles/waves.
computer) to solve.
Quantum computers work by using
qubits. These qubits are not limited to
values of either 1 or 0 like classical bits,
but can represent both a 1 and a 0 at
the same time. The use of these qubits
allows sophisticated switches to be
made to compute certain problems that
are difficult for classical computers.
For example, quantum systems may
explain complex molecular and
chemical interactions, which could
lead to the discovery of new medicines
and materials. They may also be
able to make aspects of artificial
intelligence (AI), such as machine
Figure 2.13 A D-wave 2000 Quantum computer learning, much more powerful.
24

Development of personal computers
Development of personal computers

This timeline shows the development of personal computers from
the earliest device in 3 000 bce to 1994 ce.
Did you know? bce 3000 Abacus (manual calculating device)
The abacus is still widely used

today in some countries such ce 1642 First mechanical adding machine (Blaise Pascal)
as Japan, China, the Middle
East, and Russia. In China, the
abacus is called a suan pan, 1833 Babbage’s difference engine (automatic calculator)
meaning ‘counting tray’.
1896 Hollerith’s automatic census tabulating machine
(used punched cards)
1944 First electromechanical computer (Mark 1)
1946 First programmable electronic computer in the USA (ENIAC)
1971 Microprocessor chip developed
1975 First microcomputer (MITs Altair 8800)

Figure 2.14 An abacus
1977 Apple® II computer (first personal computer sold
in assembled form)
1981 IBM introduced personal computer
1982 First portable computer
1993 Multimedia desktop computers; personal digital assistants
1994 Wireless data transmission for small portable computers
Figure 2.15 The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

computer
25

Generations of computers
Computers can be broadly classified into five generations. These
generations are based mainly on the basic electronic component
that was used to build the computer.
First-generation computers (1945-1956)

The vacuum tube or valve was the main electronic component of
first-generation computers, which made the computers very large.
These computers contained many kilometres of electrical wiring,
Figure 2.16 Vacuum tubes used a lot of electrical power and generated a lot of heat. As vacuum
tubes were blown so easily, processing was unreliable. Also, each
computer had a different binary-coded program called a ‘machine
language’ that told it how to operate. The computers had to be
programmed directly in this machine language, which made them
difficult to program and limited their versatility and speed.
The Harvard Mark I (electromechanical) was the first computer
in this generation. The ENIAC, produced in 1946, was the first
computer to use electrical signals for calculating and storing results,
with no mechanical operations involved. Other first-generation
computers include the UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer),
Burroughs 220 and the IBM 700 series.
Figure 2.17 The UNIVAC computer
26

Second-generation computers (1956–1963)

Transistors were invented in 1948 and formed the basis for second-
generation computers. A transistor is a component used to open
and close a circuit in computer processors and digital memory.
These computers became smaller, faster, more reliable and more
energy-efficient than the first-generation computers. The machine
languages of the first-generation computers were replaced by
assembly language, which allowed shortened programming codes to
replace long, difficult binary codes. Some popular second-generation
computers include the IBM 1400 and 1600 series, UNIVAC III, NCR
Figure 2.18 Transistors 300 series and the Burroughs B500 series.
Third-generation computers (1964–1970)

With the invention of the integrated circuit (IC), or chip, computers
became even smaller, faster, more reliable, more energy-efficient
and cheaper than the early generations. Another third-generation
development was the invention and use of ‘high-level’ programming
languages, which allowed the use of English words and the base
10 number system to program computers. Some third-generation
computers include the IBM System 3 and System 7, UNIVAC 1100
Figure 2.19 An integrated circuit series and 9000 series, NCR Century series and the Burroughs 6700.
Figure 2.20 The UNIVAC 110811 computer from about 1967
27

Fourth-generation computers (1971–present)

Fourth-generation computers are still based on the chip, but with
many more components packed inside. First, there was large-scale
integration (LSI), where hundreds of components were placed
onto the chip. By the 1980s, very large-scale integration (VLSI)
squeezed thousands of components onto a chip. Computers became
even smaller, cheaper and much more reliable, and their processing
power increased accordingly. Some early examples of fourth-generation
computers include the IBM System 3090 and RISC 6000, HP 9000 and
Figure 2.21 A very large-scale the Cray 2 XMP.
integration (VLSI) chip
Over time, the size of a chip has decreased to the 14 nanometre (nm) size
that is used in the IBM z14 today. Performance gains (improvements)
Did you know? now depend not only the speed of the chip, but also on the system
innovation (new technological advances) adding to the complexity
Cyber Monday is name for on the chip. The requirements that drive the complexity have also
the Monday after the US changed along the way. An example is the requirement for security
Thanksgiving holiday, where in today’s digital world. The IBM z14 is capable of processing over
shops provide huge discounts to
12.5 billion fully-encrypted transactions in a day, the equivalent of
shoppers when shopping online.
400 Cyber Mondays on a single system.
Fifth-generation computers (from the present to

the future)
Fifth-generation computers use ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI)
chips. A single chip contains more than a million components. These
computers are able to copy many of the things that only humans
have been able to do up to now; in other words, they have a certain
level of artificial intelligence (AI). For example, fifth-generation
computers, including standard PCs, are already accepting spoken
word instructions (voice recognition) and can now help doctors to
make specific diagnoses (expert systems).
Computers of this generation use
parallel processing. This means
that they can perform multiple
instructions at the same time using
more than one microprocessing
chip, which makes them extremely
powerful. The eventual goal for fifth-
generation computers is to develop
devices that respond to natural
language input and are capable of
‘learning’. An AI program would
therefore remove the need for users
Figure 2.22 The latest versions of ULSI chips being used in to write programs, since they could
the development of artificial intelligence contain more than communicate their orders to the
10 million components. computer in ordinary spoken English.
28

Summary 2
1 Computer systems may be classified as 7 Laptops, notebooks and sub-notebooks are all
embedded computers, personal computers portable computers with flat LCD screens.
(PCs), minicomputers, mainframe computers,
8 A tablet is a computer that looks like a
supercomputers (‘monsters’) and quantum
notebook computer, but the user enters data
computers.
using their finger or stylus (a digital pen).
2 Personal computers (PCs), also called desktop
9 A wearable computer is a digital device that is
or microcomputers, are the most common
either strapped to or carried on a user’s body. For
computers. PCs are designed to be used by
example, common computer applications such as
one person at a time and can usually fit on an
email, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler
office desk. A PC consists of a system unit, a
and a variety of apps are integrated into watches,
keyboard, a mouse and a display screen, and
cell phones, visors and even clothing.
has all the functional elements found in any
larger system. 10 An embedded computer is a special-purpose
computer that is used inside a device to
3 Minicomputers have become outdated and are
handle specific functions.
rarely used today. They were very popular in
the 1960s. Their cost, storage and processing 11 The vacuum tube or valve was the main
capabilities were between those of a PC and electronic component of first-generation
a mainframe. They were mainly used in small computers.
manufacturing plants, research laboratories
12 Transistors were invented in 1948 and formed
and businesses.
the basis for second-generation computers.
4 Mainframes are very powerful, expensive Computers became smaller, faster, more
computers. They provide faster processing reliable and more energy efficient than their
speeds and greater storage capacity than predecessors.
a typical minicomputer. A mainframe can
13 The integrated circuit (IC) or chip formed
handle more than a thousand users at a time.
the basis for third-generation computers.
They are found in large organisations such
High-level languages, which used English
as banks, government agencies, insurance
words and the base 10 number system to
companies where they perform tasks that
program the computer, were a feature of third-
require a lot of computational power –
generation computers.
typically bulk data processing such as that of
censuses and bank transactions. 14 Fourth-generation computers are based on the
chip, but with many more components packed
5 Supercomputers are the largest, fastest and
inside. Very large-scale integration (VLSI)
most powerful computers at present. They
squeezed thousands of components onto a chip.
are typically used for ‘number crunching’ in
scientific simulations, scientific research and 15 Fifth-generation computers are based on
development in areas such as energy, space an ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI) chip
exploration, medicine and industry. that contains millions of components. These
computers are able to copy many of the things
6 A quantum computer uses the quantum states
that only humans have been able to do up to
of subatomic particles to store information.
now (artificial intelligence). These computers
These computers may be able to solve problems
are able to accept spoken word instruction
that would be impractical or impossible for a
(voice recognition) and help doctors to make
classical (digital) computer to solve. They have
diagnoses (expert systems).
complex circuitry that uses qubits.
29

Questions 2
Copy and fill in the blanks questions 5 An embedded computer is housed on a single
1 A PC consists of a _________, a keyboard circuit board.
_________ and a display screen. 6 First-generation computers were based on the
2 A _________ is a small, light, low-power integrated circuit (IC) or chip.
notebook computer that has less processing 7 High-level programming languages were used
power than a full-sized laptop. in third-generation computers.
3 Data can be entered through the tablet with 8 Fifth-generation computers use ultra-large-
the use of a special pen called a _________. scale integration (ULSI) chips.
4 An _________ computer is a special-purpose 9 The CRAY T3E 900 and GRAPE are examples
computer that is used inside a device to of personal computers.
handle specific functions.
10 The most common computers today are
5 A gaming _________ is a highly specialised mainframe computers.
desktop computer used to play video games.
6 A _________ is used by players to interact
Multiple-choice questions
with computer games. Choose the best answer to each question.
7 The Apple Watch® is an example of a 1 ENIAC was the first:

_________ computer. a electromechanical computer.
8 Computers can be broadly classified into b electronic computer.
_________ generations.
c computer with integrated circuits.
9 First-generation computers were programmed
using _________ language. d microcomputer.
10 The vacuum tube or valve was 2 Complex scientific research is usually done
the main electronic component of using:
_________-generation computers. a microcomputers.
True or false questions b supercomputers.

1 A laptop computer is a portable version of c minicomputers.
a PC.
d mainframe computers.
2 Notebooks are usually just as powerful as a
desktop PC. 3 The main component that formed the basis for
second-generation computers was:
3 Notebooks cost less than a desktop PC.
a vacuum tubes.
4 A mainframe can handle more than a
thousand users at a time. b registers.
c integrated circuits.
d transistors.
30

4 Third-generation computers were used during 9 An embedded computer can be found in a:

the period:
a laptop computer.
a 1933–1945.
b desktop computer.
b 1945–1956.
c washing machine.
c 1956–1963.
d netbook computer.
d 1964–1970.
10 Which of the following computers is
5 Which generation of computers used very- connected to sensors and actuators that
large-scale integration (VLSI)? convert an electrical control signal into a
physical action?
a First generation
a Laptop computers
b Second generation
b Desktop computers
c Third generation
c Wearable computers
d Fourth generation
d Embedded computers
6 All of the following are portable computers
except: Short-answer questions
a laptop computers. 1 Describe the features of a personal computer
(PC).
b notebook computers.
2 Explain the difference between a mainframe
c tablet computers.
computer and a supercomputer.
d video game consoles.
3 a State two reasons why a bank may want to
7 A tablet is a computer that looks like a purchase a mainframe computer.
notebook computer except that data can be
b Differentiate between a notebook computer
entered using:
and a sub-notebook computer.
a a keyboard.
c What is an embedded computer?
b a touchscreen.
4 a Explain the term ‘wearable computer’.
c a digitising tablet.
b Give three examples of wearable
d all of the above. computers.
8 The Apple Watch® is an example of: c State three applications used by wearable
computers.
a a wearable computer.
5 a What is a supercomputer?
b an embedded computer.
b State two uses of supercomputers.
c a first-generation computer.
c Give two examples of supercomputers
d a video game console.
currently in use.
31

6 a Which type of chip is used in fifth- Crossword

generation computers?
1
b What are some of the features of fifth-
generation computers?
2
7 List the component that formed the basis of
the first four generations of computers.
8 a What is a quantum computer? 3 4
b How is a quantum computer different from

a digital computer?
c Give two possible problems that may be
solved by quantum computers. 5
Research questions
1 Work with your classmates to do research
on the internet to find out how a portable
computer can help the following professionals
with their work:
a A teacher
b A police officer
c A newspaper reporter
d A sales representative
Across
2 Do research on the internet and make a list
of the top five personal computers and laptop 2 Very large, powerful computers
computers at present. 3 A computer that looks like a notebook
3 Do research to find out if any company or computer except that users enter data with a
organisation in your country uses a mainframe keyboard, touchscreen or a digitising tablet
computer in the day-to-day running of its 5 A small, light, low-power notebook computer
operation. For the named organisation or that has less processing power than a full-
company, describe the purpose for which it sized laptop
uses the mainframe computer.
Down
1 A type of computer that works by using qubits
4 A portable version of a personal computer
5 A computer that can easily be tucked into
a briefcase or backpack, or simply under
your arm
32

STEM project
Hints
Your very talented school friend Usain has won 1 Where do you plan to get the most up-to-date
a national storytelling competition. The prize is
his choice of a laptop, notebook or cell phone, to
information on the electronic devices available
a maximum value of US$1 000, but the device (for example, from computer and cell phone
selected must be purchased in your country. He shops, asking advice from knowledgeable adults,
has asked you and two other classmates to help and so on)?
him choose the device that will be of most use to
2 How best can you and your classmates divide
him. He needs to make the decision within a week
or he will have to accept whatever is given to him. the work to ensure that you meet the one-week
deadline?
1 What do you and your classmates have to do?
Write a statement.
3 Which device is most useful to Usain as a
talented storyteller?
2 Produce a complete list of all appropriate
available devices and their features, with
the help of your classmates. How did you
approach getting the information for this list?
3 Advise Usain on which device you think best
suits his needs. Give reasons for your advice.
33

3 Being IT safe – taking care of
IT things (1)
Objectives Computers and most peripheral devices are generally very safe to
work with. However, these devices need electricity to work and have
At the end of the chapter, mechanical parts – both of which can injure or even kill someone if
you will be able to: you do not use them safely.
❏ explain the personal Computer equipment also needs to be handled carefully for its own
safety rules of the benefit. This will ensure that the computer, its peripherals and all its
computer laboratory components have a long and active working life.
❏ explain the general rules We need to follow a set of rules to prevent the misuse of equipment in
for using computers in the computer room. You may already know some of the rules in your
the laboratory school. You should follow the rules provided by your teacher and/
❏ state reasons for or the rules listed in this chapter. Rules help to establish order and
hardware malfunctions structure, and create the best learning environment for students.
explain the rules for

Rules for the computer room:
❏
handling CDs, DVDs and
USB drives.
Personal safety
Follow these rules to make sure you work safely in the computer room:
✱ Avoid stepping on electrical wires or
any other computer cables.
✱ Do not open the computer’s system
unit or monitor casing – these can
be dangerous. For example, some
monitors may have capacitors
that can store up to 35 kilovolts of
electricity. Touching this device
can cause an electric shock or
even death.
✱ Do not insert any metal objects, such
as clips, pins and needles, into the
computer casing or monitor casing.
This may cause the device to short
circuit or give you an electric shock.
✱ Do not touch, connect or disconnect
any plug or cable without your
teacher’s permission.
✱ Place chairs under the desks when
Figure 3.1 Follow the rules to work safely in the computer room. they are not in use.
34

Rules for the computer room: Personal safety
Figure 3.2 Do not open a computer system’s unit casing as the parts
can give you an electric shock.
Computer systems need to be taken care of and handled carefully

to ensure that the computer, its peripherals and all its components
have a long and active working life. Although hardware can
malfunction (stop working) for many reasons, the most common
causes are the following:
✱ Normal wear and tear of parts and circuitry: Over time,
computers will wear down, simply because they are partly
mechanical.
✱ Poor assembly by the manufacturer: Computers are not
always built perfectly, in which case the malfunction is the
responsibility of the manufacturer.
✱ Dust accumulation: This can especially cause the cooling
system in computers to fail, resulting in damage to the equipment
and possible loss of data.
✱ Extreme heat: This can especially cause damage to the
magnetic parts of computer equipment, including optical disks.
✱ Humidity: Humidity levels higher than that required to maintain
computer equipment can lead to corrosion, which can cause
malfunctions.
✱ Power fluctuations: A poor electricity supply that results in
variations in a building’s power supply can cause equipment
to fail, especially if the computer receives too much current
(a ‘power surge’).
✱ Vermin: These are creatures not wanted in the working
environment, such as rodents, insects or other animals. Vermin
are more likely to be present in older, poorly maintained or shared
premises. They can damage cables, causing loss of electrical
power and damage to equipment.
35

3 Being IT safe – taking care of IT things (1)
Rules for using a computer:

Computer safety
Follow these rules when you use a computer to protect it from damage:
✱ Do not switch your computer on/off too often. This may damage
the on/off switch, as well as other components in the computer.
Always shut down computers using the proper procedure ‘on-
screen’, rather than directly using the on/off switch.
✱ Avoid exposing the computer to excessive dust; cover the
computer with dust covers when you have finished using it. An
excess of dust may affect the circuitry.
✱ Avoid using USB drives, CDs and DVDs that were used to store
information in computers from outside the lab. These storage
devices may contain viruses that will affect the computer you
are using. A virus is a piece of software that may cause your
computer to malfunction.
✱ Do not pile anything onto the computer keyboard. Objects on the
keyboard may damage the keys.
✱ Do not eat or drink in the computer laboratory. Liquids can cause
short circuits or electric shocks, and the crumbs from food can
cause malfunctions inside the computer.
✱ Do not change any of the settings (desktop themes, date, time,
and so on) in the computer without your teacher’s permission.
Figure 3.3 Dust and computer ✱ Do not install any software without your teacher’s permission.
viruses can affect how your ✱ Avoid excessive printing, as paper and printing cartridges
computer works. are expensive. Be sure that what you print is something you
genuinely need to see or store in a printed version.
✱ Respect other people’s files on the computer. Do not change,
copy, delete, read or otherwise access files that are not yours or
that you do not have permission to access.
✱ Do not copy any software contained on the computer unless
you are permitted to do so. Copying software without proper
authorisation may be illegal.
I only sold a few
hundred copies of the
software I bought and
duplicated.
Figure 3.4 Copying

and selling
computer software
I am in here because
without permission
I bought a few of your
may be illegal.
illegal copies!
36

Emergency procedures in a computer room
Note! Rules for CDs, DVDs and USB

Can you think of any additional storage devices: Storage safety
rules for your computer lab? CDs, DVDs and USB storage devices are used to store data and
information. These devices can be damaged, resulting in loss of
✗ ✗ data and information, if not handled properly. The pictures and

text in Figure 3.5 show the rules to follow to protect your CDs,
DVDs and USB storage devices from damage.
Reporting problems
Report all software or hardware problems to your teacher
Never bend USB Do not write on
immediately. Do not attempt to fix computer or
storage devices, the underside of
peripheral device problems.
CDs or DVDs. CDs or DVDs; this
is the side that is
recorded on. Emergency procedures in a
✗ ✗ computer room
Computer rooms have an increased risk of fire, because of the:
✱ electricity used to run the machines
✱ the heat generated by the computing processes
✱ air movement used to dissipate heat within computers.
Do not leave or Keep USB storage Preparing for an emergency is the first step in any emergency
store USB storage devices, CDs and plan. Each student should know what to do if the alarms
devices, CDs or DVDs away from sound while they are in a room at school. In addition, you
DVDs in sunlight. water and food. should know your room’s evacuation route and procedures, as
well as the location of the nearest fire alarm, fire extinguisher,
✗ ✗ and fire blanket.
If a fire occurs, safety is the main priority. Make sure that you
and your classmates know how to leave the building safely
and where the nearest safe gathering point is located.
Remember this list of what you should do in an emergency:
Always keep USB Keep USB storage
✱ Do not panic.
storage devices devices, CDs and
✱ Follow the instructions of your teacher.
CDs and DVDs DVDs away from
✱ Quickly follow the evacuation plan established for your
covered when not excessive humidity
room or building.
in use. and smoke.
✱ Close doors behind you after everyone has left in case
Figure 3.5 Rules for storage devices of a fire.
✱ When you are in a safe position, pull the fire alarm (if the
Note! alarm is not already going off).
If your computers are networked, ✱ If someone catches on fire, they should stop, drop and
roll. They can also be doused with water or patted with
your teacher may need to give
a fire blanket.
you additional rules.
37

3 Being IT safe – taking care of IT things (1)
Summary 3 Questions 3
1 Avoid stepping on electrical wires or any other Copy and fill in the blanks questions
computer cables.
Use these words.
2 Do not open the computer system unit or
monitor casing. monitor capacitors computer 35 kilovolts
metal misuse contact
3 Do not insert metal objects, such as clips, pins
and needles, into the computer or monitor.
To prevent the _____________ or mishandling
4 Do not touch, connect or disconnect any plug of the equipment in the computer laboratory, we
or cable without your teacher’s permission. need to follow a set of rules. For example, you
should not open the system unit or _____________
5 Do not switch your computer on/off too often.
casing. Also, do not insert any _____________
6 Avoid exposing the computer to excessive objects, such as clips, pins and needles, into
dust by covering the PC with dust covers. the _____________ or monitor. Some monitors
may have _____________, which can store up
7 Avoid using USB storage devices and CDs/
to _____________ of electricity. Coming into
DVDs that were used to store information in
_____________ with this device may cause death.
other computers; they may have viruses.
8 Do not pile anything on the keyboard. True or false questions
1 Computers and most peripheral devices are
9 Do not eat or drink in the computer room.
generally safe to work with.
10 Do not change any of the settings (desktop
2 A computer laboratory does not contain many
themes, date, time and so on) in the computer.
electrical and other cables.
11 Do not install any software without your
3 To prevent misuse or mishandling of the
teacher’s permission.
equipment in the computer laboratory we
12 Avoid excessive printing. need to follow a set of rules.
13 Respect other people’s files on the computer. 4 Inserting metal objects into the monitor is safe.
14 Do not copy any software residing on the 5 Switching your computer on/off too often will
computer unless you are permitted to do so. not cause any damage to your computer.
15 Never bend USB storage devices, CDs or 6 Exposing your computer to excessive dust can
DVDs. result in it becoming defective.
16 Do not write on the underside of CDs or DVDs. 7 It is OK to eat and drink while working on
the computer.
17 Do not keep USB storage devices, CDs or
DVDs in sunlight. 8 You should not copy software from the
school’s computer if you do not have proper
18 Keep USB devices, CDs and DVDs away from
authorisation.
water and food.
9 You are allowed to change the settings in the
19 Always keep USB storage devices, CDs and
computers at school.
DVDs covered when not in use.
10 You should never bend CDs or DVDs.
20 Keep USB storage devices, CDs and DVDs
away from excessive humidity and smoke. 11 Excessive humidity and smoke does not affect
CDs, DVDs and flash drives.
38

Emergency procedures in a computer room
12 Exposing CDs, DVDs and flash drives to direct STEM project

sunlight will not cause any problems. Mark Anthony is a Form 1 student newly
13 A computer virus can be spread to other transferred to your school during the third term
computers when an infected disk is used in of the academic year. He was not exposed to
other computers. Information Technology (IT) at his previous school.
You observed Mark doing several things that are
Short-answer questions dangerous to his own well-being and also to the
1 List the personal safety rules for the computer. proper functioning of the computer laboratory.
As a student who has some knowledge of IT, you
2 List five safety rules for the computer and
feel that you should correct him.
explain why they should be followed.
3 State three rules for handling CDs, DVDs 1 Highlight four actions Mark may have been
and USB storage. doing that you consider to be incorrect
laboratory protocol.
4 List six steps to follow in an emergency.
2 Besides not doing IT before at school, what
Crossword are two other possible reasons for Mark
1 not following correct laboratory protocol?
Explain why you suggested these reasons.
2
3 For the actions highlighted, write brief
guidelines to help Mark follow the correct
3 protocol. How would you present these
guidelines to Mark to ensure that he
follows them?
4
4 Make a poster with your guidelines to put up
in the computer laboratory.
5
5 How would you assess your success in getting
Mark to follow the guidelines within the term?
6
Hints
1 What is a poster? Where in your computer
Across
laboratory can you place your poster and how
2 Creatures not wanted in the computer will this position affect the size and content in it?
working environment
2 Ask a classmate to check that he or she
3 A device that can store current in a monitor understands the content of your poster.
5 If these spill, they may cause short circuits or
electric shocks inside the computer
6 You need these in every laboratory
Down
1 You should not change these without your
teacher’s permission
4 This could be transferred by flash drives or
CDs/DVDs from one computer to another
39

4 Computers and health
All forms of digital technology, such as cell phones, tablets,

Objectives laptops, video game consoles and television sets, have become
At the end of the chapter, an important part of our daily lives. We rely on this technology for
you will be able to: finding information quickly, social networking, job searching and
researching school-related assignments, as well as to provide us
❏ explain what repetitive with entertainment when we are bored.
strain injury is and what
causes it While digital technology plays an important role in making our lives
more comfortable, using this technology too often or incorrectly
❏ describe ways to prevent can have a significant impact on our physical and mental health.
repetitive strain injury Fortunately, there are steps that we can take to help improve these
❏ explain what computer health issues.
vision syndrome is and
what causes it
Physical health issues
❏ list ways to prevent Industries such as banking and manufacturing rely on data
computer vision syndrome gathering and analysis to give them a competitive edge. Data entry
❏ list ways to prevent lower is labour intensive, requiring individual workers to do hours of
back pain, neck pain, concentrated and repetitive work on the computer. After doing this
shoulder pain and lower type of work for a few years, a worker can suffer from various health
back pain problems known as computer work-related illnesses. These illnesses
include repetitive strain injury (RSI), computer vision syndrome
❏ explain what ergonomics (CVS), hearing loss, neck strain, shoulder pain and lower back pain.
is and how it helps to
stop or reduce computer- Repetitive strain
related disorders injury (RSI)
❏ explain the negative There are two main types of
effects of electronic of repetitive strain injury
devices on the (RSI):
environment.
✱ Tendonitis is a condition
where a tendon becomes
inflamed, which is caused
by a repeated motion or
Ligament Carpal
stress on that tendon. tunnel
✱ Carpal tunnel
Tendon
syndrome (CTS) is sheaths Median
an inflammation of the nerve
Tendons
nerve that connects your
forearm to the palm of Figure 4.1 RSI affects the tendons and
your hand (see Figure 4.1). the carpal tunnel nerve in the hand.
40

Symptoms of RSI
Did you know? Symptoms of tendonitis of the wrist include extreme pain from the
Repetitive strain injuries are forearm to the hand and tingling in the fingers. Symptoms of CTS
also common in musicians and include burning pains when the nerve is compressed, along with
factory line workers. numbness and tingling in the thumb and first two fingers.
Causes of RSI
Repeated or forceful bending of the wrist can cause CTS or
tendonitis of the wrist. These key factors can lead to RSI.
✱ Repetition: Long or concentrated hours of keying (typing
data using a keyboard) or using the mouse, especially if there is
pressure to type quickly
✱ Posture: Long hours of sitting in the same position while keying
or using the mouse, especially if this position is uncomfortable or
poorly supported, or if the wrists are excessively bent
✱ Lack of rest: Intensive hours at the keyboard with few breaks,
especially if the task has little variety or if required rests are not
taken when needed.
Ways to prevent or reduce RSI
Follow these guidelines to prevent or reduce RSI:
✱ Take frequent breaks to exercise your hands and arms.
✱ Use a wrist or palm rest designed to help support wrists.
✱ Place a wrist rest between the keyboard and the edge of your
desk to prevent injury due to typing. The wrist rest should match
the front edge of the keyboard in width, height, slope, and curve.
✱ Type on the computer keyboard as you would play the piano,
lifting your fingers up and down rather than your wrists.
✱ Use an adjustable keyboard that allows you to change the
position and angle of the keyboard.
✱ Place the mouse at least six inches in from the edge of the desk
✗ to prevent injury while using the mouse. In this position, your

wrist is flat on the desk, which causes bending to occur at the
elbow rather than at the wrist.
✱ Position the mouse at the same height as your keyboard. When you
✓ slide the mouse around, move your entire arm and not just your wrist.
✱ Use a mouse that matches the curve of your hand and which has
a cord long enough to allow it to be placed next to the keyboard.
✱ Make sure that the armrests on your chair are padded, soft and
removable, and that the distance between them is adjustable.
✗
✓ ✗ ✓
Figure 4.2a Use a mouse correctly Figure 4.2b Use a keyboard correctly to prevent RSI and CTS.
to prevent RSI and CTS.
41

How to use your mouse

Here are some guidelines on how to use your mouse:
1 Hold your mouse comfortably between your thumb and little finger.
2 Use your index finger to click the left button and your middle
finger to click the right button. If you are left-handed, you can
use the opposite fingers. However, you can usually change your
computer preferences to swap the button function.
3 Use the left button to double-click (click twice as quickly as
possible). The first click tells the computer that you are in
a particular ‘window’. The second click tells it that you are
Figure 4.3 How to hold your selecting a button or link to do something in that window. If you
mouse click too slowly, the computer just thinks you’re telling it where
you are again and again.
Computer vision syndrome (CVS)

Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is the term for problems caused by
looking at a computer screen or display device for long periods without a
break. This intense focus on the screen or device strains the eye muscles.
Conditions caused by CVS
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) may cause these conditions:
✱ Sore, tired, burning, itching or dry eyes
✱ Blurred or double vision
✱ Headache or sore neck
✱ Distance vision blurred after prolonged staring at monitor
✱ Difficulty shifting focus between monitor and documents
✱ Colour fringes or ‘after images’ when you look away from the monitor
✱ Difficulty focusing on the screen image
✱ Increased sensitivity to light.
Although eye strain associated with CVS is not thought to have any
serious or long-term consequences, it is unpleasant (see Figure 4.4).
Figure 4.4 Computer vision
syndrome Ways to prevent or reduce CVS
Follow these guidelines to prevent or reduce CVS:
✱ Take a break of 5 to 10 minutes away from the computer every hour.
✱ Reduce glare and reflections from the computer screen. Clean your
screen and block out excessive sunlight and reflections from lamps.
✱ Use monitors designed to adjust brightness and screen position.
Adjust the contrast and brightness of the computer screen so
that there is a high contrast between the text on the screen and
the screen background.
✱ Prevent eye strain by positioning the top of your screen at, or slightly
below, eye level. Experiment to find a distance between your eyes
and the screen that feels comfortable (usually 45 to 71 cm).
✱ Gently massage your eyes, cheeks, forehead, neck and upper
back from time to time to keep blood flowing and muscles loose.
42

Hearing loss
Wearing headphones for long periods of time while listening to loud
music or other audio material can cause hearing loss and tinnitus
(ringing in the ears). The sensitive hair cells in your inner ear never
grow back once they have been damaged.
Ways to prevent or reduce hearing loss
Follow these guidelines to
1.1 billion young people prevent or reduce hearing loss:
worldwide are at risk of hearing loss
due to unsafe listening practices
✱ Turn down the volume. If
other people can hear the
music from your headphones,
Over 43 million the music is loud enough to
People who are 12–35 years live with disabling
hearing loss damage your ears.
✱ Limit the amount of time
that you spend wearing
Among young people, aged 12–35 years in middle- and high-income countries: headphones to listen to
audio media. Although brief
listening to unsafe levels are exposed to potentially exposure to the loudest
of sound through personal damaging levels of sound
audio devices (MP3 players, at nightclubs, bars and sounds can cause damage,
smartphones and others) sporting events even moderate noise
experienced on a regular
Figure 4.5 An infographic showing statistics relating to hearing loss basis can lead to damage.
Neck strain
Looking down at your laptop with your head puts unnecessary
strain on your neck muscles, which can lead to pain, including
tension headaches. Holding your cell phone between your neck and
your shoulder can also put your neck in a harmful position. Spending
long periods of time texting with your head down over your cell
phone also puts pressure on your neck muscles.
Ways to prevent or reduce neck strain
Follow these guidelines to prevent or reduce neck strain:
✱ Use a lower-back support in your
work chair to maintain a healthier
posture.
✱ Raise your laptop to eye level by
placing something under it. You will
need to use an external keyboard to
type comfortably with your laptop in
this position.
✱ Take short breaks to do some simple
movements like shoulder rolls while
Figure 4.6 Bad posture while using a computer can cause studying or working.
neck pain.
43

Shoulder pain
Shoulder pain for computer users is a form of RSI, typically caused
by the muscles and tendons between the neck and wrist being held
tensed in one position for long periods. This results in muscle and
tendon fatigue, and damage, which causes shoulder pain.
Follow these guidelines to prevent shoulder pain:
✱ Maintain good posture by doing the following:
– Adjusting your seat height
– Supporting your back
– Keeping your screen at arms length
– Positioning the top of the screen no higher than your eyes
– Keeping your wrists in line with your forearm and hand when
using the keyboard and mouse
– Keeping your upper arm at your side, your inner elbow almost
touching your side and your forearm nearly horizontal and
directly in front of your side.
✱ Don’t maintain any fixed posture for a long time. You need to
move your body around to exercise your tendons.
a
15–30°
Lower back pain
50–70
cm Bad posture or poorly designed or incorrectly
assembled furniture or equipment
90° (see Figure 4.7b) can cause lower back pain.
Ways to prevent or reduce lower
back pain
Follow these guidelines to prevent or reduce
lower back pain:
90°
90° ✱ Use a firm, adjustable and comfortable chair.
Adjust the chair height so that your thighs
are horizontal, your feet are flat on the floor
and the backs of your knees are slightly
b
higher than the seat of your chair. The back of
the chair should support your lower back.
✱ Stretch your lower back occasionally by
standing up and pulling each knee to your
chest, holding that position for a
few seconds.
✱ Relax your shoulders. When you type on
the keyboard, your upper arm and forearm
should form a right angle, with your wrist
and hand in roughly a straight line.
Figure 4.7 Which way of sitting at a computer (a or ✱ Take short breaks (5 to 10 minutes per hour)
b) is the most likely to cause back pain and RSI? and get up from your desk and walk around.
44

Mental health issues
Ergonomics
Many health problems can be removed or reduced with careful
attention to ergonomics and work routines. The science of ergonomics
uses mathematics, physics and biomechanics to determine the best
working conditions for people who work with machines.
Using these principles, manufacturers can incorporate comfort, efficiency
and safety features into computer furniture and equipment (see Figure 4.8).
Ergonomically designed furniture and equipment can help to reduce the
Figure 4.8 Ergonomically designed risk of injuries, as they reduce the strain on several parts of the body.
office furniture reduces strain on the
For example, furniture and peripherals should be designed with these
body, which helps to prevent injuries.
guidelines in mind:
✱ Chairs that support the user’s back
✱ Monitors that allow the user to adjust brightness and screen position
✱ Keyboards that allow the user to adjust the position and angle of
the keyboard
✱ Chair armrests that are soft, padded, removable and adjustable
✱ Mice that match the curve of the user’s hand and have enough
cord length for positioning next to the keyboard
✱ Wrist and palm rests designed to help support wrists
✱ Wrist rests that match the front edge of the keyboard in width,
height, slope, and curve.
Mental health issues

Some research has shown that excessive use of digital technology
– and especially the internet – can be linked to mental health
conditions, such as anxiety, depression and behavioural problems in
some people. For example, one study found that young adolescents
who spent many hours online experienced increased problems
with controlling their behaviour and emotions. Other studies found
that adolescents who spent long hours on their digital devices
had difficulty paying attention and showed attention deficit-
hyperactivity disorder symptoms and other behavioural problems.
Internet addiction
While there are many positive aspects to using the internet, internet
addiction can have a negative impact on academic success and one’s
ability to communicate effectively in person with others. Research has
identified a link between certain mental illnesses, such as depression,
low self-esteem and loneliness, and internet addiction.
Ways to reduce or prevent internet addiction
Follow these guidelines to reduce or prevent internet addiction:
✱ Reduce the number of hours that you spend on the internet.
✱ Spend time having physical face-to-face conversations with others.
45

The effects of digital technology on

the environment
Digital technology can affect the environment positively and negatively.
Positive effects of technology

Technology has had these positive effects on the environment:
✱ Less use of paper: Electronic means of communication (emails,
WhatsApp, Facebook) and working electronically result in less
printing and so less paper is used. This saves the environment
from deforestation and its harmful effects.
✱ Reduction in fuel: The use of systems such as FaceTime, Skype
and video conferences reduces the need for people to travel to
meet each other, and so less fuel is used. People can work from
home, which reduces commuting and also results in using less fuel.
Using less fuel reduces the gases that affect the environment.
✱ Reduction in buildings: People work from home (telecommute),
which reduces the need for office space (less raw materials are
used to build buildings). In addition, virtual stores also reduce the
need for buildings, so fewer natural resources are used.
Negative effects of technology

The negative effects of technology include the following:
✱ Consumption of energy: Many persons who use computers
never really turn off the device, which wastes electricity. Some
electricity may be generated from the burning of fossil fuel, which
has a negative effect on the environment.
✱ Technological waste (e-waste): Computers contain heavy
metals and dangerous chemicals. Some heavy metals found in
computers include lead, mercury, beryllium and cadmium. These
Figure 4.9 Electronic waste heavy metals can cause serious illnesses. In addition, if these
metals are not disposed of correctly, they can pollute the water
and air, which can contribute to global warming.
Protect the environment from digital technology
Follow these guidelines to protect the environment:
Did you know?
✱ Do not print information from the internet unless it is
People who extract materials absolutely necessary.
(gold, silver and copper) from ✱ Use less electricity by switching off your device when not in use.
e-waste (old computers and ✱ Safely dispose of heavy metals contained in computers and
electronics) are more at risk other devices. You can do this by recycling these devices or
of developing diseases such dropping them off at collection sites run by reputable companies.
as skin cancer, lung cancer These companies remove the heavy metals and dispose of them
and kidney disease, as well as hazardous materials.
as experiencing brain damage
✱ Reduce the need for building resources and fuel by
and miscarriages.
telecommuting and increasing the use of online transactions.
46

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Samlade
skaldeförsök
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
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you are located before using this eBook.
Title: Samlade skaldeförsök
Author: Pehr Thomasson
Release date: April 14, 2020 [eBook #61835]
Language: Swedish
Credits: Jari Koivisto
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK SAMLADE

SKALDEFÖRSÖK ***
E-text prepared by Jari Koivisto
SAMLADE SKALDEFÖRSÖK
Af
PEHR THOMASSON
Stockholm, Hos J.J. Flodin, 1857.
Innehåll
Min Sångmö.
Till Tonerna.
Hvad jag helst ville vara.
Det enda ordet.
Den största boken.
Svanen.
Liljan.
Perlan.
Dufvan.
Drufvan.
Törnet.
Perlbandet.
Gossen och Filosofen.
Stjernan.
Flickan på Grafven (Barnsaga).
Näktergalen (Saga, tillegnad Jenny Lind).
Liljan och Fjärilen (Blekings-folkvisa).
Den fattiges rikedom.
Ung Erik och skön Karin.
Ett lyckligt ögonblick.
Till Blenda.
Du är mig när.
Vid hennes graf.
Den förskjutne.
Den blinde sångaren.
Den döende Skalden.
Hvi suckar du?
Gud ser till mig.
Nyårsbön.
En blick på Kyrkogården.
Lifvets Engel.
Polacken.
Blekinge.
Skandinavisk Förbundssång.
Till Svenska Bondeståndet.
En Vinterqväll.
Fatta Mod.
Minnessång öfver Nils Månsson i Skumparp.
Soldaten Stång.
Äreskänken.
Sångaren.
Arbetarens sång.
Den gamle knekten.
Vallgossen.
Tiggaregossen.
Herdinnan.
Sjömansflickan.
Barnhus-Barnet.
Spelmannen.
Den Liknöjde.
Torparens Morgonsång.
Sång vid Majstången.
Till Vårens första Lärka.
Liten Visa.
Till Henne.
Qvinnotrohet.
Ett Guldbröllop.
Den fattiges öde (Sann händelse).
Längtan från Staden (1842).
En Mulen Stund.
Min Sångmö.
Jag är ett barn utaf naturen,

Och känner inga reglors tvång:
I skogen är jag född och buren
Vid bäckens sus och källans språng
Och derför kan jag icke sjunga
Med konstlad ton och hycklad röst;
Det bor ej smicker på min tunga,
Ej näktergalar i mitt bröst.
Mitt enkla modersmål jag talar,

Som jag af mina fäder ärft;
Och om uti de stores salar
Man tycker detta låter kärft,
Mig rör det föga — ej bland lärde
Jag vågar strängad harpa slå;
För dem har endast konsten värde,
Och annat allt de blott försmå.
Der bygdens glada ungdom dansar

På ängen under gröna träd
Och barnen binda sina kransar,
Der vill jag också vara med
Och sjunga ut hvad skönt jag tänker.
Hvad gladt, som för min blick sig ter.
Och lefva skild från verldens ränker:
Det är min önskan — intet mer.
Till Tonerna.
Englabarn från högre zoner,

Ljufva, milda harpotoner!
Svingen jublande i qväll
Öfver dalens blomstersängar
Upp mot himlens stjerneängar
Till Allfaders sängartjäll.
Fallen se'n i nattens stunder

Såsom dagg till jordens lunder
Ner i hvarje känsligt bröst,
Gjuten frid i qvalda hjertan.
Trösten sorgen, söfven smärtan,
Med er oskuldsfulla röst.
Väcken kära barndomsminnen,

Elden friska ungdomssinnen,
Till att fatta rätt och skönt;
Sväfven glade öfver verlden,
Och på ljusa sångarfärden
Kläden allt i hoppets grönt.
Sist när trötta handen domnar.

Och i lifvets afton somnar
In vid välbekanta ljud,
Ljufva toner! klingen klingen.
Och med frälsta anden svingen
Hem till sångens milde Gud.
Hvad jag helst ville vara.

Helst af allt jag ville vara
Blott en liten näktergal,
Som fick fri och osedd fara
På besök i hvarje dal,
Sjungande och glad,
Mellan blommor, blad,
Uppå lätta vingar buren
Öfver allt uti naturen.
Dagen om jag skulle hvila

Gömd i doftrik rosenhäck,
Och om qvällen lustigt ila
Till den spegelklara bäck.
Tjusa med min röst
Hvarje tärnas bröst.
Som i svala aftonstunden
Trånar suckande i lunden.
När som nordens lunder inga

Blad och blommor ägde mer,
Skulle jag mig rastlöst svinga
Dit, der evig sommar ler,
Fjerran ifrån nord
Till den södra jord,
Land och städer se på färden;
Finns väl gladare i verlden?
Det enda ordet.

I allt på hela denna jord
Jag ser och hör ett enda ord,
Som, hvar jag är och hvart jag går,
För mina blickar står.
Uti naturen, blad för blad,

Jag läser det i hvarje rad,
Och hör det ljuda ur hvart bröst,
Som känsla har och röst.
Det lyser klart på fästet blå,

Det skrifvet står i minsta strå.
Och, äfven i hvad större är,
Af allt, som jorden bär.
Det klingar skönt i skog och dal

Ur bröstet af hvar näktergal,
Och jublande i höjden far
På lärkans vingepar.
Men djup och outgrundlig är

Den allmakt, som det innebär,
Ty mitt förstånd kan fatta blott,
Att allt är skönt och godt.
Jag ser det ordet likväl klart,

Och hör det tona underbart
I åskans knall, i stormens ljud;
Ty detta ord är — Gud.
Den största boken.
Jag vet en herrlig bok — mot denna

De andra äro ingenting!
Så mycket snillrikt ingen penna
Har tecknat än på jordens ring.
Den är en öppen gudasaga,
Med hvarje år i ny upplaga.
En outtömlig rikdom hyser

Den inom sig så underbart;
Hvartenda ord af vishet lyser,
Hvart blad är strålande och klart,
Som stjernesådda himlapellen
Uti den klara vinterqvällen.
I lefvande bokstäfver prålar

Den öfverallt, för blicken röjd,
Och ler i återbrutna strålar
Från fjellets solbeglänsta höjd
Till dalens blomsterrika lunder.
Der allt förkunnar Skaparns under.
Långt mera stort än konsten äger

I den jag stundligt skåda får.
Och mera skönt än skalden säger
Omtonar mig hvarhelst jag går.
Till permar äger den azuren,
Och denna boken är — naturen.
Svanen.
Det sägs att svanen, tyst och stum,

Ses ila genom tid och rum,
Och börjar sjunga först i döden.
Den sagan är som mången ann,
Rätt nätt och täck, och kanske sann,
Ty många äro lifvets öden.
Jag vet en svan, mer underbar.
Han på sitt ljusa vingepar
I rymdens vida salar svingar,
Och andas idel poesi,
Hvar fjäder är en melodi,
Hvart vingslag som ett tonfall klingar.
Han gör ibland på en sekund
En färd kring hela verldens rund,
Och för hans tjusta blickar
Hur solbelysta alla berg,
Hur skiftande i rosen färg
All jordens skönhet nickar.
Der ligga skönt i morgonstund
Så mången dal och palmelund,
Om-armade af spegelsjöar,
Och fågelsången klingar gällt
Från liljekullar, rosenfält
Och guldbeströdda blomsteröar;
Här resa sig snötäckta fjell
Mot himmelen i stjernklar qväll.
Med pelarskogar, dunkelt gröna,
Och strida elfven stänker opp
Sitt silfverskum i granens topp,
Som glänser rikt af perlor sköna;
Men ack han skådar icke blott
Hvad jorden äger skönt och godt,
Han gästar äfven himlens salar.
Med englarne bekant han är,
Och utaf dem han hör och lär
Det ljufva språk han stundom talar.
När se'n han kommer till sitt bo.
Han sätter sig i salig ro
Och sjunger hvad han sett på färden.
Men sången blifver endast matt,
Ty för den rika själens skatt
Har språket intet ljud i verlden;
Och, denna svan, så snabb och fri,
Är — skaldens rika fantasi.
Liljan.
Mig lyster till att sjunga allt om en lilja rar,

hen raraste på hela vida jorden,
Hon blommar både vinter och vår och sommardar
I hvarje dal inom den höga norden;
Af henne alla rosor och alla blommor små
Och alla fagra blomster, som uppå ängen stå,
Sin oskuldsfulla skönhet hafva lånat.
När alla andra liljor för höstens stormar dö,
Står hon ännu uti sin fulla fägring
Så röd som mognad drufva, så hvit som nyfälld snö,
Så bländande som sommarnattens hägring,
Så glad som lilla lärkan i rymdens blåa sal,
Så tjusande som sången af nordens näktergal,
Så vänehuld som skogens turturdufva.
Hon ångar idel glädje, hon sprider frid och tröst

Till alla väsen i naturens rike,
Hon gjuter med sin kärlek i hvarje manligt bröst
En lefnads lust och sällhet utan like,
Hon är det skönsta smycket i hela skapelsen
En engel sänd till jorden från Gud i himmelen,
Den liljan det är — nordens frida flicka.
Perlan.
Af alla perlor ingen finns,

Och ingen tappas, ingen vinns
Så dyrbar, som ett qvinnohjerta,
Om det är troget, rent och godt,
Och utaf ädel kärlek blott
Med ömhet lindrar lifvets smärta.
Liksom en herrlig blomsterö

Mildt doftar kring den vida sjö,
Som leker vid dess täcka stränder,
Det sprider tröstens balsamdoft
Omkring bland jordens låga stoft,
Hvarthän det på sin vandring länder.
I lifvets glada solskenstid

Af lefnadslust och inre frid
Det lätt som källans bubbla väller;
I mulen tid, i sorg och nöd,
Ja ända in i blekblå död
Det lika varmt af kärlek sväller.
Om du en sådan perla har,

Som skiner, strålande och klar,
En stjerna på din lefnads himmel,
Den som ditt bästa smycke göm,
Och aldrig hennes värde glöm
På marknaden i verldens hvimmel.
Dufvan.
Hilda har en snöhvit dufva,

Som på fager blomstertufva
Byggt sitt lilla lugna bo.
Ifrån detta näste
Upp till himlens faste
Hon i menlös tro
Hvarje qväll sin dufva sänder,
Somnar se'n med knäppta händer
Under sömnen kommer dufvan
Åter hem till blomstertufvan
Med små barn från himmelen,
Hvilka vänligt smeka
Och i drömmen leka
För sin lilla vän
Hela natten om förtroligt,
Derför sofver hon så roligt.
Denna underbara dufva,

Det är Hildas aftonbön;
Denna täcka blomstertufva,
Ångande ocb mild ocb skön,
Det är hennes späda hjerta,
Fullt af tillförsigt och tro;
Himlabarnen äro englar,
Sväfvande kring vaggans bo.
Drufvan.
Jag har icke råd att dricka

Fräsande Champagne-vin;
Njuter likväl af en drufva,
Mera doftande och fin.
På en snöhvit perlekulle,
Lik en glödande rubin,
Sväller hon alltjemt och ångar
Af det kostligaste vin.
Utaf hennes ljufva nektar
Dricker jag med hjertans lust,
Dricker tills jag blifver rusad,
Ack, af idel purpurmust.
Men fast jag den drufvan pressar

Nästan hvarje dag och stund,
Är hon lika röd och saftig,
Ty hon är — min flickas mund.
Törnet.
Ibland det törne jorden bär

Det gifves ett, som giftigt är
Och mer än andra stingar;
Det är dock ofta mjukt och skönt,
Och som en ros bland sommargrönt
Det doft omkring sig bringar,
Som kännes sött till smak och lukt,
Men är likväl maskstungen frukt,
Som plågsamt fräter, tär och bränner
I många runda Herrans år,
Och ger ett troget hjerta sår,
Som det i hela lifvet känner —
Det törnet pressat tårar fler
Än dagg till jorden fallit ner
Ur känsliga och unga,
Men frodas ändå ofta här,
Ty du skall veta att det är —
Ett svekfullt bröst med smidig tunga.
Perlbandet.
Vid sin enda dotters sjukbädd modren satt

Och klagande sin hand på heta pannan lade.
Men som en æolsharpa i luftig sommarnatt,
Så flickan hviskande sitt sista afsked sade:
"När jag blir död och bäddad ner i mullen,
Sätt då ett litet måladt kors på kullen
Och rista dessa orden deruppå:
'Af kärlek till en fattig yngling här i verlden,
Som hon ej ega fick för högmodet och flärden,
Upphörde detta unga bröst att slå';
Sätt sedan derintill min hvita älsklingsblomma,
Till henne skall min käraste om dagen komma
Och fälla tårar i den lösa sand;
När se'n det blifver tyst kring land och vatten,
Skall jag som engel komma dit om natten
Och knyta mig af tårarne ett perleband;
Det bandet skall mitt bröst för evigt smycka,
På det min älskling känna skall igen
Sin barndomsbrud hos Gud i himmelen,
Och henne till sitt varma hjerta trycka."
Gossen och Filosofen.
En fyraårig gosse
Satt tyst en aftonstund
Och hänryckt blicken höjde
Mot fästets stjernerund.
En filosof det märkte

Och sporde gossen så:
"Hvad är som dig förtjusar,
Hvad tänker du uppå?"
"Jag tänker på hur vackert

Det är i himlen — då
En sådan skönhet strålar
Och lyser utanpå."
"Tack gosse för de orden" —

Den lärde sade ömt —
"Jag mycket tänkt och forskat.
Men denna tanke glömt."
Stjernan.
Nina, liten tärna,

Satt invid en sjö,
Såg en vacker sljerna
Som en gyllne ö
Simma i det klara vatten,
Strålande i mörka natten.
"Hafsfru, gif mig denna

Stjernas fina guld,
Och jag skall bekänna
Dig för evigt huld,
Som en Gudom i vår kyrka,
Och ej någon annan dyrka."
Så hon barnsligt tänkte,

Och i böljans famn,
Som en svan sig sänkte.
Strax en andehamn
Kom från ljusa stjernelanden
Och drog Nina opp på stranden.
"Hör, min lilla flicka",

Ljöd en stämma nu,
"Upp mot himlen blicka!
Stjernan ser du ju
På den hvälfda himlabågen,
Och dess afbild blott i vågen.
Så Guds rika under

Stråla öfver allt
Uppå jordens lunder,
Uti hvar gestalt,
Men från himmelen härstammar
Allt det sköna, som här flammar.
Älska djupt naturen
I Guds goda verk!
På dess armar buren
Lefver du — men märk
Gud allena tillhör äran
Dyrka honom… Mins den läran!"
Och den läran minnes

Lilla Nina än…
Men, ack, mången finnes
Som förglömmer den —
Som sig hand och stjernor väljer
Och för dem sin himmel säljer.
Flickan på Grafven.
(Barnsaga.)
Lilla Emma gick så dyster

Till de dödas hem en natt
Sörjande sin tvilling-syster,
Hon på grafvens kulle satt,
Hviskande med barnslig stämma:
"Anna, sofver du väl än?
Har du glömt din lilla Emma?
Känner du mig ej igen?
Minns du ej hur gladt vi lekte
Förr i dalens blomsterland,
Och hur ömt oss mamma smekte
Med sin sammetslena hand,
När vi i den ljusa sommar
Sprungo mellan skogens trän,
Plockade små sköna blommor,
Lade dem i mammas knän?
Minns du ej hur gladt vi logo,
När som skogens fåglar små
Sina muntra driller slogo
Under himmelen den blå?
Vi oss önskade att vara
Tvenne lärkor, som med fröjd
Fingo jemt kring rymden fara
Sjungande i blånad höjd.
Minns du af hvad himmelskt värde
Pappa sade bönen är,
Samma afton han oss lärde:
'Gud som hafver barnen kär?'
Allt var förr så gladt och roligt;
I vårt lilla lugna bo
Slumrade vi tyst förtroligt
I en stilla menlös ro,
Drömde att på liljestänglar
Emot himlens blåa rund
Vi med hulda syskon-englar
Sväfvade i sällt förbund…
Minns du dessa ljufva tider,
O, så kom till mig igen!
Vet att jag af saknad lider,
Äger ingen barndomsvän,
Som kan mina dockor sira,
Fast jag siden har och gull; —
Som kan blomsterkransar vira,
Fastän utaf blommor full
Lunden är, och uppå kullen
Rosen nyfödd mot mig ler — —
Hu, det är så kallt i mullen…
Stackars syster, kom! jag ber."
Så den lilla Emma beder,

Fäller tår på liljehy.
Då en engel sväfvar neder
På en rosig purpursky
Ifrån stjernehvalfvet höga,
Svanehvit med krona på.
Emma lyfte opp sitt öga;
Lilla engeln sade då:
"Jag bor ej i svarta mullen:
Jag i himlens salar är.
Bättre rosor än på kullen,
Bättre blommor dofta der;
Bättre sånger, bättre toner,
Än som skogens fåglar slå,
Ljuda i de klara zoner
Ofvan stjernorna de små.
Der jag längtar att få sluta
Dig på nytt uti min famn
Och med dig för evigt njuta
Salighet förutan namn.
Men vill du till himlen komma,
Vill du bland de sälla bo,
Vårda ömt din lefnadsblomma:
Oskuldshjertats rena tro!"
Nu på skära silfvervingar
Engeln emot höjden for;
Men för Emmas öra klingar
Än hans lära, som hon tror.
Näktergalen.
(Saga, tillegnad Jenny Lind.)
Solen sjunker ned från fästet

Bakom skogens mörka bryn,
Dufvan ilar glad till nästet,
Lärkan tystnar uti skyn;
Men i blomsterrika dalen,
Sjunger lilla näktergalen.
Liten gosse, satt jag ofta

Ute hela natten lång,
Der som ängens rosor dofta,
Lyssnande uppå hans sång,
Med en innerlig förtjusning
Invid bäckens milda susning.
En gång — just som dagen grydde

Öfver mån-försilfrad dal,
Och de nätta elfvor flydde
Suckande till böljans sal —
När jag länge lyssnat hade,
Hänryckt jag till honom sade:
"Lilla fågel, om din tunga

Jag en timma ägde blott,
Glädligt jag dä skulle sjunga
Och ej klaga på min lott —
Hvarför bor i dina sånger
Städse trånad, sorg och ånger?"
"Gosse, hör min lefnadssaga!"

Svarade strax sångarn mig…
"Om jag stundom höres klaga,
Kan det väl förundra dig:
Jag var förr en lycklig qvinna.
Verldens största sångarinna.
Öfverallt i land och städer,

Der jag höjde sångens röst,
Spridde som ett vestanväder
Glädjen sig till alla bröst:
Menniskor i millioner,
Tjuste jag med mina toner.
Dyrkad jemt som en gudinna

Af en fåfäng menskohop,
Glömde jag att vara qvinna;
Söfd af smickrets bifallsrop
Blef jag stolt i håg och sinne:
Högmod växte opp derinne.
Straffad blef jag för min villa,
För min dårskap och dess flärd —
O, jag hade handlat illa
Och var icke bättre värd!
Ödet mig för rätta ställde
Och ett sådant utslag fällde:
Himmelen dig bjöd att fara

Öfver stoftets trånga verld,
Och i ödmjukhet förklara
Sångens gudom på din färd;
Men din skapare der ofvan
Har du glömt, som gett dig gåfvan.
Derför skall du rastlöst ila

Öfver hela verldens rund,
Dag och natt förutan hvila
Klagande i hvarje lund,
Så i Södern, som i Norden,
Näktergal benämnd på jorden.
Evigt skall du dock ej tona,

Ty en Jungfru, skär och ren,
Skall i sångens verld försona
Hvad du brutit har. Och se'n
Får du dig förklarad svinga
Dit, der englaharpor klinga.
Sagd var domen. Och allt sedan

Jag som liten fågel far
Sorgligt klagande, emedan
Minnet af hvad förr jag var
Hvilar tungt uppå mitt hjerta —
Derför denna bittra smärta.
Men förlossningstimman stundar

Efter många tusen år:
Snart skall jag från jordens lunder
Flytta till en evig vår
Och ej mer med smärta tona —
Jenny Lind skall allt försona".
Så, o ädla sångarinna,

Näktergalen sjöng för mig;
Och jag lofvade att bringa
Sagans enkla ord åt dig.
Göm dem, honom till ett minne
I ditt varma sångarsinne!
Liljan och Fjärilen.
(Blekings-folkvisa.)
Der stod en fager lilja

Allt uti grönan lund
Och blickade mot solen
Den arla morgonstund;
Hon gladde sig åt lifvet
I snöhvit blomsterskrud,
Och var i daggjuveler
Så smyckad, som en brud.
En fjäril flög att gillja
Densamma morgonstund,
Kom så till fager lilja
Allt i den gröna lund;
Af hennes fägring tjusad
Han föll i stoftet ner
Och sade till den sköna:
"Ack, hör den bön jag ber!
"Låt mig med dig få lefva,

Du hulda, väna vif!
Jag skänker dig mitt hjerta,
Min kärlek, och mitt lif,
När andra fjärlar svärma
I yra blommors lag,
Skall jag invid din sida
Förnöja dig hvar dag.
"Ditt anspråkslösa väsen,

Din oskuldsfulla själ
Har fängslat håg och sinne!
Jag svär att bli din träl,
Och dig för evigt älska
I glädje, lust och nöd,
Så länge som jag andas,
Intill min bleka död!"
Och späda liljan trodde

Den sockersöta skalk,
Och öppnade för honom
Sin ljufva honungskalk;

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Beyond Productivity Information Technology Innovation and

Information Technology Outlook 2004 Oecd

ISO IEC 20000 1 E 2018 Information technology Service

Convergence of Libraries and Technology Organizations New

IGCSE Information and Communication Technology Graham

ISO IEC 11801 Amendment 1 Information technology Generic

Using Information Technology 9th Complete Edition Brian

Federal Information Technology 1st Edition Ellen V. Wright

●● Add, edit and synchronise notes across two devices

●● Access their personal copy on the move

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 1 2019/09/06 14:59

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 2 2019/09/06 14:59

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 1 2019/09/06 14:59

Objectives What is a computer?

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 2 2019/09/06 14:59

Did you know? Hardware and software

Table 1.1 Categories of hardware devices

Did you know? Software

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 3 2019/09/06 14:59

Software can be classified into two major categories:

User ✱ General-purpose software

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 4 2019/09/06 14:59

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

Did you know?

9781510473966_Interact_with_IT_1_BP_SIP.indb 5 2019/09/06 14:59

The control unit

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DVD drive Monitor Speaker

Figure 1.4 The components of a basic computer system

Why do we use computers?

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The impact of technology in homes,

Technology in the home

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Safety and security

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Technology in the community

Figure 1.9 Satellite technology allows television and radio broadcasts

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Technology in the workplace

Figure 1.10 Technology in manufacturing allows goods

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7 A _______ is the sequence of instructions c Register

10 _______ translate information processed c set of instructions.

5 Output devices translate information a a flash drive.

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5 Which one of the following is not a function of Short-answer questions

b Decodes instructions 2 Define the terms ‘hardware’ and ‘software’.

c Processes instructions 3 Using examples, explain the difference

d terabytes. 7 Describe the functions of the two main units

a are needed over a long period of time. a Input device

b are needed immediately and frequently. b Output device

c are needed at start up. c Main memory

b auxiliary storage. 11 Technology has permeated almost every

c Entertainment a Explain two ways in which technology can

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6 a Which type of chip is used in fifth- Crossword