aninnm Line

ransh ines
tw ede chical ines,

kasicaly fou tyrea sefod 154e)

( Canse 4ed
ne ’ faraue re
(D opern wive ir as dielact
(Paalel uire ondncts o
sed as tele ph

to Cntnet an n cheape. cemne uns

due te radiatn Tee cines be
hejy Loss

which a l Co-aial placed,

There a t o Canetos
Cenaia Cates cu eatensielt

·(3) (BGHe)
frgwacica,
(Cans se at

-ti phenomenon to fal 2itnal refrchin'

3 0 Gy)
atut
iren infomatn ainyiy
Can te wey
opical brbrei: C qualiy.
aHenaon chauseteisie,&o
eial fye hae istance
r a Cenelenoe
Can be tanmtte cY

oxide.

Consjts Tanimion Line line

chmn
henry Fm,
m
Peunitne (tngth
shynt ndycjance beteeh tutwo wirtn
 Tanw Kin Line esation
A

Geneca Constat h e n c e

Cnsid

from
fa, distan
shot distonce ( line.
Talce
a shot schon
T-unnon line, Conslea
Jengtn de,,at
at a distance X ano cyreat
tt
let t vliwill be vtdy a
cnt

coill be
(Ktjo)dx
cechn d
t leuies Dipedance dx coill be ( Grt jsc)dx
aclmi fanc
Shunt amitance
to cuTet Hoaing
seven Pand is due
fotenial difenence
impedance (RtjoL) dx,
I(Rtjsl)dx
V-cvtdv) =
-du (RtjwLTdx
= (RtjwL)I admittanc
Shut
P an
Çument bewte
The
Chtjwc) dx
(atjwe)V du
dI

(Rtjw).dI
ds
 (K1jwL) (Gtjwc)v (

henc (Rtju) (atíwc).I -

Sa CRt5w)( Gtýwc)

dy
Stad oder dttsttial e

+de
Cmt nti we ha
ehe

Sihhp] +b LCoahpe- ihhrJ

V a Coshpxt
q-b) nh p
(atb) s hpe t (

(uhe A= (a tb)
B- (a-b)

whe C= ctd)

The abo equatin Can e

 tehalia Cmtt A l
Yespeu
at tu sedi eudl.

fom

Zo

elechitad
tengtines.haring
hei hr oteteal thee 4
Difinit length identd t infinit iue, a
es
e ynit
unit lengt
Constant
Capaitne c md ti leakage
due to
ty
ol fas
inite cmet
 fom ty sensling and
epch (6)
an font distance x

ad tou Keceiinged

when îi=d

inknít ine, imilaey,

pint an

Line
Peont
tu
e

e
 V.

andI

pwtin

ret at pin
(a)

-V, e
Sendigend
(b) i1
Teminalet mits Zo
ine
to a inita
chancenite
etn l, teuminte in it
Coniide a hine t
R
Empdenu. Zo.

inAnit

infoita Line
eialeut a
Pot and
VV in ef
pathing x

ty Lin,
inpedm
oin

Thus a
infnite n
Constents Tienewushn nee
Seconday seConday Cnstoiti ta, line.
Calied
Constant

Zo ) chaecletc Pmpedanc
]RtjoL
Vatjc
t=RtjoyC Grtjwc )
 n i d e n i

ht
T

CRjL) Iie

r= tj«O) ( Gtjwc)
t t tu ral
R+juw

Line
Reffechom on Z, nd
tnimhn lin has a chansch~s ie Lvpedsmee

terninted,
)

4 ’(I, )
(T,¬)

(2,E)

Lines,
 soCiated cetn
and
ridet wav Eomd I , oprlid t tn re Plecked wave, and E"ad

kE

brm e o)

1
 Vel

Thus, tu c r e t eimiasy otfainad

4ttennaln amd phae Coutant

frpaznti Costnft,

atknuatien Cmitant ,
alogtn ine,
is Calle
t Real part
hatin in
atennalin n t and catrtut
aten
tu mdueon or
Da's deHe)
8.66 dB (
ard is kaan as
maginay pant piin tg
ohen pat an
raatin in fhax
Cns T
ty
ha Chutot

d-s,:'/
veleiy Prpagali ond gep
defiab'as f waelaga,
The basie

Tine

enavelbngt ndee that tota/

shift
dihnain
 Velocity {rpatini oitt uich a

dete
inCanpat

to
hhenyeleat
piat Cmitant
Coipmdit

STANDTNG weves , + teamintod ine, t

whe eflechon occs incorec along its lengh ; f to
nlhl and tt,t vawy
ciyrtnt in mapit de
vay in

|Emaal
| Enin
Aohasde

Emat
de

stance

lleg Refrchien Cuclicint k=

 ara shot circited line
standit pe

tuminhn
Ihns a t ipe n ed Zee yret,
exlnym vth

Loa

() Losy i
cumut distobby
Vilhg qd

shet circied Lines tiy s h t

()
reA,
tang kin line
t h
iruik end behee

A| Lsles lit
(a
 (13)

Levon
3A/4 Cind

cinuited lis
aud cemet dishiehon ang shnt

p ympelance open and sht culed Line

Zoc

(pen c ine)

, kaing for ed g
Cmider a knyt
Ia Rerpetiay. dye
Thett
velyes in ttlami eytn:

Vs Z Cathp
-
oc
ince
 fur cht ircuifed tine,

V Zo
-2, tanhpd

Lin, to
&ut +Zs tis shot-circuifeol

Zsc= Zo tan hpt

ht hae cedy rovtd hhat

Zo janh p
ath t eyuin
mulirlying

Aiiding e y ey0
Zotanht
Zvc

Zsc
nh 2ol

Tanisson nes as civeuit elenenti ;,

Lnles dine
and

Since
 sht

Zsc

Vavahn

ine woith
teaminaion i

line is teminat pat wth ang wi be eteced sack,So,

nd it
cakorsed Keen
enu ul se teninahon ’ Pata
Line cuith any total relechin.
’ inpedanca a. cet
teminig in
a dinedengt
Sppee
 teuniar
tese alyes in a ej
patint r e s r

A inh p

t tu valaer Cmatnt A, mwtp'y b,

Imding

Jo, t
A

Zo

inilat
+

B=

Suatit fe 4

ku dig4nce t

amd, Let
be at a distance ( Ax) fom tue eLeiing
ti dic ance nnesy rum t Yeçeiing
 6jnhp
F
Ve
Zn
dorphinatr and Numeat
y
Theufo
Zo
Candihm
to
serdin tue at
Afrz I=1. ad vV
irgout
endeecig fom wespeetiet
cysent
ol a ti
disnce prt a at jeneal
presd eyahim Lie
 j s t o t m

At2-tanhp) l n e
i n

90, Zin= 2otRtasht

a Losen ine

Zin ZotR tanhft

’in

ty a slen int

-' Zin Zo

atiztnp

-. Zin

an
oill koe eçhal to teo

VCKjo)tGotjw)

R t z , ton coe.!
Zin = Z
 b)stutinles t i ; frep. di'stotin, is
phat o
thee to
line in which and .
lem line, ince a s indlepedet
Cae a distotien
Condtien 4r istrtin line Contle
deive ty
Te
L( ) ($ t)o)

) (Rtjoy (Gtjusc)

L)
CRG- coc) +jw (RC
ge mininym abfauathn
e have already otiere that

Subshting e in e o wget

with fre ich

that due hit vwy
Seeh
eliminats tue es istotion
P-oLe
for
 2
4ps ps bcome
2 o
D listone
ahel length
d Lin
tminatd
Zin
tes
iedisipatin for
(Aemee
o)&-
Line lessipatn ai tor
Cale is ine y
Uneig les disipati
RecL lie) Cloo
s
 Teprests a eeyin ten eeing eny (9
e print duance 's' auay fen reteivig
nlhgy ad creut, at a

Lispen e
Siniay frr
cumut ata prit oitom
a'sawa Can brge

be wileoh as

But e

ynel ine distntutiens

Ro
Cisine
and G) ç tu
So e anal curet. Conducance
t
Co-axi Cates : tnductance L qnd
tiy
anllo treg Kong.
far tue &mall
mal
an hehee Can
neliiy 2= R
G is Dmpednca
Mence
Coeste

JORC
P

f= (itj1)
tp.
P=
 Tefuei
hata Cetu
Ivpdne an genent
Con
which
nsuthon
a t to pccs d
ewak
Lie oss
Le
Retn
cetheitut
P Los Ret
at
ty incideat Paren
eceiit
er
Los4 Retn )
Concemed.
mainy
Loxes Cosses
in
Tgnisen
ine
RC
and
 R.pad

Nu

ine

attenaten loss occs at

al alng te Line,
eliveve to t
loat and henee pen
Powen
thng tit
loat.
High reg Lines Cawen telaphoy
in
ines ’ Wie fres. ines
reot, wigh
R as a chachgil y rlatny
joL enea,
joc 9
)dieseahie Lrss
three
heu
ine
cliipte as beat in tue
los io ti Poe
Coppe reolt teir resistance,
Codyetys
increses a iy fres. meeasa twad tu
resjsonca density tu
’ Cendhetor tend to increa in
tu frc tuat t tcmut
Cmduetor s te Fref.
efectie ft
Suface. Cs-sectena! oYe9.
Caysen
LEin eflect alue otjaiug for
a Canolnctrr to be m4ch
kict cyreut.
 eteen tuy in Conycs has a Bintr
L ta dieleetc
appe a
Candychity an eneg Los uill occwa qn
diachia mateial

Kaliato Lsaeoi Tne Pasag elechomae

wit Lie
and Caes a
eld sunrnding ty Cndycto q
space.
powe to se vaslided into
Line Codictos
bebyeen he
t pacC
tn reases with

tlewt kug Topes

) Halfwavelent line ( ie)whe ekedical ength ç one half
acleny ine s one
hall
Long,ora miple oge half wavegt.
wikbng
L,
when a
Z, tiu inpu tmpedarnte üadas
n a Load Epedami (ha
wa
CangdeL qn RE Sn
Loa Pho ott
havelmg frem inpt t tre
V, ls ( o t t )
y V=

henca
reut on ty haim l i n n

Rpatida
 tr input 20 R.palat

cnit hm-à <

1

that
shat ue had
t

n 27ft
Cn (n+20ft)=
Vo
hen

kne tor Half waeleth

le
ey se ye
Cnt
A hansnurin

wavelenqth liw(y whase

(2) Quatu
quat. wavelevath Zong.
electiual lngth
chanecteste inmpedne a
andl
Tue inpw,lad
20
Zin z

Dipole Antema
VZin
Kin
Pmpeden Daveta)
zo in

in.
stup
 hans mmiim Le Appleatn
Tant nsn Cnes have maut applicateni, Tsana ninson linei Can
be ied to tenimt Coronmuni cating pral from a tonsmatg onfeng
to yeceiving antenno.
Tt Con ao be wieto taw uit elechical ney fen ove plala to
another place,
meing deice in ode to stain Dapeslence

circuit eleme,t dibe

hauemiin ines con aho wk a aa
inductr Capacitor,tastrm,AUwet hiyla freq.
SMITH HART:+
Labontu) erole and de velopg
P,H Soth ( Bel ti
tue
enteniely yied t r
Chant wich iu
Tbanssn line ptlems, Line to that
s to
to mates te impedance
The moun rjechive
jcchve is
nth lond

R cicle
do Resistiye Comporen X cirele
(2 Reate Cononen cira fom,
Componeiti a in
ard vegctie ircula chart,"
’ ti Yeoistive
echion
tm
baical'y pla plot
Smit chant is
Tne

Cetiient
Kefectim RtZo
 Rpatiln
k

Kzy-Zy-k-|

’ ,(k-) = -(k+1)

1+ (rtjE)
I- (o t jk)

(-y-j kx

Katimaiing
(-y-)kx |-y tj
2
2

2
2

So
R=
2 k
(t-t)+ () Rct
tem
femily R circles in
hut o tà t tem Retechon Gcf
Famiy x cheles in
 (3)
Costast R cirle RratidaL
(I-K-)
C(-y)tcicx)

R+RR-R, t R t t = 0

dividing by (Rt)
(RI)
both &ioles
)
2Ker RH (R+1)
(Rti) (R

(RH
2

(t-)+ K
Rt (R)*
represeti Calledfamdy
Contant R'cieles.
the circles
R+
Cemte
an adis R+
 R (hsmal'ed Kens tance) Koda (it)
(o, o)
(,)
(,o)
2

(tero)
(,o)

K=o

kro.s

co,) U,o)

Conetant -Grde,

Constnt X-cicle ,

2 ce
((-K)+(k'
Ci+r-2kr)+(k)'
both de
Aing ( )
 2
2Cx s)

2kx

( kyt+(I%a-) X

Cente (, ) Ralns

X (Kenctanee)

+
(U, t )
(1, 4)

(4)

(,0)

()
X-º

fam'y Censtut X-cirles

 A cirele tches ponts (I, b),
X, t Tegceen e Could be. peeitiu or ne yatie, wenee
ti hozntal i e , n
Pokoi tue crcle ie at
selos t Ya a i kr=o,
Xà hetin, u circle ies
in to
-0, tuu circle oegeats
a
Wen infinity tor
in s a chele wse ralis u
X0
shg
Arpicati Somitth cht
neasuremeat inpt
ting tu
) t s wieful t adlmittanee ( y )
Tmpedane, eawehet f input
() To find tu impedanee
oad
(3) To bind tie
Calcatt vcwR Cetfeient.
e tectin
neasnennt of
brpeuts mith chaet;+
bny impedance x, They
Normai8r ek crcles R an
Cmnists t t
Sonith cAant Ardes, Zo.
cireles om à diide
tu chat, z
mahematca andyis wicl
inpedsne sten lin
Tmpeanco a
impedan, chaistteistie
Zo iu tue
tingle point on tue
(9) ienechn
print
chat, Tnis pot s
Smith Circles.

patia.
wnhehen tenina in an
ta plut ti terwunah

R (o+) (s n
Nmaliging tue ipednte |&otjISD

tue iteseckn
eprened Pont P
hongotd
Rb6 ano Xos cirele.
w d ie atove
te pint

hijotad axu.
Aotesinata wR to
tue pin P
Afleh haning S circle. iu d:
impedance tie S-Crle
t gien radis
Cet and op a honntad aru Ae
intosechn with t
its rigr kad
aychn t
ayeand
The nmaliced reitana directim:
Maithdead vswR t
et
etmination tKin fatin
( enat allen t
h Smith Cethu,eredet
rehechon
circle at e
(K(= ltenat P
Cmenpas ti
|k
 Smi

and iimym
Manyn
Te intectn
t
cith tu honntal axu cn tu n (ofoc) tatis
ntuicthm Liw
u
Cenhe Corenands to tuVmaxima Cach othe.
Vme q Vin a
(G open ane shot tt! ine
X a cirited. foc)
R an open
then tw ine iso
Za= 0 9tetit
an ciirited, P.
shot
Line co
en ht.
Movemnen t
38

in Vnat
Poc

25

32
 fpadida
nelicala
y chat t vemeut
tmong Creapads
-to
toand
Caunta gennln bntowmd
tufem awny or (
Movemt
chaut. tu
line tetiutance. d
720 Corerpaals
a lo
nt coerpmds
to Lie
movenet t a
360 Tnertn,
genertn, orLoad
dstans dh Sheanle
ti dolmi det1mining ndin
fom distne
Te
yrima u drea in isccaleinneamest
tens ined doal tue
aelengt,
deteamhes sCad hert
fom distegea
tue hom ine tit
tero ined ata genl
 Ruatidl
30 m
teinatd oith a load
jerating at 2Mtz ii tuu lin, ind.

(a) Retecton Cothieat (

wae Katie (3)

weitnrSith chaut Jotjyo

(a) 6otjyo t s

03S23 s
|+o.3523 2-6 88
|+ll<)
|-O.3S23

(c)
27 (2x)
no

Zin o

Gotjyo tjso tan|

Lsotj (Lotj40)tn(o
(6+JY-jsV3)
(5t4va-jV3)

23.9+i|35 n
 ()
netd. 2 ( eing ermith chat) Rratda.

Calculati tiu Nmald Lond Dinpedance

(a)
Cot yo

iree meet
cisele a

Ro

240

flaklera to mect
wae

1.2 Cm

9.|Chm.

neets
when s.cmle
s
Loca peint

A.
 To otain Zin f t epren in
in te
(a)
in depre o.c(?x))
Lx|a49o YO).
d
= 240
3
90
to
Maemet

on tne dhat moenlt

tu length tis i Coreopmds t 2enatr (ramy
towmd te
240, That Mean wt mn 2y'
tuu Scicle
ti clackie diechin)
font P to Pit G ne otstcn

Bin= 6.4gtjo035
henc
x(o.43tjo035)

A
Lnln Line. find:
(a) k
(b) S
Coad ad mitanca Y,
(c) The
forg te Load to

e) Te ocatms Vmax ard Vin

at te 1eheuiti
 Ppatidot (3)
Armith chaut

omalin rad iged an Z= 7

Leati h at pint p on he ernit, ohat

2+0

,Umo

GC = 0 6s9
t

Mence K=

Cnstent S-cnletmgh pS H K ltossg

Psaud tu

ttein Y,, erkhd Po to Pop s Check,

(e) To tu, Constnt
Point p' whe p'otein
Ciele meeti Por,Ath= 0228-j02
The doad odmittanu io
Ye= Y: (os-jo.35)- 3oy-jy 6?
 Fpatida
D4d Corcesprd to a) angda motmsut Teec

o 4 o - 2 88 tu Cens toöt S-circle,

Check

3in= o:2tjo,b3
hene
Zin=Zobin
7(o.3+ jo.63)
n
= 22S tj 425 =54)/6s2s
2 9 +j4?.6

Chd omesreo to an
W e u ut
t of o6Y=Y32
=|Rerlaty 72
tiu scircle 432,
tnub, w sta hom p(load end), Move
t2', and eacl tuu e n t
Yrtakn plus
paned thugh pint
G fooro P mhae
Note at to Yach
T ocahn V )

Vmy to lucate at
Lst
2

located awt oosAt

V,
Vin
end),
Sin= ·8-j22
Dr(1e-J
2)

Aw
 Ratidas (5)

twie) Tetecm takes plqce.

Atcndng t Mey Pe Tiqnuen Thestm

mimath sehrten a Line and lvad,

fur noyinym tensfu

tu uad
fove etveen t owce amd ty Load, reistqnce
tiu Souee and

se copacitie ard
tuo ad shd
b Capautt,
Candin oqchiered, it ú Wsvat
viG veusa, wheh tio mateiny rad tae vetrels eplg
higg dewices,
Teferrad t as ipedsnee
tene as impe dana
Matchi
to acheNe he a
0n ynmathed ine
Relechon Los
w knwthat Vmarl
VsWR (3)=
|Vninl
lvtl+Iv
|vl-||
delied t t Loat
Totel panea min
Vman

Ro

Po

delitd to t lond
total Panes
Ralio inidet wat
tie
Pi
 2in

R.patda
tehectn CrelfeitJ K
vt

| (s1)
(st)
(St)-(sy
(stI)
2

s s t -(S -2s +)
Ststl

(s) wge Ylio threases. tu

lond to ti Poee in t
deliered to ti
paen
retio d Pren decneas.

Tu ingut inpedsn
Zatjz. tan f
Zin ztj Za tan pt

R t ,tan.241.
d
Zin

RtJZo tan( )
ZotjRtan (Mu)
 Rtatidat (n)

Zin
disipal.len
rnsfanco
i7 tu in s teumnale in a

Zin = Ko

chousaha enistance
eyue to
wth a
im pednce
eistance Co qrn oistone,
to etain a
e Sruu f r, intuhal
Yeoigance any and
iine ' diriptim
Quat wa
t inpu
he eapremin
Lie leng
Ko
Zin

CN

Zin

tan

otj tan|
 adjce, made se hot Can Srue
aehin Conhe
Cae omee
in aa to Lon
tinheu
R Zin
,RotjR
on Ro Zin
2, 2RtjR
A tein
Halfnau
ine
antenn. S4chwan
lord reistie
tansnla
a to
Cea to a
e wed
bautem
chasctthe tu staied
it ateiny
u +hch
a
Snch
a f

R ’Zin
Rratia