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Electro Encephalo Graphy (Eeg) : Rohini College of Engineering and Technology

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19 views8 pages

Electro Encephalo Graphy (Eeg) : Rohini College of Engineering and Technology

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mr.kunal118
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRO ENCEPHALO GRAPHY (EEG)

EEG deals with the recording and study of electrical activity of brain. The
brain waves can be picked up and recorded by means of electrode attached to
the skill of a patient. Brain waves are the summation of neural depolarization
in the brain due to stimuli from five sense and thought process.

1) Anatomy of brain
The brain consists of three major parts such as cerebrum, cerebellum and the
brain stem.

Fig 1.6.1: Internal structure of Human brain

[Source: Khandpur, R.S., ―Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation]


Cerebrum consists of two hemispheres and the hemispheres are divided into
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe.
2) Action Potentials of Brain:
When the propagated action potential reaches the cell, the cell fires and thus a
spike wave is produced. This firing spreads throughout the dendritic branches
and causes the release of transmitter substances.
Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential (IPSP)

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ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

If the transmitter substance is inhibitory, membrane potential of receptor


neuron increases in a negative direction. It is less likely to discharge; this
induced potential charge is called an IPSP.

Fig 1.6.2: Human Brain

[Source: Khandpur, R.S., ―Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation]


Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential (EPSP)
If the transmitter substance is excitatory, receptor membrane potential
increases in a positive direction.
Evoked potentials
Evoked potential are the potentials developed in the brain as the responses to
external stimuli like sound, light etc.
3) Brain waves
Brain waves are the recorded electrical potentials on the surface of brain. The
intensity and patterns of electrical activity are determined by the overall level
of excitation of brain.

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Fig 1.6.3: Brain Waves

[Source: Khandpur, R.S., ―Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation]


Alpha waves
Frequency: 8 – 13 Hz
Occurrence: They found in normal persons when they are awake in a quiet,
state. They occur normally in occipital region. During step, these disappear
Beta waves
Frequency: 13 – 30 Hz
Occurrence: These are recorded from parietal and frontal regions of scalp two
types: - Beta I – Inhibited by cerebral activity
Beta II – Excited by mental activity (tension)
Theta waves
Frequency: 4 – 8 Hz
Occurrence: These are recorded from parietal and temporal regions of scalp of
children.
Delta waves
Frequency: 0.5-4Hz
Occurrence: These occur only in every 2 or 3 sec. These occur in deep sleep in
premature babies and in very serious brain disease.
4) Placement of electrode
In EEG, electrodes are placed in standard positions on skill in an arrangement
called 10 – 20 system. The electrodes are arranged as follows.
Draw a line on the skull from the nasion, the root of nose, to the inion,
ossification center on occipital lobe.
1) Draw a similar line from the left preauricular (ear) point to the right

preauricular point.
2) Mark the intersection of two lines as Cz which is the midpoint of distance

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nasion and inion.


3) Mark points Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz and Oz at 10, 20, 20, 20, and 10% of total nasion

– inion distance. Mark points T3, C3, Cz, C4, and T4 at 10, 20, 20, 20 and 10%
of total distance between preauricular points.Measure the distance between Fpz
and Oz along the circle passing through T3, and mark points as Fp1, F7, T3, T5,
and O1 at 10, 20, 20, 20 and 10% of this distance.
4) Repeat this procedure on right side and mark the positions as Fp2, F8, T4, T6,

and O2.
Measure the distance between Fp1, and O1 along the circle passing through C3
and mark point as F3, C3, and P3 at 25% intervals.
5) Repeat this procedure on right side and mark as F4, C4 and P4.

Check that F7, F3, Fz,F4 and F8 are equidistant along transverse circle passing
through F7, Fz, and F8 check that T5, P3, Pz,P4, and T6, are equidistant along
transverse circle passing through T5, Pz, & T6
Pg1 AND Pg2 are nasopharyngeal electrodes and A1 and A2 are ear
electrodes.
Pg1 and Pg2 are nasopharyngeal electrodes and A1 and A2 are ear electrodes.
The electrode systems are used to facilitate the location of foci, (ie) cortical
areas from which abnormal waves spread.

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Fig 1.6.4: Placement of Electrodes on the Scalp for the EEG Recording

[Source: Khandpur, R.S., ―Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation]


5) Recording Setup
In EEG recording setup, there are and drive amplifier whose gain can be
increased by cascading several stages. The patient cable consists of 21
electrodes and is connected to the eight channel selector. The electrodes are
attached to the channel selector in groups of eight called a montage of
electrodes. The interference is reduced by employing differential amplifiers as
preamplifiers.
EEG unit is covered with ferrous metal screen to reduce a,c interference.
The filter bank consists of appropriate filters to select different types of brain
waves. Visual stimulus, Audio stimulus and tactile (touch) stimulus are used to
record evoked potentials from sensory parts of brain. The time delay between
stimulus and response can be measured in the signal processing unit.

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Fig 1.6.5: Fig: Modern EEG Unit

[Source: Khandpur, R.S., ―Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation]


6) Analysis of EEG
EEG helps physicians to diagnose the level of consciousness, sleep
disorders, brain death, brain tumors,
epilepsy etc.
i) Level of consciousness
EEG changes with the level of consciousness. Diminished mental activity
results in a lower frequency and large amplitude EEG wave. REM means
Rapid Eye Movement. REM sleep coincides with the periods of dreaming.
EEG displays the characteristic features during the application of anaesthesia.
If the tumor displays the cortex and if it is large enough, the electrical activity
will be absent since no electric potentials originate in the tumor. Thus a
damped EEG over the cortex can be a sign of a tumor.
ii) Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a symptom for brain damage. It may due to defects in birth delivery
or head injury during
accident or boxing. It may also be due to brain tumor. Epilepsy is divided into

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two types.
1) Grandmal
2) Peritmal
1) Grandmal
Before grandmal attack, the patient recognizes a set of symptoms such that he
sees a flash of light if grandmal arises from visual center .He hears a noise if it
arises from acoustic center. It extends from few sec to several min
2) Peritmal
In peritmal attack, spike type waves are produced with a frequency 3 Hz. It
lasts for 1– 20 sec.
Application
Epilepsy – EEG is very helpful to find acuteness of epilepsy.
Anesthetic level – It is helpful to find the depth of intensity of anesthesia
Brain injury – If there is a scar on the cerebral cortex, it creates irrigative
effect on the nearby healthy
cortex. It is identified by EEG waveform.
(i) Monitor during surgery – Doctor to find patient‘s conditions.
(ii) Effect of Yoga – Identified by EEG for a normal person initially EEG
in recorded.
The person has to do yoga for some time. After some period, once again EEG
recorded for same person.
Then it is compared with previous wave form different gives the effect of yoga
During EMG test
• Small flat metal discs called electrodes are attached to the scalp with wires.
The electrodes analyze the electrical impulses in the brain and send signals to a
computer that records the results.
• The electrical impulses in an EEG recording look like wavy lines with peaks

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and valleys. These lines allow doctors to quickly assess whether there are
abnormal patterns.

• EEGs are safe and painless.

• During EEG test avoid anything with caffeine on the day of the test because it
can affect the test results.

• During test, patient should wash the hair in night before or the day of the test,
but patient should not use conditioners, hair creams, sprays or styling gels.
Hair products can make it harder for the sticky patches that hold the electrodes
to adhere to the scalp.

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