2024 10th International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP)

Facial Age and Gender Prediction using Deep Learning

Dr. Kalpana R, professor, D Deepika, A Kavya,
Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science
&Engineering, Madanapalle & Engineering, Madanapalle & Engineering, Madanapalle
2024 10th International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing (ICCSP) | 979-8-3503-5306-8/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICCSP60870.2024.10543983

Institute of Technology & Institute of Technology & Institute of Technology &

Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Science, Madanapalle, Andhra
Pradesh. Pradesh. Pradesh.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

P Himabindhu, S Kethavi,
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science, Madanapalle Institute of Technology & Science,
Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh. Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh.
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract:- In society, gender and age have two face I. INTRODUCTION

characteristics that are highly significant. The main
objectives of automated categorization are to create AI is utilized in facial age and gender detection to
intelligent systems that can effectively learn and infer an a person's gender and age based on their
identifying faces. Deep learning methods are visual traits. This type of technology, which can be
frequently employed in most studies and are also applied to CCTV cameras, healthcare by detecting
utilized to enhance performance. These applications significant health hazards, may be utilized in the
use biometrics, which is generally utilized for surveillance and security industry to instantly
identify possible suspects or criminals by assessing
security, as a crucial component. Emphasizing the their age and gender [2]. CNNs have proven to be
significance of this technology, the paper discusses exceptionally skilled in a variety of computer vision
its potential to enhance everyday life through tasks., These are especially appropriate when
applications such as intelligence agencies, CCTV nuanced complexities for age, gender prediction
cameras, policing, and matrimony sites. One basic from facial images. The human face serves as a
biometric technique that has gained prominence in reservoir of multifaceted information,
encompassing identity, emotional expression,
the field of study is the face modality. The work's
gender, and age, all of which significantly influence
primary objective is intended to advance a system non-verbal communication among individuals.
that recognizes the gender and age of a facial image Within the realm of machine learning, the
using CNNs. We explore efficiency of custom CNN prediction of gender and age from visual images
architectures versus utilizing established CNN stands as a pivotal task with wide-ranging
architectures as feature extractors. Our strategy applications, including access control, user-
makes use of the UTK Faces dataset for gender computer interaction and police enforcement. Face
gender and age predictability in marketing and
prediction and face Age datasets for age estimation.
advertising may help to personalize marketing
From previous works the gender and age accuracy techniques and advertisements by evaluating the
were 86% and 75% respectively. We obtain 89.0% age and gender of viewers entering a business or
accurate for gender and 78.0% accurate for age shopping area [5]. Face recognition is used in many
estimates by utilizing deep learning techniques. The applications because it is considered a particularly
results obtained indicate the usefulness of several rich input, and in recent years, it has emerged as one
pre-trained models for the task and show the value of the most exciting issues in pattern recognition.
of deep learning for estimating gender and age in Neural networks from deep learning act as the
faces. foundation for the whole model, and the neural
network's neurons handle all decision-making. The
Keywords: face age detection, Convolutional objective of the article is to use the model that is
neural network, Deep learning, Gender Prediction. being constructed to identify the parameters, such as
the person's gender and age. It intends to cope with
the challenge of reliably determining an individual's
gender and age, which has ramifications for many
industries, including marketing, healthcare, and law
enforcement.

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 II. LITERATURE SURVEY T. Hassner & G. Levi, gender and age Classification
Using CNN discusses the use for CNNs to
concurrently classify gender, age from face
[1] For face recognition, deep convolutional neural pictures. They create a CNN architecture that works
networks, PCA, and SVC are used for feature well for the purpose of classifying the people’s
extraction and classification. A Bounoua and M.K. gender, age from facial photos. To extract
Benkaddour provide a thorough method for face hierarchical information from the input images,
recognition that combines deep learning with more model probably consists of several layers of
conventional machine learning approaches. Their convolution, which are pooling layers. Using the
primary the development of a facial recognition proper evaluation measures, they assess the
system that performs well utilizing the powers of efficiency of their approach for classifying people
deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), by gender and age.
Support Vector Machines (SVC) and Principal
Component Analysis (PCA). The CNN model gains
the ability to extract discriminative features—which III. METHODOLOGY
are crucial for precise face recognition—by
receiving facial picture input.
Dataset Preparation
[2] Train Convolutional Neural Networks
Efficiently for Face-Based Age and Gender
Prediction, J. Dugelay, G. Antipov and M.
In this study, we utilized the UTKFace dataset,
Baccouche discuss how to train CNNs for reliably
comprising more than 23,000 trimmed, centered
estimate the age and gender from face photos. These
face pictures including gender, ethnicity and age.
trained model's performance is assessed by the
With a total of 23,708 images, we encountered only
authors using suitable assessment metrics. Metrics
six missing age labels. Notably, this dataset offers
like precision, recall, F1-score and accuracy can be
extensive variability in facial attributes, including
applied to gender prediction. Root mean square
expression, illumination, pose, resolution, and
error (RMSE) or mean absolute error (MAE) could
occlusion, making it ideal for our research
be extensively employed metrics for age prediction.
objectives. We selected this dataset due to its
[3] The 2014 "Age and Gender Estimation of relatively uniform distributions across age, gender,
Unfiltered Faces" paper published in IEEE and ethnicity, as well as its representation of diverse
Transactions on Information Forensics and characteristics such as brightness, occlusion, and
Security, by Hassner, Enbar and Eidinger positioning, reflecting the general people [3]. This
challenges the difficult issue with estimation of diversity was deemed essential for accurately
gender, age for unfiltered facial photos. Their developing and assessing our models. Each image
primary goal is to create a precise method that can in the dataset is associated with a three-part tuple
be used to figure out the age and gender of an comprising the individual's age where female is
individual from unprocessed face photos. To figure represented as ‘1’ and male is represented as ‘0’. To
out how to translate the collected characteristics to ensure standardized results, we adopted a consistent
the target variables, the authors use support vector approach for both custom convolutional neural
machines (SVMs), random forests, and deep neural network employing the dataset partitioning strategy
networks are examples of machine learning supporting verification, training purposes and
techniques. evaluation [8]. It provides insights into the
[4] Age-group classification from facial images is composition of the data splits concerning gender
the focus of a paper by K. Ueki, T. Hayashida, and and age, accordingly.
T. Kobayashi titled Age-group classification based
on subspace and using facial photos in different
lighting conditions which was shown to the
Proceedings of Computer Identification of Faces
and Gestures. The paper specifically addresses the
difficulties presented by different lighting
conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA)
and eigenfaces are two examples of techniques used
to extract facial traits that are invariant to Fig. 1. A few pictures from the UTKFace
fluctuations in lighting. The authors use the features collection.
they have collected to create a classification model
that divides people into several age groups. This
model uses methods like linear discriminant Data Preprocessing
analysis and support vector machines to extract
discriminative age-related features from the face
photos. In preparation for age and gender estimation tasks,
[5] The 2015 IEEE Workshops on Pattern a systematic preprocessing pipeline was
Recognition and Computer Vision presentation by implemented for image data. Firstly, images

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 underwent resizing to standardized dimensions: 224
x 224 pixels for age estimation and 64 x 64 pixels Start
for gender estimation, ensuring uniformity across
the dataset [11]. By making sure that every image
has the same size, resizing helps to avoid
differences in image dimensions that might lead to
differences in feature extraction and model Input Conv2D Layer
performance. Color conversion steps varied
according to task requirements: grayscale
conversion for age estimation simplified
processing, while RGB format was retained for
gender estimation to preserve color information. AveragePooling2D
Additionally, normalizing procedures were applied Layer
to bring the pixel values of the pictures
into uniformity [13]. Typically, this involved
scaling pixel intensities to a predetermined range
(e.g., [0, 1] or [-1, 1]). Thus, pixel values were Conv2D and Average
Polling 2D Layer
adjusted to a normalized range of 0 to 1, ensuring
consistency in processing methods. By
guaranteeing that input characteristics have
comparable magnitudes and avoiding the GlobalAveragePooli
dominance of certain features during model ng 2D Layer
training, normalization aids in training process
stabilization. Lastly, subsets of the dataset for
validation as well as training were carefully formed.
post-preprocessing, facilitating effective model
Dense Layer
training and evaluation. This meticulous
preprocessing strategy laid a solid foundation for
robust age and gender estimation model
development.
Output Dense Layer

Model Architecture

CNN architecture utilized for the categorization of

images and recognition tasks are structured with Stop
meticulous design considerations. Comprising four
CNN layers and an average pooling layer in each
pair, CNN adeptly extracts hierarchical features
from input images. Filter configuration is
optimized, with an initial convolutional layer
housing 32 filters, progressively doubling in Fig. 2. Building Architecture
subsequent layers to enhance the model's capacity
for capturing intricate patterns. Rectified Linear
Unit (ReLU) activation functions empower non-
linear transformations and feature extraction across Model Training
every convolutional layers [9]. A tier of global
average pooling follows the fourth convolutional
layer diminishes spatial dimensions, consolidating The training procedure was carried out in an effort
extracted features. Subsequently, the feature to create reliable models for Convolutional Neural
representation is augmented through 132 nodes Networks (CNNs)-based face age and gender
detection [15]. To enable thorough model
make up the completely connected layer, and a
assessment, the preprocessed UTKFace dataset
softmax activation function comes next on ensuring
which was enhanced with annotations for age and
normalized probabilities across age classes [10]. gender attributes were first split into separate
The output layer, with seven nodes corresponding subsets for verification, evaluation, and training.
to distinct age classes, facilitates precise age range The model acquired to distinguish between different
prediction, thereby underscoring the CNN's efficacy face features during training, identifying complex
in age classification tasks. patterns that correspond to attributes of gender and
age.

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 • The Adam optimizer, renowned for its • Input Layer: Conv2D with 32 filters, applies
effectiveness in optimizing deep neural convolution operation to input images.
networks, was used to train the model with a
fixed learning rate of 0.001. • After the input layer, the AveragePooling2D
Layer applies average pooling to feature maps
• Training data was divided into batches of size in order to minimize their spatial dimensions.
32, enhancing computational efficiency and
facilitating parallel processing during model • Three Pairs of AveragePooling2D and Conv2D
training. Layers: The filters in each pair have been
adjusted gradually to 256, 128 and 64,
• The model underwent training for a total of 30 correspondingly, to gather additional intricate
epochs, representing how many times the details.
neural network processed the whole training
dataset both forward and backward. • It calculates every attribute map's average
across all spatial areas, producing one value.
• Categorical loss function used for this was
cross-entropy for age estimation, measuring the • Complete dense layered network of 132 units,
dissimilarity between predicted and actual age introduces non-linearity and learns complex
class distributions [2]. patterns.
• As the loss function, binary cross-entropy was • The last dense stage uses the softmax activation
utilized for gender estimation, quantifying the method to produce a stochastic result.
disparity between predicted gender
probabilities and ground truth labels.
Gender Prediction Model

Design Assessment
• For preserving most noticeable features, the
model employs MaxPooling2D layers rather
• The newly developed model was tested for both than AveragePooling2D layers after each
gender and age estimation tasks on the Conv2D layer. It does this by choosing the
verification group., ensuring unbiased maximum value from each pooling window.
assessment of its performance.
• The final dense layer uses the function of soft
• Accuracy and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) max activation to produce probabilistic output
were utilized as evaluation metrics for age and comprises three nodes, each of which
estimation, quantifying both classification represents one of the three gender labels (male,
accuracy additionally the mean absolute female, or other) in the collection.
difference between expected and measured
ages.
• Accuracy, F1-score were employed as IV. TRAINING AND EVALUATION
evaluation metrics for gender estimation,
providing insights into how well the model can
Implementing the architecture for a CNN, gender,
categorize gender labels and balance between
age detection models were prepared 75% of the
precision and recall [6].
information and examined on 25% of data [5].
• The evaluation results were juxtaposed with Three pairs of Conv2D layers (one with 64 filters,
previous works in the field, enabling a thorough the other with 128 filters, and so on) together with
evaluation of the suggested model's capabilities AveragePooling2D layers, a 132.0 units in the
against existing methodologies. Dense layer, seven units in the final Dense layer,
and the GlobalAveragePooling2D layer were used
• The model attained accuracy rates around 78% to develop the age detection model. A Dense level
for estimating age and 89% for estimating with 128.0 nodes, an final Dense level with 3 units,
gender on the validation set, showcasing its 3 sets of Conv2D layers, each containing 256, 128,
efficacy and robustness in successfully and 64 filters, respectively, and the gender
guessing age and gender based on face. recognition architecture consisted of a
• Total obtained results underscored efficacy to MaxPooling2D structure and a source Conv2D
CNN-based method for estimating gender and structure with 32 effects. While the Grayscale
age from facial expressions, highlighting its pictures in the Dataset were used for training the
potential for real-world applications in various gender detection algorithm, and 234,000 enhanced.
domains. Based on validation accuracy, a Model Checkpoint
callback object was built to preserve the best model.
With a batch size of 512 and 60 epochs of training,
Age Detection Model the model's shuffle parameter was set to False
inorder to improve repeatability. During

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 this procedure, its Tensor Board push out had been
utilized for illustrating the learning progress. A line
chart was used to plot the accuracy and decline
values To be able to assess the efficiency of the
model [12]. The chart revealed an enhancement
regarding accuracy values, reducing loss values
during course of epochs. The final structure is
utilized for estimating the gender and age of faces
in fresh photos, with 78.0% and 89.0% accuracy
rates for gender and age identification, respectively.

Fig. 3. CNN model's accuracy and loss for the

gender

Fig. 3. Sample Images from UTK Faces

Fig. 4. CNN model's loss and accuracy for the age

VI. CONCLUSION
V. RESULT
Our CNN model for age prediction was built using
Two measures are available to assess the an initial Conv2D layer with 32 filters, and it was
effectiveness of the suggested methodology: trained on a dataset of 234,000 enhanced grayscale
classification accuracy and loss rate. By splitting the face photos. The GlobalAveragePooling2D layer
entire amount of photographs in a subset by the was the result of three sets for Conv2D extends
amount of correctly identified photos in that subset,
AveragePooling2D structure with 256, 128 and 64
the rate of identification is computed. For every
subset of data, including age and gender effects, respectively, following this. First Dense
classification, this metric can be computed. The level with 132.0 units and a final Dense level with
categorization score for age and gender are added seven units, representing various age spans , were
together yield the overall accuracy rate [14]. On the combined [10]. The model performed well,
other hand, the reduction rates for gender and age achieving an accuracy on the test dataset that was
categories add up to total decline rate. Difference higher than 83.5%. However, it's critical to identify
between expected and actual values is measured by any potential differences in performance between
the loss rate; a smaller number denotes greater
performance. All things considered, these metrics circumstances and populations. Despite this, the age
allow us to assess how well the suggested prediction CNN model holds promising prospects
methodology performs in correctly identifying across various domains including law enforcement,
photographs based on gender and age. healthcare, and marketing. Continuous refinement
and research endeavors stand to enhance the
model's accuracy and applicability across diverse
settings.

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