Motions in 2 Dimension

Topics
1. The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
2. Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
3. Projectile Motion
4. Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion
5. Tangential and Radial Acceleration
6. Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration
The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Vectors
In one dimension, a single numerical value describes a particle’s
position, but in two dimensions, we indicate its position by its
position vector rԦ, drawn from the origin of some coordinate system
to the location of the particle in the xy plane.
At time ti , the particle is at point
A, described by position vector
rԦi. At some later time tf , it is at
point B, described by position
vector rԦf.

As we learned, displacement is a
vector, and the displacement of
the particle is the difference
between its final position and its
initial position.
We now define the displacement
vector ΔԦr for a particle as being
the difference between its final
position vector and its initial
position vector:
 Two-dimensional (or three-dimensional) kinematics is
similar to one-dimensional kinematics, but we must now use full
vector notation rather than positive and negative signs to indicate
the direction of motion.

We define the average velocity of a particle during the time

interval Δt as the displacement of the particle divided by the time
interval:
The instantaneous velocity is defined as the
limit of the average velocity Δ rԦ /Δt as Δt
approaches zero:

The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity

vector 𝑣 = |v|of a particle is called the speed
of the particle, which is a scalar quantity.
As a particle moves from one point to another along some path, its
instantaneous velocity vector changes from 𝑣𝑖 at time ti to 𝑣𝑓 at time
tf. Knowing the velocity at these points allows us to determine the
average acceleration of the particle. The average acceleration 𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑒 of
a particle is defined as the change in its instantaneous velocity
vector ∆v divided by the time interval ∆t during which that change
occurs:
When the average acceleration of a particle changes during different
time intervals, it is useful to define its instantaneous acceleration.
The instantaneous acceleration 𝑎Ԧ is defined as the limiting value of
∆𝑣
the ratio as ∆t approaches zero
∆𝑡

In other words, the instantaneous acceleration equals the derivative

of the velocity vector with respect to time.
Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant
Acceleration

motion in two dimensions can be modeled as two independent

motions in each of the two perpendicular directions associated with
the x and y axes. That is, any influence in the y direction does not
affect the motion in the x direction and vice versa.
The position vector for a particle moving in the xy plane can be
written

where x, y, and 𝑟Ԧ change with time as the particle moves while the
unit vectors 𝑖Ƹ and 𝑗Ƹ remain constant.
If the position vector is known, the velocity of the particle can be
obtained:
Because the acceleration 𝑎Ԧ of the particle is assumed constant in this
discussion, its components 𝑎𝑥 and 𝑎𝑦 also are constants. Therefore,
we can model the particle as a particle under constant acceleration
independently in each of the two directions and apply the equations
of kinematics separately to the x and y components of the velocity
vector.
Similarly, we know that the x and y coordinates of a particle under
constant acceleration are:
A particle moves in the xy plane, starting
from the origin at t=0 with an initial
velocity having an x component of
20m/s and a y component of -15m/s.
The particle experiences an acceleration
in the x direction, given by ax=4.0 m/s2
(A) Determine the total velocity vector at
any time.
(B) Calculate the velocity and speed of the
particle at t=5.0 s and the angle the
velocity vector makes with the x axis.
(C) Determine the x and y coordinates of
the particle at any time t and its
position vector at this time
Thinker Bell

What is a Projectile Motion?

Projectile Motion

Projectile motion of an object is

simple to analyze if we make two
assumptions:
(1) the free-fall acceleration is
constant over the range of
motion and is directed
downward,and
(2) the effect of air resistance is
negligible.
With these assumptions, we find
that the path of a projectile, which
we call its trajectory, is always a
parabola
The expression for the position vector of the projectile as a
function of time, with its acceleration being that due to gravity, 𝑎Ԧ =
𝑔Ԧ ;

where the initial x and y components of the velocity of the

projectile are;
For a projectile launched from the
origin, the final position of a
particle can be considered to be
the superposition of its initial
position 𝑟𝑖 ; the term 𝑣𝑖 𝑡, which is
its displacement if no
acceleration were present; and
1
the term 𝑔𝑡 Ԧ 2 that arises from
2
its acceleration due to gravity.
Projectile Motion
(1) the particle under constant (2) the particle under constant
velocity in the horizontal acceleration in the vertical
direction direction
Horizontal Range and Maximum Height of
a Projectile
Assume a projectile is launched
from the origin at ti=0 with a
positive 𝑣𝑦𝑖 component as
shown in Figure and returns to
the same horizontal level.
Two points in this motion are especially
interesting to analyze: the peak point A,
which has Cartesian coordinates (R/2, h),
and the point B, which has coordinates
(R,0).

The distance R is called the horizontal

range of the projectile, and the distance h
is its maximum height.
Analyzing Point O TO Point A
Analyzing Point O TO Point A
Analyzing Point O TO Point A
A stone is thrown from the top of a
building upward at an angle of 30.0° to
the horizontal with an initial speed of
20.0 m/s as shown in Figure 4.13. The
height from which the stone is thrown is
45.0 m above the ground.
(A)How long does it take the stone to
reach the ground?
(B)What is the speed of the stone just
before it strikes the ground?
A long jumper leaves the ground at an
angle of 20.0° above the horizontal and
at a speed of 11.0 m/s.
(A) How far does he jump in the
horizontal direction?
(B) What is the maximum height
reached?
Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

If the car is moving on this path

with constant speed v, we call it
uniform circular motion.

The constant-magnitude velocity

vector is always tangent to the path
of the object and perpendicular to
the radius of the circular path.
Therefore, the direction of the
velocity vector is always changing
Thinker Bell

In the analysis model for a

particle in uniform circular
motion in what direction is the
acceleration directed to?
The acceleration vector in
uniform circular motion is
always perpendicular to the path
and always points toward the
center of the circle.
Magnitude of the Acceleration of a particle

An acceleration of this nature is

called a centripetal acceleration
(centripetal means center-
seeking). The subscript on the
acceleration symbol reminds us
that the acceleration is
centripetal
 Period T, which is defined as the
time interval required for one
Speed of a particle in a uniform complete revolution of the
circular motion is equal to the particle. In the time interval T,
circumference of the circular the particle moves a distance of
path divided by the period, or 2(pi)r, which is equal to the
circumference of the particle’s
circular path.
2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
𝑇
Angular speed 𝝎 of the particle, Relationship between angular
measured in radians/s or 𝑠 −1 speed and the translational
speed with which the particle
travels in the circular path:
Centripetal acceleration of a particle in uniform
circular motion in terms of angular speed
(A)What is the centripetal acceleration
of the Earth as it moves in its orbit
around the Sun?
(B)What is the angular speed of the
Earth in its orbit around the Sun?
(HINT: the period of the Earth’s orbit,
which we know is one year, and the
radius of the Earth’s orbit around the
Sun, which is 1.496 X 10^11 m
Tangential and Radial Acceleration
A particle moves to the right
along a curved path, and its
velocity changes both in
direction and in magnitude.
In this situation, the velocity
vector is always tangent to the
path; the acceleration vector 𝑎,Ԧ
however, is at some angle to the
path.
The radius of each circle is equal
to the path’s radius of
curvature at each point.
As the particle moves along the
curved path, the direction of the
total acceleration vector
𝑎Ԧ changes from point to point.
The total acceleration vector
𝑎Ԧ can be written as the vector
sum of the component vectors: a
radial component 𝑎𝑟 along the
radius of the circle and a
tangential component at
perpendicular to this radius. :
The tangential acceleration The radial acceleration
component causes a change in component arises from a change
the speed 𝑣 of the particle. This in direction of the velocity vector
component is parallel to the and is given by:
instantaneous velocity, and its
magnitude is given by:

The radial direction is the

direction that starts at the center
of a circle and goes directly
outwards. Since the centripetal
acceleration points inwards, we
give it a negative sign.
Because 𝑎𝑟 and 𝑎𝑡 are ➢At a given speed, 𝑎𝑟 is large
perpendicular component when the radius of curvature is
vectors of 𝑎,
Ԧ it follows that the small and small when r is large.
magnitude of 𝑎Ԧ is: ➢ The direction of 𝑎𝑡 is either in
the same direction as v (if v is
increasing) or opposite v (if v
is decreasing,)
A car leaves a stop sign and exhibits a
constant acceleration of 0.300 m/s2 parallel
to the roadway. The car passes over a rise in
the roadway such that the top of the rise is
shaped like an arc of a circle of radius 500
m. At the moment the car is at the top of the
rise, its velocity vector is horizontal and has
a magnitude of 6.00 m/s. What are the
magnitude and direction of the total
acceleration vector for the car at this
instant?
Relative Velocity and Relative
Acceleration
In this discussion of relative
velocity, we use a double-
subscript notation; the first
subscript represents what is
being observed, and the second
represents who is doing the
observing. Therefore, the
notation 𝑣𝐵𝐴 means the velocity
of observer B as measured by
observer A.
 define the time t=0 as the instant
at which the origins of the two
reference frames coincide in
space

where 𝑢𝑃𝐴 is the velocity of the

particle at P measured by observer
A and 𝑢𝑃𝐵 is its velocity measured
by B.
Galilean transformation That is, the acceleration of the
equations relate the position particle measured by an
and velocity of a particle as observer in one frame of
measured by observers in reference is the same as that
relative motion measured by any other observer
moving with constant velocity
relative to the first frame
A boat crossing a wide river
moves with a speed of 10.0
km/h relative to the water. The
water in the river has a uniform
speed of 5.00 km/h due east
relative to the Earth.
(A)If the boat heads due north,
determine the velocity of the
boat relative to an observer
standing on either bank
(B)If the boat travels with the
same speed of 10.0 km/h
relative to the river and is to
travel due north as shown in
Figure, what should its
heading be?