1

CSIR NET-JRF GATE,JEST, TIFR

CLASSICAL MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT : PROBLEMS ON GIVEN HAMILTONIAN
1. The Hamiltonian of a system as a function of the 4. A dynamical quantity A is constant of motion and
canonical conjugate coordinate q and momentum H = Hamiltonian then,
p is given by H(q, p). The Hamilton’s canonical
A
equation of motion are given by (a) 0
t
H H
(a) p = , q  (b) Possion bracket  A, H   0,
q p
H H A
  A, H 
(b) p =  , q  (c)
t
q p
A
H H (d)    A, H 
(c) p =  , q  t
q p
5. The Hamiltonian of a system with generalized co-
H H
(d) p =  , q  ordinate and momentum ( q, p) is H = p2q2 . A
q p solution of the Hamiltonian equation of motion is
2. The Hamiltonian of a dynamical system is given (in the following A and B are constants)
by [NET June 2016]
H  q1 p1  q2 p2  aq12  bq22
2 At A 2 At
where a, b are positive and real constants, Which (a) p  Be , q  e
B
of the following is True.
(a) q1  q1 and p 2  p2  2bq2 2 At A 2 At
(b) p  Ae , q  e
B
(b) q1   q1 and p 2  p2  2bq2
A  At
(c) p  Ae , q 
At
(c) q1  q1 and p 2  p2  bq2 B
e

(d) q1  q1 and p 2  p2  bq2 2 A  A2 t

A t
3. The Hamilton’s canonical equations of motion in (d) p  2 Ae , q  e
B
terms of Poisson Brackets are 6. The Hamiltonian of a one-dimensional system
[GATE 2014]
xp 2 1
(a) q  q, H  ; p   p, H  is H   kx , where m and k are positive
2m 2
(b) q   H , q ; p  H , q constants. The corresponding Euler-Lagrange
equation for the system is
(c) q   H , p ; p  H , q [NET June 2018]
(d) q   p, H  ; p  q, H  (a) mx  k  0
(b) mx  2 x  kx 2  0

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 2
(c) 2mxx  mx  kx  0
2 2 path of the particle on xy-plane will be
(a) straight line (b) parabola
(d) mxx  2mx 2  kx 2  0 (c) circle (d) hyperbola
12. A particle is moving near the surface in the earth’s
p 1 2 gravitational field. The Hamiltonian and equation
7. Hamiltonian of a system is H   2 which of motion of the particle is (Assuming z-direction
2 2q
vertically upward)
of the following is constant of motion.
1
pq pq
(a) H 
2m
 px2  p 2y  pz2   mgz
(a) (b)  Ht
2 2 1
pq pq
(b) H 
2m
 px2  p 2y  pz2   mgz
(c)  Ht (d) H
2 2 1 mgz
(c) H 
2m
 px2  p y2  pz2  
2
8.  Q1, Q2 , P1, P2  and  q1 , q2 , p1 , p2  are two sets
1 mgz
of canonical coordinates, where Qi and qi are the (d) H 
2m
 px2  p y2  pz2  
2
coordinates and Pi and pi are the corresponding
conjugate momenta. If P1 = q2 and P2 = p1, then 13. If a central force acting on a particle of mass m is
which of the following relations is true? k
given by F (r )  
[JEST 2017] r2
Where r is the distance of the particle from the
(a) Q1  q1 , Q2  p2 (b) Q1  p2 , Q2  q1 origin and k is a positive constant, the Hamilto-
(c) Q1   p2 , Q2  q1 (d) Q1  q1 , Q2   p2 nian for the system, in spherical polar coordinates,
will have the form [TIFR 2013]
9. If the Hamiltonian H   p q  L, where the 1 k
 (a)
2
 
m r 2  r 2 2  r 2 sin 2  2 
r
summation extends from   1 to n, then which
of the following option is true for H does contain pr2 p2 p2 cos ec 2 k
the variable t explicity. (b)   
2m 2mr 2 2mr 2 r
1
H H H L
(a) q  p , p    q and t   t (c)
2mr 2 
r 2 pr2  p2  p2  2mkr 
 
2
H H H L pr2 p2 p k
  
(b) q   p , p     q and t    t (d)
2m 2 m 2 m r
 
Q. 14 and Q. 15 are statement linked ques-
H H H L tion.
(c) q   p , p   q and t   t
 
A particles of mass m moves on the inner surface
H H H L (frictionless) of a vertical cone having equation
(d) q    p , p    q and t    t
  x 2  y 2  z 2 tan 2 

10. Hamiltonian of a system is H  px2  1  x . 14. Hamiltonian of the system in cylinderical co-ordi-
Shape of x-t graph for the particle is nates   , , z  is
(a) Straight line (b) parabola
(c) hyperbola (d) ellipse p2 sin 2  p2
(a)   mg  cot 
px2  p y2 2m 2m  2
11. Hamiltonian of a particle is H    x.
2m
p2 sin 2  p2
If at t = 0, x= 0, y = 0 and x  0, y   the (b)   mg  cot 
2m 2m  2
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 3
p2 sin 2  p2 q4 p  q3 p2  
(c) 
2m  2
 mg  tan  (c) q  
and p  2   3
2m    q 

p2 sin 2  p2 q4 p  q3 p2  

(d)   mg  tan  
q  and 
p  2  3
2m 2m  2 (d) 
2   q 
15. Hamilton’s equation of motion are 18. A system is governed by the Hamiltonian
1 1
p sin 2  p2  px  ay    p y  bx 
2 2
H
(a)   & p    mg cot  2 2
m m 3
[NET June 2013]
p sin 2  p2 Where a and b are constants and px, py are mo-
(b)   & p    mg cot  menta conjugate to x and y respectively. For what
m m 3
values of a and b will the quantities ( px – 3y) and
p sin 2  p2 ( py+2x ) be conserved?
(c)   & p    mg tan  (a) a = –3, b = 2 (b) a = 3, b = –2
2m 2m 2
(c) a = 2, b = –3 (d) a = –2, b = 3
p sin 2  p2
(d)   & p    mg tan  19. A system is governed by the Hamiltonian
2m 2m
16. Hamiltonian for a case is given to be
1 2 1 2 1 1
  cp H p  p  K 2  K  2 ,
H ( p, r )    where c is a constant. Equa- 2m 2m 2 2
n( p, r )
which of the following is constant of motion
tions of motion for the case are

 cp  cp  (a) m  p  p 
(a) r  , p  2  r n
np n

 cp cp   cp  (b) m  p  p 
(b) r   2  r n, p  2  r n
np n n
(c) m  p  p 
 cp   cp 
(c) r  2  r n, p  2  r n
n n (d) m  p  p 
 cp   cp 
(d) r  2  r n, p  2  r2 n 20. Hamiltonian of a particle moving on x-y plane is
n n
 px  y    p y  x 
2 2
17. The dynamics of a particle is defined by the Hamil-
H which of the follow-
tonian 2m
ing is conserved.
q4 p 2 
H  (a) Only H (b) H, px, py
2 q 2 (c) H, Lz (d) H, px, py, Lz
where  and  are postive real constants the 21. The Hamiltonian of a dynamical system is given
Hamilton’s equation of motion for this system are by as H  H1  H 2

q4 p  q3 p 2   1 2 1 2 1
where H  px  py   K  C  x2
(a) q  and p  2   3 2m 2m 2
   q 

 q3 p2   1

2q 3 p
   K  C  y2
(b) q  and p  2   3 2
   q 
which of the following option is correct

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 4
dH1 dH 2 25. If the Hamiltonian H is independent of t explicity,
(a)  0 and 0 and E is the total Energy of the system, then which
dt dt
of the following relation is true for H and E
dH1 dH 2
(b)  0 and 0 dH
dt dt (a)  0 and E  0
dt
dH1 dH 2 dH
(c)  0 and 0 (b)  0 and E  H
dt dt dt
dH
dH1 dH 2 (c)  0 and E  H
(d)  0 and 0 dt
dt dt
dH
22. If H be the Hamiltonian of a system. Which of the (d)  0 and E  H
dt
given options is correct
26. A particle moves in the x-y plane under the influ-
dH H ence of a central force depends only on its dis-
(a) 0 (b) 0 tance from the origin, Hamilton’s equation of mo-
dt t
tion are
dH H
(c)  (d) None
dt t p2
(a) p r   V  r  and p  0
mr 3
p2
23. The Hamiltonian of a particle is H   pq,
2m p2
(b) p r   V  r  and p  0
where q is the generalized coordinate and p is the mr 3
corresponding canonical momentum. The
3 p2
Lagrangian is (c) p r   V  r  and p   0
mr 2
2
m  dq  p2
(a)   q (d) p r   V  r  and p  0
2  dt  3mr 3
2
m  dq  27. The Hamiltanian of a system is expressed in terms
(b)   q 
2  dt 
of p,q and P, Q are given by H  H  p, q  and
m  dq  
2
dq H   H  P, Q  respectively. Then which of the
(c) 2  dt   q dt  q 
2

   following option is true if jacobian determinant

m  dq  
2
dq
(d) 2  dt   q dt  q  P P
2

     P, Q  p q
24. A particle is being acted upon by the inverse square   1 & P  P  p, q  and
  p, q  Q Q
 k p q
force F   2 rˆ. The Hamiltonian of the system
r
is: Q  Q  p, q 
   
p. p k p. p k
(a) H   (b) H   H H H  H 
2m r 2m r (a) q  , p   and Q  ,P 
    p q P Q
p. p k p. p k
(c) H   (d) H   H H H   H 
2m r 2 2m r 2
(b) q   , p  and Q   ,P
p q P Q

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 5
H H H   H  H H 0 H H 0
(c) q  , p   and Q   ,P (a)  and   sin  t 
p q P Q p p q q
H H H   H  H H H H 0
(d) q  , p   and Q  ,P (b)   0 and    sin  t 
p q P Q p p q q
28. The Hamiltonian of a system with two degrees of H H H H
(c)   0 and    0  sin  t 
freedom is H  q1 p1  q2 p2  aq12 , where a > 0 p p q q
is a constant. The function q1q2   p1 p2 is a con- H H 0 H H
(d)  and    0  sin  t 
stant of motion only if  is p p q q
[NET Dec-2019] 32. The Hamiltonian of a system with one degree of

(a) 0 (b) 1 p2
freedom q is given by H    q 2 , where
(c) –a (d) a 4
29. The Hamiltonian of a classical one dimensional  and  are non-zero constants. If pq denotes
harmonic oscillator is the canonical momentum conjugate to q then which
one of the following statements is CORRECT?
1 2
H  p  x 2  , in suitable units. The total time
2 (a) pq  2  q and it is a conserved quanitity

derivative of the dynamical variable p  2 x is  (b) pq  2  q and it is not a conserved quantity

[NET Dec-2018] (c) pq  2 q and it is a conserved quantity

(d) pq  2 q and it is not a conserved quantity
(a) 2p x (b) p  2 x
33. The coordinate q and the momentum p of a par-
(c) p  2 x (d) x  2 p ticle satisfy [JEST 2018]
30. The Hamiltonian of a particle of unit mass moving
in the xy-plane is given to be : dq dp
 p,  3q  4 p
dt dt
1 2 1 2 If A(t) is the area of any region of points moving
H  xpx  yp y  x  y in suitable units.
2 2 in the (q, p) - space, then the ratio A(t) / A(0) is
The initial values are given to be (a) 1 (b) exp (–3t)
x(0), y(0) = (1, 1) and (c) exp (–4t) (d) exp (–3t / 4)
34. The Hamiltonian of a particle of charge q and mass
 px (0), p y (0)    12 ,  12  . During the motion, m in an elecromagnetic field is given by

the curves traced out by the particles in the xy- 1    2 

H p  qA( x , t )  q ( x , t )
plane and the px py-plane are 2m
[NET June 2011]

(a) Both straight lines
(b) A straight line and hyperbola respectively
 
Where  , A are the electromagnetic potentials.

(c) A hyperbola an ellipse, respectively Clearly this Hamiltonian changes under a gauge
(d) Both hyperbolas. transformation. [TIFR - 2018]
   
31. A system with time independent hamiltonian    A  A  
t
H 0  q, p  has imposed on it an external oscillat- 
Where  ( x , t ) is a gauge function. Nevertheless
ing field, so that the Hamiltonian becomes the motion of the particle is not affected because
H  H 0  q, p   q sin t , where  is a con- (a) The Lagrangian does not change under the
stants, the equation of motion of the system are gauge transformation.

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 6
(b) The motion of the particle is correctly de- l
scribed only in the Lorentz gauge.  m
+z d +Q
(c) The action of the particle changes only by sur-
face terms which do not vary.
(d) The Lorentz force is modified to balance the
effect of the gauge transformation. If  represent the angular position and p its
35. A bead of mass m slides under the influence of corresponing canonical momentum, then the cor-
gravity along the frictionless interior of a hemi- rect Hamilotnian of the system is,
spherical cup of radius a sunk vertically into the
[Gate 2021]
ground with its open side level with the ground
(see sketch on the right). in terms of spherical po-
p2 Q2
lar coordinates  ,  set up with the centre of (a) 2ml 2 16 d  l cos  mg  d  l cos 

0 
the upper circle as origin, the Hamiltonian H for
this system will be [TIFR -2019]
p2 Q2
(b) 2ml 2 8 d  l cos   mg  d  l cos  

0 

p2 Q2
(c) 2ml 2 16 d  l cos   mg  d  l cos 

0 
m 2 2  p2 Q2
(a) H 
2
 
a   a 2 2 csc 2   2mga sin 2
2
(d) 2ml 2 8 d  l cos   mg  d  l cos  

0 
m 2 2 
(b) H 
2
 
a   a 2 2 sin 2   2mga sin 2
2
38. Two small equal masses m are connected by an
ideal massless spring that has equilibrium length l0
1 
2  
(c) H  p 2  p2 sin 2    2mga sin 2 and force constant k, as shown in the figure be-
2ma 2 low. The system is free to move without friction in
1  the plane of the page. If p1 and p2 represent the
2  
(d) H  p 2  p2 csc 2    2mga sin 2
2ma 2 magnitudes of the momenta of the two masses,
36. The Hamiltonian for a particle of mass m is Hamiltonian for this system is
P2
H  kqt where q and p are the generalised
2m
co-ordinated and momentum, respectively, t is time l p2
m
and K is a constant. for the initial condition q = 0
k
and p = 0 at t = 0, q  t   t  . Then the value of
 is _______. [Gate 2019] m

37. Consider a point charge +Q of mass m suspended p1

by a massless, inextensible string of length l in free
space (permittierity  0  as shown in the figure. It 1  p12 p22 
(a)    2k  l  l0  
is placed at a height d  d  l  over an infinitely 2 m m 
large, grounded conducting plane. the gravitational
potential energy is assumd to be zero at the posi- 1  p12 p22 2
(b)    2k  l  l0  
tion of the conducting plane and is positive above 2 m m 
the plane.

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 7
1  p12 p22 2
1 2 
 k  l  l0   43. Lagrangian of a system is L  mv   r .v
(c)   2
2 m m  
where v is velocity and  is a constant. Hamil-
tonian of the system is:
1  p12 p22 2
(d)    k  l  l0     2   2
2 m m  (a)
 p r 
(b)
 p r 
2m 2m
39. The Hamiltonian for a particle of mass m is given  
p 2  p.r p 2  p.r
 p q
2
(c)  (d) 
by H  , where  is a non zero con- 2m m 2m m
 2m 
1   2
stant. Which one of the following equations is cor- 44. Lagrangian of a system is L  m v  a  ,
2
rect? [JEST 2020]
hamiltonian of the system is (is constant and is ve-
(a) p  mq (b)  p  q locity of particle)
p2   p2  
1 (a)  a. p (b)  a. p
(c) q  0 (d) L  mq   qq
2
2m 2m
2
  2   2
40. The Hamiltonian of a classical particle is given by
(c)
 p  ma 
(d)
 p  ma 
p 2 kq 2 2m 2m
H  p, q    . 45. Lagrangian of a system is
2m 2
1 2   df  
2
Given F  p, q, t   ln  p  imq   i t is a L  mx 1      mgf  x  , its Hamilto-
2   dx  
k  nian is
constant of motion (where   
m  . What is
p x2   df  
2

the value of  ? [JEST 2020] (a) 2m 1   dx    mg f  x 

   
(a) 2 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d)  px2  df 
2

41. If the Lagrangian of a particle moving in one di- (b)    mg f  x 

2m  dx 
x 2
mensions is given by L   V ( x) , the Hamil- p x2
2x  mg f  x 
tonian is :   df  2 
(c) 2m 1    
1 2 x 2   dx  
(a) xp  V ( x) (b)  V ( x)
2 2x
px2
1 2 p2 2
 mg f  x 
(c) x  V ( x) (d)  V ( x) (d) 2m  df 
2 2x  
 dx 
Lagrangian of a system is e  x  x  , Hamil-
t 2 2
42. 46. Lagrangian of a system is
tonian of the system is : x 2 1 2 2
p x2  t x 2  t L   x   x3   xx 2 Hamiltonian of
(a) px2 e  t  x 2 e t (b) e  e 2 2
2 2 the system is
px2  t 2
p  t x 2  t
(c) e  x 2 e t (d) x e  e px2 1
4 2 2 (a)   2   x3
2(1  2 x) 2
2

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 8
px2 1 px2  p 2y 
a2 x2  y 2  a
(b)   2 x 2   x3
2(1  2 x) 2 (c)
2m

2m m
 xp y  ypx 

(c)
px2 1
  2 x 2   x3 (d)
px2  p y2


a2 x2  y 2 
2(1  2 x) 2 2m 2m
2 px x  p 1 2 50. The Hamiltonian for a system described by the
(d)   2 x 2   x3
x
generalized coordinate x and generalized momen-
2(1  2 x) 2
tum p is [CSIR NET JUNE 2017]
47. Hamiltonian of a particle is p2 1
H   x2 p    2 x2
xpx2 2 1  2  x  2
H  x 2 p x  V ( x)
2 Where  ,,  and  are constant. The corre-
corresponding Lagrangian is
sponding Lagrangian is

(a)
 x  x  2 2

 V ( x) (a)
1

x   x 2  1  2 x   12  x
2
2 2

2x 2
1 1 2 2
(b)
 x  x  2 2

 V ( x)
(b) 2 1  2 x x  2  x   x x
 
2 2

2x
1 2 1
(c)
x 2
 x 2 x  V ( x)
(c)
2
 
x   2 x 1  2  x    2 x 2
2
2x
1 1 2 2
(d) 2 1  2 x x  2  x   x x
2 2
x 2  
(d)  x 2 x  V ( x)
2x
51. Lagrangian of a particle is
48. The Hamiltonian of a relativistic particle of rest mass
1 2 1
m and momentum p is given by L
2

x  y 2   xy
2

  , Then which of
  yx
H  p  m  V ( x ) , in units in which the
2 2
the following options is correct?
speed of light c = 1. The corresponding Lagrangian
2 2
is  y  x
 px    p y  
(a) L  m 1  x 2  V ( x ) (a)  2  2

2 2
(b) L  m 1  x 2  V ( x )
2 2
 y  x
(c) L  1  mx 2  V ( x)  px    p y  
(b)  2  2

1 2 2 2
(d) L  mx  V ( x )
2
p  x
2
 p  y
2
49. Lagrangian of a system is (c) x 
y

1 2 2
L  
m x 2  y 2  a  xy  yx  . Hamiltonian of
2
p  y
2
 px  x 
2
y
system will be (d) 
2 2
p p
2 2
a 2
x 2
y 2
 a 52. A particle of mass m is attached to a fixed point
(a) x

2m
y

2m m
 xp y  yp x  ‘O’ by a weightless inextensible string of length a.
It is rotating under the gravity . The Lagrangian of
px2  p 2y 
a2 x2  y2  a the particle is [GATE 2012]
(b)
2m

2m m
 xp y  ypx 

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 9
2
z apr2 bp2 cp
(b)  2  2  2  V (r , )
2 2r 2r sin 

pr2 p2 p2
(c)  2   V (r , )
4a 4br 4cr 2 sin 2 
a
apr2 bp2 cp2
(d)  2  2 2  V (r , )
m 4 4r 4r sin 
g 55. The Hamiltonian of a system is independent of the
coordinate q and is given by H = ap4 where a is a
1 2 2 constant. The corresponding Lagrangian is then
L  ,   
2

ma   sin 2 2  mga cos  given by
Where  and  are the polar angles. 1
(a) L  mq 2  ap 4 (b) L  mq 2  ap 4
The Hamiltonian of the particle is : 2
1
1  2 p2  3q  q  3
(a) H = p
     mga cos  (c) L  aq 4
(d) L   
2ma 2  sin 2   4  4a 
56. If Hamiltonian of a particle is
1  2 
2
p 1
(b) H = 2ma 2  p  sin 2    mga cos  H  p x2  p y2  px p y  ( x 2  y 2 ) ,
  2
then Lagrangian of the particle is
1
(c) H =
2ma 2

p2  p2  mga cos  (a)
1 2
( x  y 2  xy
1
 )  ( x 2  y 2 )
3 2
1
(d) H =
2ma 2

p2  p2  mga cos  (b)
1 2
( x  y 2  xy
1
 )  ( x 2  y 2 )
53. If Lagrangian of a particle is 3 2

L  ar2  br 22  kr cos . Hamiltonian of the (c)

1 2
 1

x  y 2  ( x 2  y 2 )
particle is 3 2

pr2 p2 1
(d) x  y  xy
  ( x 2  y 2 )
2 2
(a)   2  kr cos  2
4a 4br
57. The Hamiltonian corresponding to the Lagrangian
p2 p2
(b) r   2  kr cos  L  ax 2  by 2  kxy is
4a 4br
2
2 2 px2 p y
p p (a)   kxy
(c) r
  2  kr cos  2a 2b
4a 4br
2
pr2 p2 px2 p y
  kr cos  (b)   kxy
(d) 4a 4b
4a br 2
2
54. Lagrangian of a particle is p x2 p y
(c)   kxy
4a 4b
L  ar  b r  c r sin   V ( r ,  ) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2

p x2  p y2
Where a, b, c are constant. Hamiltonian of the (d)  kxy
system is 2a
58. Hamiltonian of a system is
2
p2
p p
2
px2   t 1 2 t
(a) r
 2   V (r , ) H e  Kx e Lagrangian of a system
2a 2br 2cr sin 2 
2
2m 2
is
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 10
t  1 1 2 1/2
 x 2 
(a) e  mx  Kx 
2
(a) 0  1  2 
2
m c
2 2 
 c 
 t  1 1 2
(b) e  mx  Kx  (b) m0c 2
2

2 2 
1/2
1 2 t 1 2  x 2  1
(c) m0c 1  2   m0 2 x 2  m0c 2
2
(c) e
 t
mx  e Kx
2 2  c  2

1 2 1 2  t  x 2 
1/2
(d) e
t
mx  Kx e 1
(d) m0c  1  2   m0 x  m0c
2 2 2 2
2 2
 c  2
59. Consider the Hamiltonian 62. A particle moves in space with the Lagrangian
p q2 4
 1
H  q, p    2
, where  and  are L m  x 2  y 2  z 2   V  xA
  yB
  zC
 ,
2 q 2
parameters with appropriate dimensions, and q and where V, A, B, C are functions of X, Y, Z. Then
p are the generalized coordinate and momentum, the Hamiltonian of the system is given by
respectively. The corresponding Lagrangian 1 
 px  A    p y  B    pz  C    V
2 2 2
(a) 

L  q, q  is [GATE 2019] 2m

(b)  px  A    p y  B    pz  C    V
2 2 2
1 q 2  2 q 2   
(a)  (b) 
2 q 4 q 2  q4 q2
(c)  px  A    p y  B    pz  C  
2 2 2

1 q 2  1 q 2   
(c)  (d)     yB
V  xA   zC

 q4 q2 2 q 4 q 2
(d)  px  A    p y  B    pz  C  
2 2 2
60. Consider the Lagrangian  
2 2   yB
V  xA   zC

 dx   dy 
L  a    b    cxy , where a, b and c
 dt   dt 
are constant. If px and p y are the momenta con-
jugate to the coordinates x and y respectively, then
the Hamiltonian is [GATE 2020]
2 2
px2 p y px2 p y
(a)   cxy (b)   cxy
4a 4b a b
2 2
px2 p y px2 p y
(c)   cxy (d)   cxy
2a 2b 2a 2b
61. The relativisitc Lagrangian for a particle of rest
mass m0 moving along the x-axis under the simple
1
harmonic potential field V  m0 2 x 2 is given by
2
  x 2 1/2  1
L  m0c 1  1  2    m0 2 x 2
2
  c   2
 
The corresponding Hamiltonian is given by

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 11
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a)
4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (c)
7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a)
10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (b)
13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d)
19. (b) 20. (c) 21. (a)
22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (a)
25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a)
28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (c)
34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (3)
37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (c)
40. (c) 41. (a) 42. (c)
43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (d)
49. (a) 50. (d) 51. (a)
52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (c)
55. (d) 56. (a) 57. (c)
58. (a) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (c) 62. (a)

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