1a.electro Statics & Capacitors (1-35)

NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-II ELECTRO STATICS & CAPACITORS
ELECTRO STATICS & CAPACITORS

SYNOPSIS Ø The minimum charge possible is 1.6 ×10 −19 C .
Ø If a body possesses n1 protons and n2 electrons,
Charge and its properties
Ø Study of characteristics of electric charges at then net charge on it will be ( n1 −n 2 )e ,
rest is known as electrostatics.
i.e. n1 ( e ) + n2(− e) = ( n1 − n2 ) e
Ø Electric charge is the property associated with
a body or a particle due to which it is able to Law of conservation of charge
produce as well as experience the electric and Ø The total net charge of an isolated physical
magnetic effects. system always remains constant,
Ø Charge is a fundamental property of matter and i.e. q = q+ + q− = constant.
never found free.
Ø The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body Ø In every chemical or nuclear reaction, the total
gives the concept of charge. charge before and after the reaction remains
constant.
Ø There are two types of charges namely positive
and negative charges. Ø This law is applicable to all types of processes
Ø The deficiency of electrons in a body is known like nuclear, atomic, molecular and the like.
as positively charged body. Ø Charge is conserved. It can neither be created
Ø The excess of electrons in a body is known as nor destroyed. It can only be transferred from
negatively charged body. one object to the other.
Ø If a body gets positive charge, its mass slightly Ø Like charges repel each other and unlike charges
decreases. attract each other.
Ø If a body is given negative charge, its mass Ø Charge always resides on the outer surface of a
slightly increases. charged body. It accumulates more at sharp
Ø Charge is relativistically invariant, i.e. it does points.
not change with motion of charged particle and Ø The total charge on a body is algebric sum of
no change in it is possible, whatsover may be the charges located at different points on the body.
the circumstances. i.e. Ø Electrification: A body can be charged by
q static = qdynamic friction, conduction and induction.
Ø By Friction: When two bodies are rubbed
Ø Charge is a scalar. S.I. unit of charge is
coulomb(C). together, equal and opposite charges are
One electrostatic unit of charge produced on both the bodies.
Ø By Conduction: An uncharged body acquiring
1 charge when kept in contact with a charged body
(esu) = 9 coulomb.
3 ×10 is called conduction. Conduction preceeds
One electromagnetic unit of charge repulsion.
(emu) = 10coulomb Ø By Induction: If a charged body is brought
Ø Charge is a derived physical quantity with near a neutral body, the charged body will attract
dimensions [AT]. opposite charge and repel like charge present in
Quantization of Charge : The electric charge the neutral body. Opposite charge is induced at
is discrete. It has been verified by Millikan’s the near end and like charge at the farther end.
oil drop experiment. Inducing body neither gains nor loses charge.
Ø Charge is quantised. The charge on any body is Induction always preceeds attraction.
an integral multiple of the minimum charge or Ø Repulsion is the sure test of electrification.
electron charge, i.e if q is the charge then  1
Ø Induced charge q = −q 1 −  where K is
1
q = ± ne where n is an integer, and e is the  K
charge of electron = 1.6 ×10 −19 C . Dielectric constant
NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 1

ELECTRO STATICS & CAPACITORS NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-II
W.E-1: Can two similarly charged bodies attrack Relative permitivity of a medium is defined as
each other? the electrostatic force ( F0 ) between two charges
Sol: Yes, when the charge on one body (q1 ) is much in air to the force (F) between the same two
greater than that on the other (q2 ) and they are charges kept in the medium at same distance.
close enough to each other so that force of Dielectric constant (or) Relative permitivity
attraction between q1 and induced charge on the Pemitivityof themedium
other exceeds force of repulsion between q1 and K=
Permitivityof freespace
q2
It has no units and no dimesions
Coulomb’s Law: ‘The force of attraction or Hence, the mathematical form of inverse square
repusion between two stationary electric charges law is given as
is directly proportional to the product of
1 q1q2 1 1 q1q2
magnitude of the two charges and is inversely F= =
4π ∈ r K 4π ∈0 r
2 2
proportional to the square of the distance
between them and this force acts along the line For force or vacuum or air K=1 and for a good
joining those two charges’ conductor like metals, K = ∞
1 qq Conclusion : 1) The introduction of a glass
Ø F = 4π ∈ ∈ 1 2 2 slab between two charges will decrease the
0 r r magnitude of rorce between them.
∈0 - permittivity of free space or vacuum or air.. 2) The introduction of a metallic slab between two
charges will decrase the magnitude of force to
∈r - Relative permittivity or dielectric constant zero.
of the medium in which the charges are situated. Note:1 When the some charges are separated by the
C2 farad some distance in two different media,
Ø ∈0 = 8.857 ×10−12 2 or
, 1 1 q1q2
Nm metre F1 = 2 --------(1)
1 K1 4π ∈0 r
and = 9 × 109 N m2 / C 2
4π ∈0 1 1 q1q2
Permitivity of Medium: Permitivity is the and F2 = K 4π ∈ r 2 ------(2)
2 0
measure of degree of the medium which resist
the flow of charges from (1) and (2) ⇒ F1 K1 = F2 K2
In SI. for medium other than free space, the Note:2 When the same charges are separated by
different distance in the same medium
1
constant K0 =
1
so that we can write the Fd2 = constant (or) F1d12 = F2d 22
4π ∈
equation for the force between the charges as Note : 3 If different charges are at the same separation
F0 ∈ F 1 q11q12
F=
1 q1q2 ∴ = =∈r in a given medium =
4π ∈ r
2
F ∈ 0
F q1q2
Note : 4 If the force between two charges in two
∈r is known as the relative permitivity of the different media is the same for different
medium. It is a constant for a given medium and separations.
it charges separated by a medium decreases 1 1 q1q2
compared with the force between the same F= 2 = constant
charges in free space separated by the same K 4π ∈0 r
distance. Kr2 =constant or K1r12 = K 2 r22
Relative permitivity ∈r is also known as If the force between two charges separated by a
dielectric constant K of the medium or specific distance ' r0 ' in vacuum or air is same as the
inductive capacity. force between the same charges separated by a
Relative permitivity of a medium is defined as distance ‘r’ in a medium.
the ratio of permitivity of the medium to
r
permitivity of free space (or) air Kr 2 = r02 ⇒ r = 0
(or) K
2 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

Here K is dielectric constant of the medium. Forces between multiple charges :
The effective distance ‘r’ in medium for a Ø Force on a charged particle due to a number of
r0 point charges is the resultant of forces due to
distance r0 in vaccum = . individual point charges
K ur ur ur ur
Similarly, the effective distance in vaccum for a F = F1 + F 2 + F 3 + .....
dielectric slab of thickness ‘x ’ and dielectric W.E-2: Two point sized identical spheres carrying
constant K is xeff = f K charges q1 and q2 on them are seperated by a
Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form certain distance. The mutual force between
uur
r12 and uur uur
1 q1q2 $ them is F. These two are brought in contact
Ø F12 = F21 = − F12 and kept at the same separation. Now, the
4π ∈0 r2
2
F1 (q1 + q2 )
2
F21 F12 force between them is F 1 . Then = .

q1 q2 F 4q1q2
Here F12 is force exerted by q1 on q2 and F21 is Sol: When charges seperated by certain distance the
force is given by
force exerted by q2 on q1
1 q1q2
Ø Suppose the position vector of two charges q1 Then F = 4π ∈ r 2 ------------(1)
ur ur 0
and q2 are r1 and r2 , then electric force on When charges brought in contanct and kept at
charge q1 due to q2 is, the same distance the force is given by
uur q1q2 ur ur
( ) 1 ( q1 + q2 )
1 2
F1 = r −r
4 πε 0 r − rur 3 1 2
ur F =
1
----------(2)
1 2 4π ∈0 4r2
F 1 ( q1 + q2 )
Similarly, electric force on q2 due to charge q1 2
uur q1q2 ur ur from (1) and (2) ; ∴ =

is
F2 =
1
ur
4 πε 0 r − r
(
u
r 3 )
r2 − r1 F 4q1q2
2 1 W.E-3: Consider three charges q1,q2 and q3 each
Here q1 and q2 are to be substitued with sign. equal to q at the vertices of an equilateral
ur ur triangle of side ‘ l ’ what is the force on any
r1 = x 1i + y 1j + z 1k and r2 = x 2i + y 2 j + z 2k where
charge due to remaining charges.
( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z 2 ) are the co- Sol : The forces acting on the charge ‘q’ are
ordinates of charges q1 and q2 . θ
Limitations of Colulomb’s Law q
Ø Coulomb’s law holds for stationary charges only
which are point sized.
This law is valid for all types of charge q q
distributions.
This law is valid at distances greater than 1 q2
F1 =
10−15 m . 4π ∈0 l 2
This law obeys Newton’s third law.
1 q2
This law represents central forces. F2 =
This law is analogous to Newton law of 4π ∈0 l 2
gravitation in mechanics. r r
Ø The electric force is an action reaction pair, i.e clearly F1 = F2 = F
the two charges exert equal and opposite forces The resultant force is
on each other.
Ø The electric force is conservative in nature. F 1 = F 2 + F 2 + 2 FF cos600
Ø Coulomb force is central.
Ø 1 q2
Coulomb force is much stronger than = 3F = 3
4π ∈0 l 2
(
gravitational force. 10 Fg = FE
36
)
W.E-4: A particle of mass ‘m’ carrying a charge Let v is the volume of each ball, then mass of
− q1 is moving around a fixed charge + q2 each ball is m = ρ v ; When balls are in air
along a circular path of radius ' r ' find time T cos θ = mg ; T sinθ = F
period of revolution of charge q1 F = mg tan θ = ρ vg tan θ ---------(1)
Sol: Electrostatic force on -q1 to +q 2 will provide When balls are suspended in liquid. The
the necessary centripetal force
F
coulumbic force is reduced to F =
1
K q1q2 mv 2 K q1 q2 and
Hence = ; v= K
r2 r mr apparent weight = weight - upthrust ;
2π r 16π 3 ∈0 mr 3 W 1 = ρ vg − σ vg
T= =
v q1q2 According to the problem, angle θ is
uncharged-Therefore
W.E-5: Two identical small charged spheres each
having a mass ‘m’ hang in equilibrium as F 1 = W 1 tan θ = ( ρ vg − σ vg ) tan θ ------(2)
shown in fig. The length of each string is ' l ' F ρ
and the angle made by any string with vertical From (1) and (2) ; =K=
is θ .Find the magnitude of the charge on each F 1
ρ −σ
sphere. Test charge: That small positive charge, which
So l :The forces acting on the sphere are tension in does not influence the other charges and by the
the string T, force of gravity ‘mg’ and repulsice help of which we determine the effect of other
charges, is defined as test charge.
force Fe.
l
θ θ
l Linear charge density ( λ ) is defined as the
T cos θ = mg ----(1) T T T cosθ charge per unit length.
2
Kq T sinθ
T sin θ = Fe = 2 ---(2)
F F dq
x λ=
r W W dl
From (1) and (2)
Kq 2 where dq is the charge on an infinitesimal length
F e = m g tan θ ; = mg tan θ dl.
r2
1 q2 Units of λ are Coulomb / meter (C/m)
from fig r = 2l sinθ ; 4π ∈ 2l sinθ 2 = mg tan θ
0 ( ) Examples:-Charged straight wire, circular
charged ring
q = 16π ∈0 l 2mg tan θ sin2 θ Surface charge density (σ ) is defined as the
W.E-6: Two identical balls each having density charge per unit area.
ρ are suspended from a common point by
two insulating strings of equal length Both dq
σ =
the balls have equal mass and charge. In ds
equilibrium, each string makes an angle θ where dq is the charge on an infinitesimal surface
with the vertical. Now both the ball are area ds. Units of σ are coulomb / meter 2 (C /
immersed in a liquid. As a result, the angle θ
does not change. The density of the liquid is m2 ) .
σ . Find the dielectric constant of the liquid. Examples:-Plane sheet of charge, conducting
Sol: sphere.
Volume charge density ( ρ ) is defined as charge
l l l l
θ θ θ θ per unit volume.
T T T cosθ T T T cosθ + σVg
dq
F T sin θ F F T sinθ F ρ=
x x
dv
W air W W Liquid W where dq is the charge on an infinitesimal volume

element dv. Units of ( ρ ) are coulomb / meter 3

W.E-8: A thin fixed ring of radius ‘a’ has a
positive charge ‘q’ uniformly distributed over
(C/ m 3 ) it. A particle of mass ‘m’ having a negative
Examples:- Charge on a dielectric sphere etc., charge ‘Q’ is placed on the axis at a distance
Ø Charge given to a conductor always resides on
of x ( x << a ) from the centre of the ring.
its outer surface.
Ø If surface is uniform then the charge distributes Show that the motion of the negatively
uniformly on the surface. charged particle is approximately simple
Ø In conductors having nonspherical surfaces, the harmonic. Calculate the time period of
oscillation.
surface charge density (σ ) will be larger when Sol: The force on the point charge Q due to the element
the radius of curvature is small dq of the ring is
Ø The working of lightening conductor is based 1 dqQ
on leakage of charge through sharp point due to dF = along AB
4π ∈0 r
2
high surface charge density.
W.E-7: A ring of radius R is with a uniformly For every element of the ring, there is
distributed charge Q on it. A charge q is now symmetrically situated diametrically opposite
placed at the centre of the ring. Find the element, the components of forces along the axis
increment in tension in the ring will add up while those perpendicular to it will
Sol: Consider an element of the ring. Its enlarged view cancel each other. Hence, net force on the charge
is as shown. For equilibrium of this segment, −Q is -ve sign shows that this force will be
we can write. towards the centre of ring.
F
F = ∫ dF cos θ = cos θ ∫ dF
Q x 1  Qdq 
= ∫  − r 2 
dθ
dθ/2 dθ/2 r 4π ∈0
q ∆T ∆T
so,
dθ
1 1 Qqx
q F =−
Qx ∫ dq = − 4π ∈ 3
 dθ 
4π ∈0 3
r
0
(a 2
+x
2
) 2 ----(1)
F = 2 ∆T sin  
 2 
(as r = ( a 2 + x 2 ) 2 and r = ( a 2 + x 2 ) 2 )
1 1
Here F is the repulsive force between q and

elemental charge dQ As the restoring force is not linear, the motion
 Q  will be oscillatory. However, if x << a , then
Q dQ = 2π R ( Rdθ ) 
  F =−
1 Qq
x = −kx
4π ∈0 a
3
The electric outward force on element is
1 qdQ
F= Qq
4π ∈0 R
2
with k = 4π ∈ a3
0
From the above three equations, we can write i.e., the restoring force will become linear and
1 q QRdθ  dθ  so the motion is simple harmonic with time
= 2 ∆T  
4π ∈0 R 2π R
2
 2  period
(Q sinα = α for smallangle ) T=

2π
= 2π
m
= 2π
4π ∈0 ma 3
ω k qQ

W.E-9: A point charge q is situated at a distance Electric Field: The space around electric
‘r’ from one end of a thin conducting rod of charge upto which its influence is felt is known
length L having a charge Q (uniformly as electric field.
distributed a long its length). find the Ø Electric field is a conservative field.
magnitude of electric force between the two. Intensity of Electric Field: The intensity of
L r electric field or electric field strength E at a point
Sol: dE in space is defined as the force experienced by
P unit positive test charge placed at that point”.
dx x
Consider a small element of the rod of length The intensity of electric field is also ofted called
dx, at a distance ‘x’ from the point charge q. as electric field strength.
Trating the element as a point charge, the force Consider an electric field in a given region.
between ‘q’ and charge element will be Bring a charge q0 to a given point in that field
without disturbing any other charge that has
1 qdQ Q
dF = ; But, dQ = dx produced the field.
4π ∈0 x
2
L r
Let F be the electric force experienced by q0
1 qQdx
So, dF = 4π ∈ Lx 2
and it is found to be proportional to q0
r r r r r
∝ ⇒ = Eq0 . Here
0
F F q0 F E is
1 qQ r + L dx
F = ∫ dF =
4π ∈0 L ∫r x
2
proportionality constant called electric field
strength
r
1 qQ  1 r+ L 1 1 1  r F
= −  = − E=

4π ∈0 L  x  r 4π ∈0  r r + L 
 q0
Electric field strength is a vector quantity. Its
1 qQ
F= direction is the direction along which a free
4π ∈0 r ( r + L ) positive charge experiences the force in the
Lines of Force: Line of force is an imaginary electric field.
path along which a unit +ve test charge would The S.I unit of elctric field strength is newton
tend to move in an electric field. per coulomb (NC-1). It can also be expressed in
Ø Lines of force start from +ve charge and end at volt per metre (Vm-1).
–ve charge. Electric field internsity due to an isolated
Ø Lines of force in the case of isolated +ve charge point charge : Consider a point charge ‘Q’
are radially outwards and in the case of isolated placed at point A as shown. Let us find the
–ve charge are radially inwards. r
electric field E at a point P at a distance ‘r’’
Ø The tangent at any point to the curve gives the
from charge Q. Imagine a positive test charge
direction of electric field at that point. r
Ø Lines of force do not intersect. q0 P. The charge Q produces a field E at P..
Ø Lines of force tend to contract longitudinally q0
and expand laterally. Q
The force applied by Q and q0 is given by

1 Qq0
F= 2 . This acts along Ap.
4π ∈0 r
(A) Radially outward (B) Radially inward According to definition
r F r 1 Q
E= ⇒ E= rˆ
4π ∈0 r
2
q0
+ – + +
If ‘q’ is positive, E is along AP and if ‘q’ is
negative E will be along PA .
(C) (D)

If the charge ‘q’ is in a medium of p is in medium position resultant electric field intensity
of permititivity ε , and dielectric constnat K, ur ur ur ur
E = E1 + E2 + E3 + ....
 ε  Ø If q0 is positive charge then the force acting on it
 K =  the intensity of electic field in a
 ε0  is in the direction of the field.
medium (Emed) is given by Ø If q0 is negative then the direction of this force
1 Q E freespace is opposite of the field direction.
Emed = ∴ Emec =
4πε r
2
K E E
NULL POINT OR NEUTRAL POINT +
In the case of a system of charges if the net F = Eq F = − Eq
electric field is zero at a point, it is knwon as Motion of a charged particle in a uniform
null point. electric field :
Application : Two point (like) charge q1 and a) A charged body of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is
q2 are separated by a distance ‘r’ and fixed, We initially at rest in a uniform electric field of
can locate the point on the line joining those intensity E. The force acting on it, F = Eq .
charges where resultant or net field is zero. Ø Here the direction of F is in the direction of field
Case 1: If the charges are like, the neutral point will if ‘q’ is + ve and opposite to the field if ‘q’ is
be between the charges. − ve .
x (r – x) Ø The body travels in a straight line path with
q1 q2
r F Eq
Let P be the null point where Enet = 0 uniform acceleration, a = = , initial
r r m m
⇒ E1 + E2 = 0 (due to those charges) velocity, u = 0 .
r r At an instant of time t.
or E1 = − E2 and E1 = E2
 Eq 
1 q1 1 q2 Its final velocity, v = u + at =  t
⇒ =  m 
4π ∈0 x 4π ∈0 ( r − x )
2 2
1 2 1  Eq  2
q1 q2 Displacement s = ut + at =  t
2 2 m 
or x 2 = ( r − x ) 2
Momentum, P = mv = ( Eq ) t
r Kinetic energy,
x=
on solving we get q2
+1
1 2 1  E2q2  2
K .E = mv =  t
q1 2 2 m 
Case 2 : If the charges are unlike, the neutral point Ø When a charged particle enters perpendicularly
will be outside the charge on the lime joining into a uniform electric field of intensity E with a
them. velocity ‘v’ then it describes parabolic path as
r shown in figure.
q1 q2 x
+ + + + + +
q1 q2
In this case x 2 = ( r + x )2 u
+
q
y
r
x=
q2
On solving we get −1 x
q1
Ø Along the horizontal direction, there is no
Ø If instead of a single charge, field is produced
acceleration and hence x = ut .
by no.of charges, by the principle of super Along the vertical direction, acceleration

F Eq Oblique projection of charged particle in

a= = (here gravitational force is not an uniform elctric field (Neglecting
m m
considered) gravitational force) : Consider a uniform
electric field E in space along Y-axis. A negative
1  Eq  2
Hence vertical displacement, y =  t charged particle of mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ be
2 m  projected in the XY plane from a point ‘O’ with
1  qE   x 
2 a velocity u making an angle θ with the X-axis.
 qE  2
y=    =  2 
x (Neglecting gracitational force).
2  m  u   2mu 
Ø At any instant of time t, horizontal component Ej
of velocity, v x = u
u
Ø vertical componet of velocity
θ
 Eq 
v y = at =  t O
x
 m  Initial velocity of the particle is
r
E q t 2 2 2
u = u cos θ iˆ + u sin θ ˆj
∴ v = v = v x2 + v y2 = u 2 +
m2 Force acting on the particle is
r r
Ø Two charges +Q each are separated by a F = qE (along-ve Y axis)
distance 'd'. The intensity of electric field at
r qE ˆ
the mid point of the line joining the charges is a =− j
zero. m
W.E-10 : Two charges +Q each are placed at the Velocity of the particle after time ‘t’ is
r r r r
v = u + at ; v = u cos θ iˆ + ( u sin θ − at ) ˆj
two vertices of an equilateral triangle of side
a. The intensity of electric field at the third
vertex is If the point of projection is taken as origin, its
E θ E position vector after time ‘t’ is
Sol: r
r = xiˆ + yjˆ where x=(ucos θ ) t
E1 = E 2 + E 2 + 2 EEC os θ a a
1
= 2E + 2 E Cosθ
2 2 y = ( u sin θ ) t − at 2
2
= 2E 2 (1 + cos θ ) +Q a +Q If the charged particle is projected along the x-
θ 1 Q axis, then θ = 0 0
= 2 ECos ; E= 3 4π ∈ a 2
2 0 Eq ˆ
W.E-11: Two charges +Q, -Q are placed at the ⇒ v = uiˆ − tj
m
two vertices of an equilateral triangle of side
1 Eq 2
‘a’, then the intensity of electric field at the Here x = ut and y = t
third vertex is 2 m
θ Direction of motion of particle after time ‘t’
Sol :E1 = 2E cos = E ( θ = 1200 ) makes an angle α with x-axis, where
2
Eqt
E tan α =
mu
120° Ø A charged particle of charge ±Q is projected
a E with an initial velocity u in a vertically upward
a electric field making an angle θ to the horizontal.
+Q a –Q Then
If gravitational force is considered
r
Net force mgr m F = mg m Eq
1 Q
E1 = 4 π ∈ a 2 .
0

Eq Ø A sphere is given a charge of 'Q' and is

Net acceleration = g m suspended in a horizontal electric field. The
m angle made by the string with the vertical is,
The negative sign is used when electric field is
 EQ 
in upward direction where as positive sign is θ = t a n −1  
 mg 
used when electric field is in downward
direction for positively charged projected Ø The tension in the string is ( E Q ) + (m g )
2 2
particle. Hence effective acceleration

2u sinθ 2
a. Time of flight = F  Eq 
gm
EQ geff = = g 2 +  
m m m 
u 2 sin 2 θ ∴ Time period of oscillation is given by
b. Maximum height =
 EQ 
2 g m  l 1
 m  T = 2π = 2π
g eff  Eq 
2
u2 sin2θ g +2
c. Range = 
gm
EQ  m
m
W.E-12: An infinite number of charges each ‘q’
Ø Intensity of electric field inside a charged hollow
are placed in the x-axis at distances of
conducting sphere is zero.
1,2,4,8...meter from the origin. If the charges
Ø A hollow sphere of radius r is given a charge Q.
are alternately positive and negative find the
Intensity of electric field at any point inside it is
intensity of electric field at origin.
zero.
Sol: The electric field intensities due to positive
Intensity of electric field on the surface of the
charges and due to -ve charges the field intensity
Q is towards the charges
1 Q E4
sphere is 4π ∈ r 2 r
0
E1 E2
Intensity of electric field at any point outside the E3

sphere is (at a distance 'x' from the centre) q −q +q −q
Q
1 Q x=0 x=1 x=2 x=4 x=8
4π ∈0 x 2 x
The resultant intensity at the origin
Time period of oscillation of a charged body E = E1 + E3 − E4 − − − − −
Ø The bob of a simple pendulum is given a +ve
Q  1 1 1 
charge and it is made to oscillate in a vertically E= 1 − 2 + 2 − 2 + ........ 
upward electric field, then the time period of 4π ∈0  2 4 8 
Since the expression in the bracket is in GP with
T E
2π
l −1 −1
oscillation is EQ a common ratio = = 2 =
g− 2 4
m
mg
Q 1 Q 4
Ø In the above case, if the bob is given a -ve charge E= =
4π ∈0   −1   4π ∈0 5
2π
l 1 −  4  
then the time period is given by EQ   
g+
m
4 Q
E=
T E 5 4π ∈0
Q
E=
mg 5π ∈0

W.E-13: A point mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is

connected with a spring of negligible mass R
with natural length L., Initially spring is in E
natural length. Now a horizontal uniform m q
electric field E is switched on as shown. Find
L
a) The maximum separation between the mass
and the wall mg
b) Find the separation of the point mass and As collision with the wall is perfectly elastic,
wall at the equilibrium position of mass the block will rebound with same speed and as
c) Find the energy stored in the spring at the now is motion is oppisite to the acceleration,, it
equilibrium position of the point mass. will come to rest after travelling same distance
L in same time t. After stopping it will beagain
E
accelerated towards the wall and so the block
wall
m K will execute oscillatory motion with ‘spain’ L
q and time period
2mL
T = 2t =
L qE
Sol: At maximum separation, velocity of point mass However, as the restoring force F(=qE) when
is zero. From work energy theorem, the block is moving away from the wall is
Wspring + W field = 0 constance and not proportional to displacement
x, the motion is not simple harmonic.
1 2
qEx0 − kx0 = 0 (x0 is maximum elongation) W.E-15: Six charges are placed at the vertices of
2 a regular hexagon as shown in thg figure.
2qE 2qE The electric field on the line passing through
⇒ x0 = ; ∴ separation = L + point O and perpendicular to the plane of the
K k
b) At equilibrium position. figure at a distance of x ( >> a ) from O is
qE a
Eq Eq = kx ⇒ x = +Q –Q
k
qE
⇒ separation = L + +Q O –Q
k
2
1 2 1  qE  q2 E2
c) U = kx = k   = +Q –Q
2 2  k  2k
Sol: This is basically a problem of finding the electric
W.E-14: A block having mass ’m’ ad carge ‘q’ is field due to three dipoles. The dipole moment
resting on a frctionless plane at distance L
of each dipole is P = Q ( 2a )
from the wall as shown inf fig. Discuss the
motion of the block when a uniform electric KP
field E is applied horizontally towards the wall Electric field due to each dipole will be E = 3
x
assuming that collision of the block with the The direction of electric field due to each dipole
wall is perfectly elastic. is as shown below:
Sol: The situation is shown in fig. Electric forece
r r Enet = E + 2E cos600 = 2E
F = qE will accelerate the block towards the
a
wall producing an acceleration +Q –Q
F qE 1 2
a= = L = at
E
m m 2  1   2Qa  Qa 60°
= 2  3  =
+Q E –Q
2L 2 mL  4πε 0  x  πε 0 x 3 60°
i.e., t = = E
a qE +Q –Q

W.E-16: The field lines for two point charges are Consider a polar segment on arc of angular width
dθ at an angle θ from the angular bisector XY
as shown. The length of elemental segment is
Rd θ . The charge on this element dq is
A D B C E Q
shown in fig. dq = dθ
φ
Due to this dq, electric field at centre of arc C is
i. Is the field uniform? given as
ii. Datermine the ratio q A / qB . dq
dE =
4πε 0 R
2
iii. What are teh sing of q A and q B ?
The electric field component dE to this segment
iv. If q A and q B are separated by a distance
dE sin θ which is perpendicular to the angle
10 ( )
2 − 1 cm, find the position of neutral bisector gets cancelled out on integration.
The net electric field at centre will be along angle
point. bisector which can be calculated by integrating
Sol: i. No
ii. Number of lines coming from or coming to a dEcos θ within limits from −φ / 2 to φ / 2
charge is proportional to magnitude of charge, Hence net elctric field strength at centre C is
qA 12 Ec = ∫ dE cos θ
so q = 6 = 2 φ/2
B Q
iii. q A is positive and q B is negative
= ∫ 4πε 0φ R 2
cos θ dθ
−φ / 2
iv. C is the other neutral point. φ/2
Q
v. For neutral point EA = EB =
4πε 0 R 2φ ∫ cos θ dθ
1 qA 1 qB −φ / 2
=
4πε 0 (1 + x ) 4πε 0 x
2 2
Q
2 [
sin θ ]−φ /2
φ /2
=
EB 4πε 0 R φ
A B EA Q
2 [
l C sin φ / 2 + sin φ / 2]
2 4πε 0 R φ
 l + x  qA
 x  = q = 2 ⇒ x = 10 cm 2Q sin (φ / 2)
  B Ec =
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH DUE TO A 4πε 0R 2φ
CHARGED CIRCULAR ARC AT ITS for a semi circular ring φ = π . So at centre
CENTRE 2Q sin (φ / 2 ) 2Q sin ( π / 2 ) 2Q
W.E-17. Consider a circular arc of radius R which Ec = = = 2
4πε 0 R φ 4πε0 R π 4π ε0 R 2
2 2
subtends an angle φ at its centre. Let us ElECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH DUE TO A

calculate the electric field strength at C. UNIFORMLY CHARGED ROD
+ + + At an axial point :
X +
+ L
+
+ θ dθ
R P
+
+ φ + + + + + + + ++ r
Sol: R C Consider a rod of length L, uniformly charged
Y with a charge Q. To calculate the electric field
dEsinθ θ strength at a pont P situated at a distance ‘r’ from
dEcosθ
dE one end of the rod, consider an element of length
dx on the rod as shown in the figure.

L +
L
2
r Qr dx
Ep = ∫
dE 4πε 0 L (r + x2 )
3/2
2
P −
L
dx x 2
Q x
Charge on the elemental length dx is dq = dx From the diagram tan θ =
L r
dq Qdx x = r tan θ ; On differentiation; dx = r sec2 θ dθ
dE = =
4πε 0 x 4πε 0 Lx
2 2
Qr r sec2 θ dθ Q r sec 2 dθ
4πε 0 L ∫ r 3 sec 3 θ 4πε 0 Lr ∫ r 3 sec 3 θ
The net electric field at point P can be given by Ep = ; =
integrating this expression over the length of the
Q Q
rod.
= ∫ cos θ dθ = [ sinθ ]
r+ L
Q Q r+ L
1 4πε 0 Lr 4πε 0 Lr
E p = ∫ dE = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
Lx 4πε 0 4πε 0 L
2
x2 −1 x −1 x
Substituting θ = tan r = sin
r r
r+L x +r2
2
Q  −1 
Ep =
4πε 0 L  x  r  
 L 
Q 1 1  Q Q  x  =
Q  1 2

Ep =  −  = EP =  2 2 ;
4πε 0 L  r r + L  4π ∈0 r ( r + L ) 4πε 0 L  x + r  − L 4πε 0 r  L2 
 + r2 
At an equatorial point : To find the electric
2
 4 
field due to a rod at a point P situated at a
Q  2 
distance ‘r’ from its centre on its equatorial line Ep =  2 
dE dE cosθ 4π ∈0 r  L + 4r  2
θ
P ELECTRIC FIELD DUE TO A UNIFORMLY
P CHARGED RING :
dE sinθ
r θ
r The intensity of electric field at a distance
+ + + + + + + + +++ + + + +
dx
‘x’ meters from the centre along the axis:
L Consider a circular ring of radius ‘a’ having a
(a) charge ‘q’ uniformly distributed over it as shown
(b)
in figure. Let ‘O’ be the cetnre of the ring .
Consider an element of length dx at a distance A
‘x’ from centre of rod as in figure (b). Charge on dx
Q a (x, 0) dE2
the element is dq = dx . O
θ
θ p X
L x dE1
The strength of electric field at P due to this point
dx B
charge dq is dE.
dq Consider an element dx of the ring at point A.
⇒ dE = The charge on this element is given by
4πε 0 ( r + x )
2 2
q qdx
The component dEsin θ will get cancelled and dq = dx × charge density dq = dx =
2π a 2π a
net electric field at point P will be due to a) The intensity of electric field dE1 at point P due
integration of dE cos θ only..
to the element dx at A is given by
Net electric field strength at point P can be given
as 1 dq
dE1 =
4πε 0 r
2
L
+
2
Qdx r 1
E p = ∫ dE cos θ = ∫ L (r × × The direction of dE1 is as shown in figure. The
+x ) r 2 + x 2 4πε 0
2 2
−
L component of intensity along x-axis will be
2

1 dq Let us find electric field strength due to this disc

cos θ = dE1 cos θ at a distance ‘x’ from the centre of disc on its
4πε 0 r
2
axis at point P as shown in figure.
The component of intensity along y-axis will be Consider an elemental ring of radius ‘y’ and
1 dq width dy in the disc as shown in figure. The
sin θ = dE1 sin θ charge on this elemental ring dq can be given as
4πε 0 r
2
dq = σ 2π ydy
Similarly if we consider an element dx of the
ring opposite to A which lies at B, the component {Area of elemental ring ds= dy = 2π ydy }
of intensity perpendicular to the axis will be dy
equal and opposite perpendicular to the axis will P
be equal and opposite to the component of x dE
intensity perpendicular to the axis due to element
at A. Hence they cancel each other. Due to
symmetry of ring the component of intensity due Electirc field strength due to a ring of radius Y,
to all elements of the ring perpendicular to the charge Q at a distance x from its centre on its
axis will cancel. axis can be given as
So the resultant intensity is only along the axis Qx
of the ring. The resultant intensity is given by E=
4πε 0 ( x 2 + y 2 )
3/2
1 dq
E=∫ cos θ Due to the lemental ring electric field strength
4πε 0 r
2
dE at point P can be given as

1 qdx x σ 2 yπ dyx
E= ∫
4πε 0 2π ar r
2
× (where cos θ = x / r ) dE =
xdq
=
4πε 0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 4πε 0 ( x 2 + y 2 )
3/2 3/2
1 qx 1
E= ×
4πε 0 ( 2π a )
× ∫ dx Net electric field at point P due to whole disc is
(a )
3
2
+x 2 2 given by integrating above expression within the
limits from 0 to R
∴ r 3 = ( a 2 + x 2 )3 / 2  R
σ 2π xydy
  E = ∫ dE = ∫
4πε 0 ( x 2 + y 2 )
3/2
0
1 qx 1
E= × 2π a
4πε 0 2π a ( a 2 + x2 )
3/2 R
σπ x 2σπ x  −1 
R
2 ydy
= ∫ =  
4πε 0 (x + y2) 4πε 0  x 2 + y 2 
3/2
1 qx 2
E= 0
0
4πε 0 ( a 2 + x 2 )
3/2
σ  x 
At its centre x = 0 E= 1 − 2 
∴ Electric field at centre is zero. 2ε 0  x +R 2
By symmetry we can say that electric field Electric field strength due to a uniformly charged
strength at centre due to every small segment on disc at a distance x from its surface is given as
ring is cancelled by the electric field at centre σ  x 
due to the element exactly opposite to it. As in E= 1 − 2 
the figure the electric field at centre due to 2ε 0  x +R 
2
segment A is cancelled by that due to segment B. σ

Thus net electric field strength at the centre of a If we put x = 0 we get E = 2ε
uniformly charged ring is Ecentre = 0 . 0
Electric dipole: A system of two equal and

ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH DUE TO A opposite point chargesfixed at a small distance
UNIFORMLY SURFACE CHARGED DISC constitutes an electric dipole. Electric dipole is
Consider a disc of radius R, charged on its analogous to bar magnet or magnetic dipole in
surface with a charge density σ . magnetism. Every dipole has a characteristic
property called dipole moment, which is similar Field at a point on the axial line : ( θ = 00 )
to magnetic moment of a bar magnet. If 2a is the 2p
E axial =
4 pe0 r 3
distance between the charges +q and –q, then
electric dipole moment is p = q.2a.
Field at a point on the equitorial line (θ = 900 )
2a
p
E equitorial =
4p e 0r 3
–q P +q
Dipole moment is a vector quantity and its The direction of E at any point is given by
direction is from negative charge to positive
psin q
charge as shown.
Eq 4pe0 r 3
ELECTRIC FIELD AT ANY POINT DUE tan f = = 1
TO A DIPOLE : We know that the electric Er 2pcos q Þ tan f = tan q
2
field is the -ve gradiant of potential. In polar 4pe0 r 3
form if V is the potential at ( r,?) the electric φ = tan −1 [1/2tan θ ]
field will have two components radial and Note : Electric dipole placed in an uniform electric
transverse components which are represented field experiences torque is given by
by Er & E? respectively..
τ = pEsin θ in vector form τ = p × E
E
Er
Eθ φ +q qE
P
θ 2a sinθ
qE –q
E
θ
–q O +q The torque on the dipole tends to align the dipole
æ ¶V ö pcos q ¶ æç 1 ö÷
along the direction of electric field.
Then E r = -ççç ÷÷÷ = - ç ÷ The net force experienced by it is zero.
è ¶r ø 4pe0 ¶r èç r 2 ø÷ Note : The potential energy of dipole in an electric
 ∂V  field is
E r = − ∂ r 
2pcos q 
V1 V2
Er = 
4 p e0r 3  1  ∂ V  
E θ = − r  ∂θ   +q
  θ
The tranverse component of electric field
1 æ psin q ö÷
–q
=- ççç-
1 ∂V ÷
r è 4 pe0 r 2 ø÷÷
Eθ = − E
r ∂θ 2a sinθ
psin q U= – pE cos ? .
r ur
Eq = In vector form U = - p.E
4 p e0r 3
if q = 0o ; t = 0 and U = -pE
E = E2θ + E2R if q = 90o ; t = pE and U = 0
if q = 180o ; t = 0 and U = pE
p2 sin2 q 4p2 cos 2 q r r
E= + So, if p is parallel to E then, potential energy
(4pe r )
0
3 2
(4pe r ) 0
3 2
is minimum and torque on the dipole is zero,
and the dipole will in stable equilibrium.
E=
p
4cos2 q +sin2 q r r
4pe0 r3 If p is anti parallel to E then, potential energy
ÞE=
p é1 + 3cos 2 qùú is maximum and again torque is zero, but it is in
4pe0r 3 êë û unstable equilibrium

Note : Work done in rotating a dipole in electric W.E-18: An electric dipole of dipole moment p is
field from an initial angle ?1 with field to final kept at a distance r from an infinite long
charged wire of linear charge density λ as
angle ? 2 with field is shown. Find the force acting on the dipole ?
W = pE(cos q1 -cos q2 )
Note : Force on dipole in non-uniform electric field:
The force on the dipole due to electric field is + P
+
given by F =−∆ U (Force = negative potential + r
energy gradient). +
If the electric field is along rr , we can write
+
ur d r ur
F = - (p.E)
r dr ur
S ol :Field intensity at a distance r from the line of
If p a n d E are along the same direction we can λ
ur -d E=
æ dE ö charge is 2 π ∈0 r
write F = (pEcos q) or F = -p çç ÷÷ .
dr ÷
èç dr ø dE
OSCILLATORY MOTION OF DIPOLE The force on the dipole is F = -p dr
IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD é -l ù
= -p êê ú = pl
2ú
When dipole is displaced from its position of
êë 2p Î0 r úû 2p Î0 r 2
equilibrium. The dipole will then experience a
torque given by τ = − pE sin θ Here the net force on dipole due to the wire will
be attractive.
For small value of θ , τ = − pEθ ----------(1) DISTRIBUTED DIPOLE: Consider a half
Where negative sign shows that torque is acting ring with a charge +q uniformly distributed and
against increasing value of θ another equal negative charge –q placed at its
Also, τ = Iα , centre. Here –q is point charge while +q is
Where, I = moment of inertia and distributed on the ring. Such a system is called
α = angular acceleration. distributed dipole.
d 2θ
+q dq
=
dθ  τ = I d θ ---------(ii)
2 =
dt 2  ω =
R
dθ
 dt 2
–q R –d
 dt  2qR
Hence, from eqs (i) and (ii), we have The net dipole moment is pnet =
π
d 2θ d 2θ − pE d 2θ f/2
I = − pEθ = θ ∝ −θ
ò
or ----(iii); 2qR
dt 2 dt 2 I dt 2 If θ = φ p net = 2 dpcos q ; = sin φ / 2
This equation represents simple harmonic motion π
0
(SHM). when dipole is displaced from its mean If the arrangement is a complete circle,
position by small angle, then it will have SHM.
φ
d 2θ pE = π Þ pnet = 0 .
Eq (iii) can be written as + θ =0 2
dt 2 I FORCE BETWEEN TWO SHORT
On comparing above equation with standard DIPOLES Consider two short dipoles
equation of SHM. seperated by a distance r. There are two
dθ 2
pE pE possibilities.
2
+ ω 2 y = 0 , we have ; ω 2 = ⇒ω = a) If the dipoles are parallel to each other.
dt I I
I
T = 2π , where T is the time period of r
pE P1 P2
oscillations. E2 E1

Intensity of electric field at a point P that lies on the

1 3p1p2
F = 4p Î axis of the ring at a distance x from its centre is
0 r4 1 qx
Asuurthe force E=
uur is positive, it is repulsive. Similarly 4 πε 0
(x )
3
if p1 || -p2 the force is attractive.
2
+ R2 2
b) If the dipoles are on the same axis

 x 
P1 P2 where cos θ = 2 2 
 a + x 
E2 E1
r Where R is the radius of the ring. From the above

1 6 p1 p2 expression E = 0 at the centre of the ring.
F = - 4p Î dE
0 r4 E will be maximum when =0.
dx
As the force is negative, it is attractive.
Differentating E w.r.t x and putting it equal to
Quadrapole: We have discussed about
R
elecric dipole with two equal and unlike point zero we get x= and
charges separated by a small distance. But in 2
some cases the two charges are not concentrated 2  1 q 
Emax =
at its ends. (Like in water molecule) consider a 3 3  4 πε 0 R 2 
situation as shown in the figure. Here three
Electric field due to a Charged Spherical
charges –2q, q and q are arranged as shown. It
Conductor (Spherical Shell )
can be visualised as the combination of two
‘q’ amount of charge be uniformly distributed
dipoles each of dipole moment p = qd at an angle
over a spherical shell of radius ‘R’
θ between them. The arrangment of two electric
q
dipoles are called quadrapole. As dipole moment σ = Surface charge density, σ =
4π R
2
is a vector the resultant dipole moment of the
system is p | = 2pcos q / 2 . Ø When point ‘P’ lies outside the shell :
q q 1 q
–q E= × 2
–2q θ = θ 4π ∈0 r
–q
Ø This is the same expression as obtained for
q q electric field at a point due to a point charge.
Few other quadrapoles are also as shown in the Hence a charged spherical shell behave as a
following figures. point charge concentrated at the centre of it.
+q
1 σ .4π R2 σ .R 2
+q
q
E= Q σ = ; E =
–2q 4π ∈0 r2 4π r 2 ∈0 r 2
–2q +q
σ
+q When point ‘P’ lies on the shell : E = ∈
0
–q +q
–q 2q –q
When Point ‘P’ lies inside the shell: E = 0
+q –q 1
E∝
Electric filed at the axis of a circular E↑ r2
uniformly charged ring
dq dE sinθ
r1 = R
a 2 + x2 dE
a θ θ dE cosθ
y
→ Distance from the centre
Q
θ θ dE cosθ x Note : The field inside the cavity is always zero this
dE
dE sinθ
is known as elctro static shielding

Electric filed due to a Uniformly Ø +vely charged body is considered to be at higher
charged non – conducting sphere potential and -vely charged body is considered
to be at lower potential.
Electric field intensity due to a uniformly Ø Electric potential at a point is a relative value
charged non-conducting sphere of charge Q, but not an absolute value.
of radius R at a distance r from the centre of Ø Potential at a point due to a point charge
the sphere
1 Q
q is the amount of charge be uniformly =
4π ∈0 r
distributed over a solid sphere of radius R.
Ø Potential due to a group of charges is the
q
ρ= algebraic sum of their individual potentials.
ρ = Volume charge density 4 3
πR i.e. V = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . . . .
3
Ø Two charges +Q and -Q are separated by a
When point ‘P’ lies inside sphere : distance d, the potential on the perpendicular
1 Qr ρ .r bisector of the line joining the charges is zero.
E=
4πε 0 R3 for r < R E = 3 ∈ Ø When a charged particle is accelerated from rest
0
through a p.d. ' V ' , work done,
When point ‘P’ lies on the sphere:
1 2Vq
1 q ρ. R W = Vq = mv 2 ( or ) v =
E= E= 2 m
4πε 0 R2 ; 3 ∈0 Ø The work done in moving a charge of q coulomb
When point ‘P’ lies outside the sphere: between two points separated by p.d. V2 − V1 is
1 q ρ. R3 q (V2 − V1 ) .
E= 2 ; E =
4π ∈0 r 3 ∈0 r 2 Ø The work done in moving a charge from one
E point to another point on an equipotential surface
is zero.
Ø A hollow sphere of radius R is given a charge Q
the potential at a distance x from the centre is
1
E ∝r E∝
r2
1 Q x
R
d . (x ≤ R )
4π ∈ 0 R R
Electric Field due to a charged Disc:
Electric field due to a uniformly charged disc 1 Q
with surface charge density σ of radius at a Ø The potential at a distance when x>R is 4π ∈ . x .
distance x from the centre of the disc is 0
σ  x  R
E= 1 − 
2ε0  x 2 + R2  x
If Q is the total charge on the disc, then

Ø A sphere is charged to a potential. The potential
2Q  x  at any point inside the sphere is same as that of
E= 1 − 
4 πε 0 R2  x 2 + R 2  the surface.
Ø Inside a hollow conducting spherical shell,
Electric Potential: Work done to bring a unit E=0, V ≠ 0 .
positive charge from infinite distance to a point Ø Relation among E, V and d in a uniform electric
in the electric field is called electric potential
V dV
at that point . field is E = d (or) E = −
W dx
Ø it is given by V = Ø Electric field is always in the direction of
q decreasing potential .
Ø It represents the electrical condition or state of The component of electric field in any direction
the body and it is similar to temperature. is equal to the negative of potential gradient in

that direction. AP = r + acos q [Q AP = PM ] .

ur  ∂V $ ∂V $ ∂V $  Hence potential at P due to charge +q situated at
E = − i+ j+ k
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  1 q
Ø B is V1 = .
An equipotential surface has a constant value 4πε0 ( r − a cos θ)
of potential at all points on the surface . Similarly potential at P due to charge -q at A is
For single charge q
1 −q
V2 =
4πε0 ( r + a cos θ) .
E
v2
E
E
v1 Hence the total potential at P is

v2 v1 V= V1 +V2
q
q q
V= -
v1
E v2 E
4pe0 (r-acosq) 4pe0 (r +acosq)
E
q é 1 1 ù
Ø Electric field at every point is normal to the V= ê - ú
equipotential surface passing through that point 4pe0 êë r-acosq r +acosq úû
Ø No work is required to move a test charge on q (2acosq )
V=
4 pe 0 (r 2 - a 2 cos 2 q )
unequipotential surface.
Zero Potential Point Two unlike charges Q1
and -Q2 are seperated by a distance ‘d’. The net But r >> a ∴ r 2 − a 2 cos2 θ ≈ r 2
p cos q
potential is zero at two points on the line joining
them, one (x) in between them and the other (y) \V =
4pe0r
2 .
outside them
Q1 Q Hence potential varies inversely as the square
Q1 Q
= 2 and = 2 of the distance from the dipole.
x d−x y d+y
Potential due to a dipole: An electric dipole SPECIAL CASSES
consists of two equal and opposite charges 1) On the axial line : For a point on the axial
seperated by a very small distance. If 'q' is the line θ = 00 \ Vaxial = p / 4pe0r 2 volts for a
charge and 2a the length of the dipole then electric dipole.
dipole moment will be given by p = (2a)q. 2) Point on the equitorial line : For a point on the
P equitorial line θ = 900 . ∴ Vequitorial = 0Volts .
Equitorial line is a line where the potential is
r
+q
–q
N zero at any point.
O θ
A
a θ a
B Equipotential surfaces : Equipotential
surface in an electric field is a surface on which
M the potential is same at every point. In other
Let AB be a dipole whose centre is at 'O' and 'P' words, the locus of all points which have the
be the point where the potential due to dipole is same electric potential is called equipotential
to be determined. Let r , θ be the position co- surface.
ordinates of 'P' w.r.t the dipole as shown in An equipotential surface may be the surface of a
figure. Let BN & AM be the perpendiculars material body or a surface drawn in an electric
drawn on to OP and the line produced along PO. field. The important properties of equipotential
surfaces are as given below.
From geometry ON = acos θ = OM . Hence the a) As the potential difference between any two
distance ,BP from +q charge is r − acos θ points on the equipotential surface is zero, no
[because PB = PN as AB is very small in work is done in taking a charge from one point
comparsion with r]. to another.
For similar reason

b) The electric field is always perpendicular to an infinity is taken as zero. If potential at infinity is V0 ,
equipotential surface. In other words electric the potential at P is (V–V0 ).
field or lines of force are perpendicular to the 3) The potential difference is a property of two
equipotential surface. points and not of the charge q0 being moved.
c) No two equipotential surfaces intersect. If they ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A
intersect like that, at the point of intersection field LINEAR CHARGE DISTRIBUTION
will have two different directions or at the same Consider a thin infinitely long line charge having
point there will be two different potentials which a uniform linear charge density λ placed along
is impossible. YY 1 . Let P is a point at distance ‘r’ from the line
d) The spacing between equipotential surfaces charge then manitude of electri field at point P
enables to identify regions of strong and weak λ
dV 1 is given by E = 2π ∈ r
fields E = − . So E ∝ (if dV is constant). 0
dr dr
Y
e) At any point on the equipotential surface
+
component of electric field parallel to the surface +
is zero. +
+
In uniform field , the lines of force are straight l
+
+ r dS
O
and parallel and equipotential surfaces are planes +
+
P E
Gaussian
perpendicular to the lines of force as shown in +
+
surface
figure +
+
Y′
equipotential
surface We know that V ( r ) = −∫ E.dr
λ
Here E = 2π ∈ r and E.dr = Edr
0
The equipotential surfaces are a family of
λ
concentric spheres for a uniformly charged sphere So V ( r ) = −∫ Edr = −∫ 2π ∈ r dr
or for a point charge as shown in figure 0
 −λ 
∴V ( r ) =  loge r  + C
equipotential
surface
 2π ∈0 
Where C is constant of integration and V(r) gives
electric potential at a distance ‘r’ from the lin-
Equipotential surfaces in electrostatics are ear charge distribution
similar to wave fronts in optics. The wave fronts ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO INFINITE
in optics are the locus of all points which are in PLANE SHEET OF CHARGE
the same phase. Light rays are normal to the wave (NON CONDUCTING)
fronts. On the other hand the equipotential
Consider an infinite thin plane sheet of positivive
surfaces are perpendicular to the lines of force. charge having a uniform surface charge density
Note : 1) In case of non-uniform electric field, the σ on both sides of the sheet. by symmetry , it
field lines are not straight, and in that case follws that the electric filed is perpendicular to
equipotential surfaces are curved but still the plane sheet of charge and directed in out
perpendicular to the field. ward direction.
2) Electric potential and potential energy are always σ
defined relative to a reference. In general we The electric field intensity is E = 2ε
0
take zero reference at infinity. The potential at a Electrostatic potential due to an infinite plane
point P in an electric field is V if potential at sheet of charge at a perpendicular distance r from

the sheet given by V ( r ) = −∫ E.dr = −∫ Edr ⇒ V is constant and is equal to that on the surface
1 q
σ  −σ  So, V = 4π ∈ R for r ≤ R
V ( r ) = −∫ dr =  r  +C 0
2 ∈0  2 ∈0  The varitaion of V with distance ‘r’ from centre
where C is constant ofintegration similarly the is as shown in the graph.
electric pontential due to an infinite plane con-
↑ 1 q
ducting plate at a perpendicular distance r from V VS =
4πε0 R
the plate is given by V ( r ) = −∫ E.dr = −∫ Edr
v ∝ 1/r
σ   −σ
V ( r ) = −∫ dr = 
r+c r=R r→
∈0   ∈0 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A
where C is constant of intergration UNIFORMLY CHARGED
NON-CONDUCTING SOLID SPHERE:
ELECRTIC POTENTIAL DUE TO A CHARED
Consider a charged sphere of radius R with to-
SPERICAL SHELL (OR CONDUCTING
tal charge q uniformly distributed on it.
SPHERE):
Case (i) : For points Outside the sphere (r > R)
E The electric field at any point is
q P
+ + + dS 1 q
+ R r + Charged spherical E= , 2 (for r > R)
+
+ O
+ Shell 4πε 0 r
+ +
+ +
The potential at any point outside the shell is
V ( r ) = −∫ E.dr = −∫ Edr
Gaussian
Surface
Consider a thin spherical shell of radius R and
1 q 1 q
having charge+q on the spherical shell. = −∫ dr = +C
4π ∈0 r 4π ∈0 r
2
Case (i): When point P lies outside the spherical
shell. The electric field at the point is Where C is constant of integration
E=
1 q If r → ∞,V ( ∞ ) → 0 and C=0
2 (for r > R)
4πε 0 r
1 q
V (r ) =
The potential V ( r ) = −∫ E.dr = −∫ Edr (r > R)
4π ∈0 r
1 q 1 q Case (ii) : When point P lies on the surface of spheri-
= −∫ dr = +C cal shell then r = R
4π ∈0 r 4π ∈0 r
2
The electrostatic potential at P on the surface is
Where C is constant of integration
1 q
If r → ∞ , V ( ∞ ) → 0 and C = 0 V=
4π ∈0 R
1 q
V (r ) = ( r > R) Case (iii) : FOr points inside the sphere (r < R)
4πε 0 r 1 qr
Case (ii) : When point P lies on the surface of spheri- The electric field is E = 4π ∈ R3
0
cal shell then r = R
electrostatice potential at P on the surface is + E +
+ + +
1 q +
V= + + + +
4π ∈0 R r + +
+ + + +
Case (iii) : For points inside the charged spherical + +
+ +
shell (r < R), the electric field E = 0 R
+
dV
So we can write − =0 dV = E .dr = − Edr
dr

v r r
1 qr W.E-19: A charge Q is distributed over two con-
∫ dV = − ∫ Edr = − ∫ 4π ∈ R 3
dr centric hollow spheres of radii ‘r’ and R ( >
vs R R 0 r) such that the surface densities are equal.
r Find the potential at the common centre.
1 q  r2 
V − Vs = −   Sol: If q1 and q2 are the charges on spheres of radii
4π ∈0 R3  2 R
‘r’ and R respectively, then in accordance with
1 q 1 q  r 2 R2  conservation of charge
V− =− − 
4π ∈0 R 4π ∈0 R 3  2 2 q1 + q2 = Q ------(1)
And according to given problem σ 1 = σ 2 ,
1 q  3 r2 
⇒V = × −
4π ∈0 R  2 2 R2  q1 q2 q1 r 2
=
i.e., = 2 or ------(2)
At the centre r = 0 then 4π r
2
4π R q2 R2
1 3q 3 1 q So from Eqs (1) and (2)
Potential at centre VC = 4π ∈ 2 R = 2 4π ∈ R
Qr 2 QR 2
q1 = 2 q =
0 0
The variation of V with distance ‘r’ from centre
is as shown in the graph.
( r + R 2 ) and 2 (r 2 + R 2 ) -----(3)
↑ Now as potential inside a conducting sphere is
v equal to that at its surface, so potential at the
1.5 vs
common centre,
vs 1  q1 q2 
V = V1 +V 2 =  r + R 
0.5 vs
4πε 0
v ∝ 1/r
r<R r<R
Substituting the value of q1 and q2 from Eq.(3)
r=R r→
1  Qr Qr 
Potential of a charged ring: A charge q is V=  2 2 + 2 
distributed over the circumference of ring ( either 4πε 0  ( R + r ) ( R + r 2 ) 
 
uniformly or non-uniformly ) , then electric
potential at the centre of the ring is 1 Q (R +r )
=
1 q 4πε 0 ( R2 + r 2 )
V= . .
4πε o R W.E-20: If electric potential V at any point (x, y,
At distance ‘r’ from the centre of ring on its axis z) all in metres in space is given by V = 4x2
1 q volt. Calculate the electric field at the point
would be V = 4πε . (1m, 0m, 2m).
o R +r
2 2
Sol : As electric field E is related to potential V
Electric potential of a uniformly charged disc through the relation
Consider a uniformly charged circular disc dV
having surface charge density σ . E=−
dr
Ø Potential a at point on its axial line at distance x dV d
σ Ex = − =− (4x2 ) = −8x
from the centre is V = 2ε  R + x − x 
2 2 dx dx
o dV d
Ey = − = − (4x2 ) = 0
σR dy dy
Ø At the centre of disc x = 0 V=
2ε o dV d
And, Ez = − = − (4x2 ) = 0
q dz dz
Ø For x >> R , V = 4πε x ur
o So, E = ˆi Ex + ˆj E y + kˆ E z = −8xiˆ
σR i.e., it has magnitude 8 V/m and is directed along
Ø Potential on the edge of the disc is V = πε negative x-axis.
o

W.E-21: A conducting spherical bubble of radius POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF

r and thickness t (t >> r) is charged to a TWO CHARGES IN AN EXTERNAL
potential V. Now it collapses to form a FIELD: Consider two charges q1 and q2 located
spherical droplet. Find the potential of the
droplet. at two points A and B having position vectgors r1
Sol: Here charge and mass are conserved. If R is the and r2 respectively. Let V1 ang V2 be the potentials
radius of the resulting drop formed and ρ is due to external sources at the two points
4 3 respectively.
density of soap solution, πR ρ = 4 πr 2 t ρ
3 The work done in bringing the charge q1 from
⇒ R = (3r 2 t )1/3
1 q infinity to the point A is W1 = q1V1
Now potential of the bubble is V =
4π ∈0 r In bringing charge q2 , the work to be done not
or q = 4π ∈0 rV only against the external field but also against
Now potential of resulting drop is
1/3
the filed due to q1 .
V| =
1 q  r
=  V. The work done in bringing the charge q2 from
4π ∈0 R  3t 
Potential Energy of System of Charges infinity to the point B is W2 = q2V2 .
Ø Two charges Q1 and Q2 are separated by a The workdone on q2 against the field due to q1
distance 'd'. The P.E. of the system of charges is
1 q1q2
U=
1 QQ
. 12 is W2 = 4πε r where r12 is the distance
4π ∈0 d from U=W=Vq 0 12
d between q1 and q2 .
Q1 Q2 The total work done in bringing the charge q2
Ø Three charges Q1 , Q2 , Q3 are placed at the three against the two fields from infinity to the point
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 'a'. The B is
P.E. of the system of charges is 1 q1q2
W2 = q2V2 +
1  QQ QQ Q Q  1 ∑ Q1Q2 4πε 0 r12
U= 
1 2
+ 2 3 + 3 1  or U = The total work done in assembling the
4π ∈0  a a a  4π ∈0 a
configuration or the potential energy of the
Q 3
system is
1 q1q2
W = q1V1 + q2V2 +
a a
4πε 0 r12
Q 1 a Q 2 W.E-22: Charge q1 is fixed and another point
Ø A charged particle of charge Q2 is held at rest at charge q2 is placed at a distance r0 from q1 on
a distance 'd' from a stationary charge Q1 . When a frictionless horizontal surface. Find the
velocity of q2 as a function of seperation r
the charge is released, the K.E. of the charge Q2 between them (treat the changes as point
1 Q1Q2 charges and mass of q2 is m)
at infinity is 4π ∈ . d . q1 q2
0
Ø If two like charges are brought closer, P.E of Sol : r0

the system increases. According law of concervation of energy
Ø If two unlike chargtes are brought closer, P.E of U1 + K1 = U2 + K2
the system decreses.
For an attractive system U is always NEGATIVE. 1 q1 q2 1 q1q 2 1
+0= + mv 2
For a repulsive system U is always POSITIVE. 4 π ∈0 r0 4 π ∈ 0 r 2
For a stable system U is MINIMUM.
1 q q  1 1 q1q 2  1 1 
dU mv 2 = 1 2  −  ; v =  − 
i.e. F = − = 0 (for stable system) 2 4 π ∈0  0
r r  2 π ∈0 m  r0 r 
dx

W.E-23: A proton moves with a speed of 7.45 x 105 from law of conservation of energy
m/s directly towards a free proton originally 1 1
at rest. Find the distance of closest approach mu 2 = mv2 + m g 2l .... ( 2 )
2 2
for the two protons. from ( 1 ) and ( 2 );
Given ( 1 / 4πε 0 ) = 9 × 10 9 m / F ; mP = 1.67 × 10 −27 kg
q2
and e = 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb. u = 4gl − = 5⋅8 6 m / s
4π ∈o ml
Sol: As here the particle at rest is free to move,
when one particle approaches the other, due to W.E-25: If an electron enters into a space between
electrostatic repulsion other will also start the plates of a parallel plate capacitor at an
moving and so the velocity of first particle will an angle α with the plates and leaves at an
decrease while of other will increase and at angle β to the plates, find the ratio of its kinetic
closest approach both will move with same energy while entering the capacitor to that while
velocity. So if v is the common velocity of each leaving.
particle at closest approach, by 'conservation of Sol: Let u be the velocity of electron while entering
momentum'. the field and v be the velocity when it leaves the
1 plates. Component of velocity parallel to the
mu = mυ + mυ i.e., υ = u plates will remain unchanged.
2
And by 'conservation of energy' u cos β
Hence ucos α = ucos β ∴ =
1 1 1 1 e 2 v cos α
mu 2 = m υ2 + m υ2 +
2 2 2 4πε 0 r 1 2
 mu  2 2
2  u  cos β 
4e2  u ∴ =   =
So, r = 4πε mu 2  v  cos α 
as υ = 2 
1 2
 mv 
0  2
And hence substituting the given data,
W.E-26: Figure shows two concentric
4 × (1.6 × 10 −19 )2
r = 9 × 109 × = 10−12 m conductiong shells of radii r1 and r2 carrying
1.67 × 10−27 × (7.45 × 105 ) 2
W.E-24: A small ball of mass 2 x 10–3 kg having a uniformly distributed charages q1 and q2 .
respectively. Find out an expression for the
charge of 1µC is suspended by a string of
potential of each shell.
length 0.8m. Another identical ball having
the same charge is kept at the point of r 2
+q 2
suspension. Determine the minimum +q 1
horizontal velocity which should be impacted r 1
to the lower ball so that it can make complete

revolution :
Sol: To complete the circle at top most point T2 = 0 Sol: The potential of each sphere consists of two
F points:
One due to its own charge, and
V
Second due to the charge on the other sphere.
q Using the principle of superposition, we have
V1 = Vr1 , surface + Vr2 ,inside and
U
F V2 = Vr1 ,outside + Vr2 ,surface
q2 MV 2 1 q1 1 q2
Mg −
4 π ∈o l 2
=
l Hence, V1 = 4πε r + 4πε r
0 1 0 2
− q2 1 q1 1 q2
⇒ V2 − gl =
4π ∈o Ml
...( 1 ) and V2 = 4πε r + 4πε r
0 2 0 2

W.E-27: In the previous example, if the charge Sol: a) When an object is connected to earth
q1 = + q0 and the outer shell is earthed, then (grounded), its potential is reduced to zero. Let
a) determine the charge on the outer shell, q ' be the charge on A after it is earthed as shown
and in fig
b) find the potential of the inner shell. Q + q′
–q′
The charge q ' on A induces − q ' on inner surface

Sol: a) We know that charge on facing surfaces is
equal and opposite. So, if charge on inner sphere of B and + q ' on outer surface of B. In
is q0 , then charge on inner surface of shell equilibrium, the charge distribution is as shown
in fig
should be − q0 . Now, let charge on outer surface Potential of inner sphere = potential due to
of shell be q2 . charge on A+ potential due to charge on B = 0
As the shell is earthed. So its potential should q' q' Q + q'
be zero. So, VA = − + =0
4πε 0 a 4πε 0 b 4πε 0 b
a
or q = −Q  
'
b 
This implies that a charge + Q ( a / b) has been
transferred to the earth leaving negative charge
kq0 k ( −q0 ) kq2 on A.
Vshell = + + = 0 ⇒ q2 = 0
r2 r2 r2 Final charge distribution will be as shown in
Hence, charge on outer surface of shell is zero. fig..
Final charges appearing are shown in fig Q b −a
+
b) Potential of inner sphere: +
+
+
+ b
+Q a
kq0 k ( −q0 )
+ +
q 1 1  + + b
V1 = + = 0  −  + −Qa
++
r1 r2 4πε 0  r1 r2  +
b +
+ +
+ + + + +
W.E-28: Consider two concentric spherical metal + +
shells of radii ‘a’ and b > a. The outer shell As b>a, so charge on the outer surface of outer
has charge Q, but the inner shell has no
charge, Now, the inner shell is grounded. This Q (b − a )
means that the inner shell will come at zero shell will be >0.
b
potential and that electric field lines leave the
outer shell and end on the inner shell. b) Potential of outer surface VB = potential due
a) Find the charge on the inner shell. to charge on A + potential due to charge on B.
b) Find the potential on outer sphere.
1 q' 1 Q
VB = Va,o u t + Vbbothsurface = +
4πε 0 b 4πε 0 b
,
 a
 −Q 
1  b 1 Q Q (b − a )
= + =
4πε 0 b 4πε 0 b 4πε 0b2

W.E-29: Two circular loops of radii 0.05 and Sol: As the electric field at the centre of a ring is zero,
0.09m, respectively, are put such that their the particle will not come back due to repulsion if it
axes coincide and their centres are 0.12 m crosses the centre fig.
apart. Charge of 10−6 coulomb is spread 1 2 1 qQ 1 qQ
mv + >
uniformly on each loop. Find the potential 2 4πε 0 r 4πε 0 R
difference between the centres of loops.
( )
2
But here, Q = 2π R λ and r = + R 2 = 2R
q2
q1
r1 r2 3R
R2
R1
O1
x
O2
1 2 1 2π Rλ q  1   λq 
So, 2 mv > 4πε 1 −  or v >  
0
R  2  2ε 0 m 
Sol: The potential at the centre of a ring will be due
to charge on both the rings and as every element  λq 
of a ring is at a constant distance from the centre, So, Vmin =  
so  2ε 0 m 
1 q q2  C. U. Q
V1 =  1+ 
4πε 0  R1 R22 + x 2  CHARGE & CONSERVATION OF CHARGE
1. Two identical metallic spheres A and B of
9 10 10−4 
−4
= 9 ×10  + 2  exactly equal masses are given equal positive
 5 9 + 12 2
 and negative charges respectively. Then
1) mass of A > Mass of B
5 1 1
= 9 ×10  +  = 2.40 ×10 V
5
2) mass of A < Mass of B
 5 15  3) mass of A = Mass of B
4) mass of A ≥ Mass of B
1  q2 q1 
2. Two spheres of equal mass A and B are given
similarly, V2 = 4πε  R + 
0  2 R1 + x 
2 2 +q and -q charge respectively then
 1) mass of A increases2) mass of B increases
3 1 1  198 3) mass of A remains constant
or V2 = 9 ×10  +  = ×10
5
4) mass of B decreases
 9 13  117
3 A soap bubble is given a negative charge, then
V2 = 1.69 ×105V its radius.
1) Decreases 2) Increases
So, V1 − V2 = ( 2.40 − 1.69) × 105 = 71 kV 3) Remanins unchanged
W.E-30: A circular ring of radius R with uniform 4) Nothing can be predicted as information is
positive charge density λ per unit length is insufficient
located in the y - z plane with its centre at the COULOMB’S LAW
origin O. A particle of mass ‘m’ and positive 4. Two charges are placed at a distance apart.
charge ‘q’ is projected from the point If a glass slab is placed between them, force
between them will
p  − 3 R,0,0 on the negative x-axis directly 1) be zero 2) increase
towards O, with initial speed v. Find the 3) decrease 4) remains the same
smallest (non-zero) value of the speed such 5. A negatively charged particle is situated on a
that the particle does not return to P? straight line joining two other stationary
+ particles each having charge +q. The
+ + Q
+ direction of motion of the negatively charged

r + R
+q + + particle will depend on
P + O + 1) the magnitude of charge
− 3 R, 0, 0 2) the position at which it is situated
+ +
+ λ 3) both magnitude of charge and its position
+
+
4) the magnitude of +q

6. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a ELECTRIC FIELD

square ABCD as shown in the figure. The force 11. Figure shows the electric lines of force
on the positive charge kept at the centre ‘O’ emerging from a charged body. If the electric
is
A B
field at ‘A’ and ‘B’ are E A and EB
+Q +2Q
respectively and if the displacement between
1) zero O ‘A’ and ‘B’ is ‘r’ then
2) along the diagonal AC
3) along the diagonal BD−2QD C
+Q
B
4) perpendicular to side AB A
7. Two identical +ve charges are at the ends of
a straight line AB. Another identical +ve
charge is placed at ‘C’ such that AB=BC. A, 1) E A > E B 2) E A < EB
B and C being on the same line. Now the force E E
on ‘A’ 3) E A = B 4) E A = 2B
r r
1) increases 2) decreases 12. Figure shows lines of force for a system of
3) remains same 4) we cannot say two point charges. The possible choice for the
8. Two identical pendulums A and B are charges is
suspended from the same point. Both are given
positive charge, with A having more charge
than B. They diverge and reach equilibrium
with the suspension of A and B making q 1 q 2
angles θ1 and θ 2 with the vertical respectively..

1) θ1 > θ 2 2) θ1 < θ 2 3) θ1 = θ 2
4) The tension in A is greater than that in B 1) q1 = 4µC , q2 = −1.0 µC 2) q1 = 1µC , q2 = −4 µC
9. Two metal spheres of same mass are
suspended from a common point by a light 3) q1 = −2µ C, q2 = +4 µC 4) q1 = 3µ C, q2 = 2 µC
insulating string. The length of each string is 13. Drawings I and II show two samples of electric
same. The spheres are given electric charges field lines
+q on one end and +4q on the other. Which of
the following diagram best shows the resulting
positions of spheres?
1) θθ 2) θ
I II
+q +4q +q +4q 1) The electric fields in both I and II are
produced. by negative charge located
somewhere on the left and positive charges
4) located somewhere on the right
3) θ θ2 +q
+q +4q θ1 2) In both I and II the electric field is the same
+4q
every where
10. Two point charges − q and +2q are placed at 3) In both cases the field becomes stronger on
a certain distance apart. Where should a third moving from left to right
point charge be placed so that it is in 4) The electric field in I is the same everywhere,
equilibrium? but in II the electric field becomes stronger on
1) on the line joining the two charges on the moving from left to right
right of +2q 14. An electron is projected with certain velocity
2) on the line joining the two charges on the into an electric field in a direction opposite to
left of − q the field. Then it is
3) between − q and +2q 1) accelerated 2) retarded
4) at any point on the right bisector of the 3) neither accelerated nor retarded
line joining − q and + 2q . 4) either accelerated or retarded

15. The acceleration of a charged particle in a 23. A charged bead is capable of sliding freely
uniform electric field is through a string held vertically in tension. An
1) proportional to its charge only electric field is applied parallel to the string
2) inversely proportional to its mass only so that the bead stays at rest of the middle of
3) proportional to its specific charge the string. If the electric field is switched off
4) inversely proportional to specific charge momentarily and switched on
16. An electron and proton are placed in an 1) the bead moves downwards and stops as soon
electric field. The forces acting on them are as the field is switched on
F1 and F2 and their accelerations are a1 and 2) the bead moved downwards when the field is
switched off and moves upwards when the field
a2 respectively then is switched on
1) F1 = F2 2) F1 + F2 = 0 3) the bead moves downwards with constant
acceleration till it reaches the bottom of the
3) a1 = a2 4) a1 ≥ a2 string
17. The bob of a pendulum is positively charged. 4) the bead moves downwards with constant
Another identical charge is placed at the point velocity till it reaches the bottom of the string
of suspension of the pendulum. The time period 24. An electron is moving with constant velocity
of pendulum along x-axis. If a uniform electric field is
1) increases 2) decreases applied along y-axis, then its path in the x-y
3) becomes zero 4) remains same. plane will be
18. Intensity of electric field inside a uniformly 1) a straight line 2) a circle
charged hollow sphere is 3) a parabola 4) an ellipse
1) zero 2) non zero constant 25. An electron of mass M e , initially at rest ,
3) change with r moves through a certain distance in a uniform
4) inversely proportional to r
19. A positive charge q0 placed at a point P near electric field in time t 1 . proton of mass M p
a charged body experiences a force of also initially at rest, takes time t 2 to move
repulsion of magnitude F, the electric field E through an equal distance in this uniform
of the charged body at P is electric field. Neglecting the effect of gravity
F F F
2) < q 3) > q the ratio t 2 / t1 is nearly equal to
1) q 4) F
0 0 0
20. A cube of side b has charge q at each of its 1) 1 2) M p / M e 3) M e / M p 4) 1836

vertices. The electric field at the centre of 26. Dimensions of ε 0 are
the cube will be (KARNATAKA CET 2000)
32q q q 1)  M −1L−3 T 4 A2  2)  M 0 L−3 T 3 A3 
1) zero 2) b2 3) 2b2 4) b2
3)  M −1 L−3 T 3 A 4)  M −1L−3TA2 
21. An electron and proton are sent into an
electric field. The ratio of force experienced 27. Two point charges q and -2q are placed some
by them is distance d apart. If the electric field at the
1) 1 : 1 2) 1 : 1840 locatiion of q is E, that at the location of -2q
3) 1840 : 1 4) 1 : 9.11 is (1987)
22. An electron enters an electric field with its E E
1) − 2) –2E 3) 4) – 4E
velocity in the direction of the electric lines 2 2
of force. Then dV
1) the path of the electron will be a circle 28. E = − , here negative sign signified that
dr
2) the path of the electron will be a parabola
1) E is opposite to V 2) E is negative
3) the velocity of the electron will decrease
3) E increases when V decreases
4) the velocity of the electron will increase
4) E is directed in the direction of decreasing V

r 36. Electric potential at some point in space is zero.
29. An electron moves with a velocity v in an
ur r Then at that point
electric field E . If the angle between v and 1) electric intensity is necessarily zero
ur
E is neither 0 nor π , then path followed by 2) electric intensity is necessarily non zero.
the electron is 3) electric intensity may or may not be zero
1) straight line 2) circle 4) electric intensity is necessarily infinite.
3) ellipse 4) parabola 37. When an electron approaches a proton, their
30. A charged particle is free to move in an electro static potential energy
electric field 1) decreases 2) increases
1) It will always move perpendicular to the line 3) remains unchanged 4) all the above
of force 38. An electron and a proton move through a
2) It will always move along the line of force in potential difference of 200V. Then
the direction of the field. 1) electron gains more energy
3) It will always move along the line of force 2) proton gains more energy
opposite to the direction of the field. 3) both gain same energy
4) It will always move along the line of force in 4) none of them gain energy
the direction of the field or opposite to the 39. Two charges +q and –q are kept apart. Then
direction of the field depending on the nature of at any point on the right bisector of line joining
the charge the two charges.
31. Two parallel plates carry opposite charges 1) the electric field strength is zero
such that the electric field in the space 2) the electric potential is zero
between them is in upward direction. An 3) both electric potential and electric field
electron is shot in the space and parallel to strength are zero
the plates. Its deflection from the original 4) both electric potential and electric field
direction will be strength are non - zero
1) Upwards 2) Downwards 40. When ‘n’ small drops are made to combine to
3) Circular 4) does not deflect form a big drop, then the big drop’s
1) Potential increases to n1 / 3 times original
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND potential and the charge density decreases to
POTENTIAL ENERGY n1/3 times original charge
32. Potential at the point of a pointed conductor 2) Potential increases to n2/3 times original
is potential and charge density increases to n1 / 3
1) maximum 2) minimum times original charge density
3) zero 4) same as at any other point 3) Potential and charge density decrease to
33. An equipotential line and a line of force are n1/3 times original values
1)perpendicular to each other 4) Potential and charge density increases to ‘n’
2)parallel to each other times original values
3) in any direction 4) at an angle of 450 41. A hollow metal sphere of radius 5cm is charged
such that the potential on its surface is 10V.
34. When a positively charged conductor is placed
The potential at the centre of the sphere is
near an earth connected conductor, its
1) 0 V 2) 10 V
potential
3) same as at point 5cm away from the surface
1) always increases 2) always decreases
4) same as at point 25cm from the surface
3) may increase or decrease 4) remains the same
42. The work done (in Joule) in carrying a charge
35. If a unit charge is taken from one point to
of ‘x’ coulomb between two points having a
another over an equipotential surface, then
potential difference of ‘y’ volt is
1) work is done on the charge
2) work is done by the charge x x2 y
3) work on the charge is constant 1) 2) 3) 4) xy
y y x
4) no work is done

43. Two charges q and -q are kept apart. Then at 49. Two copper spheres of the same radii, one
any point on the perpendicular bisector of line hollow and the other solid, are charged to the
joining the two charges. (2008E) same potential, then
1) the electric field strength is zero 1) hollow sphere holds more charge
2) the electric potential is zero 2) solid sphere holds more charge
3) both electric potential and electric field 3) both hold equal charge
strength are zero 4) we can’t say
50. Equipotential surfaces are shown in figure a
4) both electric potential and electric field
and b. The field in
strength are non-zero
44. Electric potential at the centre of a charged 3V0 2V 0 V0
hollow spherical conductor is 9V0 r0 2r 0

4V0 V0
1) zero
3r0
2) twice as that on the surface x0 x0
3) half of that on the surface FIGURE (A) FIGURE (B)

4) same as that on the surface 1) a is uniform only 2) b is uniform only
45. Which of the following pair is related as in 3) a and b is uniform 4)both are nonuniform
work and force 51. Due to the motion of a charge, its magnitude
1) electric potential and electric intensity 1) changes
2) momentum and force 2) does not changes
3) impulse and force 3) increases (or) decreases depends on its speed
4) resistance and voltage 4) can not be predicted
46. The equipotential surfaces corresponding to 52. Induction preceeds attraction because
single positve charge are concentric spherical 1) an uncharged body can attract an uncharged
shells with the charge at its origin. The body due to induction of opposite charge on it
spacing between the surfaces for the same 2) a charged body can attract an uncharged body
change in potential due to induction of same charge on it.
1) is uniform throughout the field 3) a charged body can attract an uncharged body
due to induction of opposite charge on it.
2) is getting closer as r → ∞
4) a charged body can attract another charged
3) is getting closer as r → 0 body due to induction of same charge on it.
4) can be varied as one wishes to 53. The coulomb electrostatic force is defined for
47. Four identical charges each of charge q are 1) two spherical charges at rest
placed at the corners of a square. Then at the 2) two spherical charges in motion
centre of the square the resultant electric 3) two point charges in motion
intensity E and the net electric potential V 4) two point charges at rest ur
are ur F
1) E ≠ 0, V =0 2) E = 0, V = 0 54. The Electric field is given by E = q , here
0
3) E = 0, V ≠ 0 4) E ≠ 0, V ≠ 0 the test charge ‘q0 ’ should be
48. Two positive charges q and q are placed at a) Infinitesimally small and positive
b) Infinitesimally small and negative
the diagonally opposite corners of a square
1) only a 2) only ‘b’
and two negative charges -q and -q are placed
3) a (or) b 4) neither ‘a’ or ‘b’
at the other two corners of the square. Then
at the centre of the square the resultant 55. The p.d (V B − Vc ) between two points from C
electric intensity E and the net electric to B
potential V are 1) does not depend on the path
1) E ≠ 0, V =0 2) E = 0, V = 0 2) depends on the path
3) depends on test charge
3) E = 0, V ≠ 0 4) E ≠ 0, V ≠ 0 4) independent of electric field

56. Match List-I with List-II 58. Match the following

List-I List-II List-I List-II
a) proton and e) gains same velocity a) Fluid flow d) Temperature
difference
electron in an elctric field for b) Heat flow e) Pressure
same time difference
b) proton and f) gains same KE in an c) Charge flow f)Potential difference
positron electric field for same time. 1) a − e, b − d , c − f
c) Deutron and g) experience same 2) a − d , b − e, c − f
α - particle force in electric field
3) a − f , b − e, c − d
d) electron and h) gains same KE
positron when accelerated 4) a − e, b − f , c − d
by same potential 59. Match List-I with List-II
difference. List-I List-II
a) Two like charges e) the force between
1) a − h, b − g, c − e, d − f are brought nearer them decreases.
2) a − h, b − g , c − f , d − e b) Two unlike f) potential energy
charge of some of the system
3) a − g , b − h, c − e, d − f brought nearer increases
4) a − e, b − f , c −g , d − h c) When a third g) mutual forces are
57. Match List-I with List-II charge of same not affected
List-I List-II nature is placed
equidistance from
a) Electric potential e) inversly proportional
two like charges
inside a charged to square of the d) When a dielectric h) potential energy
2 medium is introduced of the system
conducting sphere distance ( r )
between two charges decreases
b) Electric potential f) directly proportional
1) a − h, b − f , c − g, d − e
charged sphere outside the conducting
to distance 2) a − f , b − h ,c − g , d − e
3) a − h, b − f , c − e, d − g
( r ) from the centre
4) a − g , b − e ,c − f , d − h
c) Electric field g) constant
60. Match the following :
inside the non
a) Electric field e) Constant
conducting
outside a conducting
charged sphere charged sphere
d) Electric field h) inversly b) Electric potential out f) directly propor
charged sphere outside a side the conducting national to
conducting charged sphere distance from
proportional to centre
distance ( r ) c) Electric field inside g) inversely propor
a non-conducting tional to the
1) a − f , b − e ,c − g , d − h charged sphere distance
2) a − e, b − f , c − h, d − g d) Electric potential in h) inversely
side a charged proportional to
3) a − h, b − g, c − e, d − f conducting sphere the square of the
4) a − g , b − h ,c − f , d − e distance

1) a − h, b − g, c − e , d − f 66. An electric dipole placed in a nonuniform

electric field experiences
2) a − e, b − f , c − h, d − g
1) a force but no torque
3) a − h, b −g , c − f , d − e 2) a torque but no force
4) a − g , b − h , c − f , d − e 3) a force as well as a torque
4) neither a force nor a torque
DIPOLE
67. If Ea be the electric field intensity due to a
61. The angle between electric dipolemoment
p and the electric field E when the dipole is short dipole at a point on the axis and Er be
in stable equilibrium that on the perpendicular bisector at the same
1) 0 2) π / 4 3) π / 2 4) π distance from the dipole, then
62. ‘Debye’ is the unit of 1) Ea = Er 2) Ea = 2 Er
1) electric flux 2) electric dipolemoment 3) Er = 2Ea 4) Ea = 2 Er
3) electric potential 4) electric field intensity
63. The electric field at a point at a distance r 68. The electric potential due to an extremely
from an electric dipole is proportional to short dipole at a distance r from it is
proportional to
1 1 1
1) 2) 2 3) 3 4) r 2 1 1 1 1
r r r 1) 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
64. An electric dipole placed with its axis in the r r r r
direction of a uniform electric field 69. An electric dipole when placed in a uniform
experiences electric field will have minimum potential
1) a force but not torque energy, if the angle between dipole moment
2) a torque but no force and electric field is
3) a force as well as a torque 1) zero 2) π / 2 3) π 4) 3π / 2
4) neither a force nor a torque 70. The angle between the electric dipole moment
65. An electric dipole is placed in a non uniform and the electric field strength due to it, on
electric field increasing along the +ve the equatorial line is
direction of X - axis. In which direction does 1) 00 2) 900 3) 1800 4) 600
71. A metallic shell has a point charge q kept
the dipole
inside its cavity. Which one of the following
Y diagrams correctly represents the electric
lines of forces ?
+q
X′ X 1) 2)
−q
Y−
1) move along + ve direction of X - axis, rotate 3) 4)

clockwise
2) move along - ve direction of X - axis, rotate
clockwise ASSERTION & REASON
3) move along + ve direction of X - axis, rotate In each of the following questions, a statement
anti clockwise of Assertion (A) is given followed by a
4) move along - ve direction of X - axis, rotate corresponding statement of Reason (R) just
anti clockwise below it. Mark the correct answer.

1) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is the 80. Assertion(A): In bringing an electron towards
correct explanation of ‘A’ a proton electrostatic potential energy of the
2) Both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are true and ‘R’ is not system increases.
the correct explanation of ‘A’ Reason (R): Potential due to proton is positive
3) ‘A’ is true and ‘R’ is false 81. Assertion(A): The surface of a conductor is
4) ‘A’ is false and ‘R’ is true an equipotential surface
72. Assertion(A) : Force between two point Reason (R): Conductor allows the flow of
charges at rest is not changed by the presence charge
of third point charge between them. 82. Assertion (A) : A charge ' q1 ' exerts some
Reason(R): Force depends on the magnitude
of the first two charges and seperation force on a second charge ' q2 ' . If a third
between them charge ' q3 ' is brought near , the force
73. Assertion (A): Electric potential at any point
on the equatorial line of an electric dipole is exerted by q1 on q2 does not change
zero Reason (R): The elecrtostatic force between
Reason (R): Electric potential is scalar two charges is independent of presence of
74. Assertion (A) : Electrons always move from third charge
a region of lower potential to a region of 83. Assertion (A) : A point charge 'q' is rotated
highe potential along a circle around another point charge
Reason (R) : Electrons carry a negative Q. The work done by electric field on the
charge rotating charge in half revolution is zero.
75. Assertion(A): A metallic shield in form of a Reason (R) : No work is done to move a
hollow shell may be built to block an electric charge on an equipotential line or surface.
field. 84. Assertion: (A): Work done by electric force
Reason (R): In a hollow spherical shield, the is path independent.
electric field inside it is zero at every point. Reason: (R): Electric force is conservative
76. Assertion (A): For practical purpose, the 85. Assertion (A): In bringing an electron towards
earth is used as a reference for zero potential a proton electrostatic potential energy of the
in electrical circuits. system increases.
Reason (R): The electrical potential of a Reason (R): Potential due to proton is
sphere of radius R with charge Q uniformly positive.
Q 86. Assertion(A): Two particles of same charge
distributed on the surface is given by 4πε R projected with different velocity normal to
0
77. Assertion(A): Coulomb force between electric field experience same force
charges is central force Reason (R): A charged particle experiences
Reason (R): Coulomb force depends on force, independent of velocity in electric field
medium between charges 87. Assertion(A): The coulomb force is the
78. Assertion(A): Electric and gravitational fields dominating force in the universe
are acting along same line. When proton and Reason (R): The coulomb force is stronger
α - particle are projected up veritically along than the gravitational force.
that line, the time of flights is less for proton. 88. Assertion(A): A circle is drawn with a point
Reason (R): In the given electric field positive charge ( +q ) at its centre. The work
acceleration of a charged particle is directly
done in taking a unit positive charge once
proportional to specific charge
around it is zero
79. Assertion(A): When a proton with certain
Reason (R): Displacement of unit positive
energy moves from low potential to high
potential then its KE decreases. charge is zero
89. Assertion(A): Electric potential at any point
Reason (R): The direction of electric field is
opposite to the potential gradient and work on the equatorial line of electric dipole is zero.
done against it is negative. Reason (R): Electric potential is scalar

90. Assertion(A): The potential at any point due 95. Out of the following statements
to a group of ' N ' point charges is simply A. Three charge system can not have zero
arrived at by the principle of superposition mutual potential energy
Reason (R): The potential energy of a system B. The mutual potential energy of a system
of two charges is a scalar quantity of charges is only due to positive charges
91. Assertion (A): The electrostatic potential 1) A is wrong and B is correct
energy is independent of the manner in which 2) A is correct and B is wrong
the cofiguration is achieved 3) Both A and B are correct
Reason (R): Electrostatic field is conservative
4) Both A and B are wrong
field
96. Statement A: Electrical potential may exist
STATEMENT QUESTIONS
at a point where the electrical field is zero
92. Statement-1:- For a charged particle moving
from point P to point Q, the net work done by Statement B : Electrical Field may exist at a
an electrostatic field on the particle is point where the electrical potential is zero.
independent of the path connecting point P to Statement C : The electric potential inside a
point Q. charge conducting sphere is constant.
Statement-2:- The net work done by a 1) A, B are true 2) B,C are true
conservative force on an ojecte moving along 3) A,C are true 4) A,B,C are true
a closed loop is zero 97. Statement A: If an electron travels along the
1) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true, direction of electric field it gets accelerated
Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement B: If a proton travels along the
statement-1. direction of electric field it gets retarded
2) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true, 1) Both A & B are true2) A is true, B is false
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
3) A is false, B is true 4) Both A & B are false
statement-1.
3) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true. 98. A : Charge cannot exist without mass but mass
4) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false can exist without charge.
93. A dielectric slab of thickness d is inserted in a B : Charge is invariant but mass is variant
parallel plate capacitor whose negative plate with velocity
is at x = 3d. The slab is equidistant from the C : Charge is conserved but mass alone may
plates. The capacitor is given some charge. not be conserved.
As ‘x’ goes from 0 to 3d: 1) A, B, C are true 2) A, B, C are not true
1) the magnitude of the electric field remains 3) A, B are only true 4) A, B are false, C is true
the same 99. A particle of mass m and charge q is fastened
2) the direction of the electric field remains the to one end of a string fixed at point O. The
same whole system lies on a frictionless horizontal
3) the electric potential increases continuously plane. Initially, the mass is at rest at A. A
4) the electric potential dicreases at first, then uniform electric field in the direction shown
increases and again dicreases is then switched on. Then
94. Choose the wrong statement
A
1) Work done in moving a charge on equipotential
surface is zero. E
2) Electric lines of force are always normal to l
an equipotential surface 0
3) When two like charges are brought nearer, 60
O B
then electrostatic potential energy of the system 1) the speed of the particle when it reaches B is
gets decreased.
4) Electric lines of force diverge from positive 2qEl
charge and converge towards negative charge. m

2) the speed of the particle when it reaches B is qE

c) amplitude of oscillation is
qE l k
m d) Block will oscillate but not simple
harmonically
3) the tension in the string when particles
Choose the correct answer
Eq 1) a and b are true 2) d is true
reaches at B is .
2 3) a,b,c are true 4) a,b,c,d are true
4) the tension in the string when the particle 102. A charge is moved against repulsion. Then
reaches at B is qE. there is
100. A conducting sphere A of radius a, with A) decreasing its kinetic energy
charge Q, is placed concentrically inside a B) increasing its potential energy
conducting shell B of radius b. B is earthed. C) increasing both the energies
C is the common centre of the A and B D) decreasing both the energies.
1) A, B, C, D are true 2) A, B, C are true
B
3) A, B are true 4) A only true
Q
A a 103. Which of the following statements are correct?
C a) The electrostatic force does not depend on
medium in which the charges are placed
b) The electrostatic force between two
p) The field at a distance r from C, where charges does not exist in vacuum
c) The gravitational force between masses
Q can be usually neglected in comparision with
a £ r £ b , is k 2
r electrostatic force
q) The potential at a distance r from C, where d) Any excess charge given to a conductor,
Q not always resides on the outer surfaceof the
a £ r £ b , is k conductor.
r
1) both a & c 2) only ' c ' 3) both c & d 4) all
r) The potential difference between A and B
104. The property of the electric line of force
æ1 1ö
is kQ çççè - ø÷÷÷
a) The tangent to the line of force at any point
a b is parallel to the directio of ' E ' at the point
s) The potential at a distance r from C, where b) No two lines of force intersect each other
1) both a & b 2) only a 3) only b 4) a or b
æ 1 1 ö÷
ç
a £ r £ b , is kQççè r - b ø÷÷ 105. Which of the following statements are
correct.
Choose the correct answer a) Electric lines of force are just imaginary
1. p and r are true 2. q is true lines
3. p,r,s are true 4. p,q,r,s are true b) Electric lines of force will be parallel to
101. A block of mass m is attached to a spring of the surface of conductor
force constant k. Charge on the block is q. A c) If the lines of force are crowded, them field
horizontal electric field E is acting in the is strong
direction as shown. Block is released with d) Electric lines of force are closed loops
the spring in unstretched position 1) both a & c 2) both b & d
E 3) only a 4) all
k
q, m 106. Statement(A): Negative charges always move
from a higher potential to lower potential point
smooth Statement (B): Electric potential is vector.
a) block will execute SHM 1) A is true but B is false
2) B is true but A is false
m
b) Time period of oscillation is 2 π 3) Both A and B false
k
4) Both A and R are true
107. Statement (A): A solid conducting sphere
E E
holds more charge than a hollow conducting
sphere of same radius a) b)
Statement (B) : Two spheres A and B are
r r
connected by a conducting wire. No charge
will flow from A to B, when their radii are R
and 2R and charges on them are 2q and q V V
respectively
1) A is true, B is false c) d)
2) A is false B is true r r
3) Both A and B are true
4) Both A and B are false Choose the correct answer
108. A ring with a uniform charge Q and radius R, 1) b and c are true 2) a is true
is placed in the yz plane with its centre at the 3) a,b,c are true 4) a,b,c,d are true
origin 111. Two concentric shells of radii R and 2R have
a) The field at the origin is zero given charges q and – 2q as shown in figure.
In a region r < R
Q
b) The potential at the origin is k −2q
R
q
Q
c) The filed at the point (x, 0, 0) is k 2
x R r
Q
d) The field at the point (x, 0, 0) is k
R + x2
2 2R
Choose the correct answer a) E = 0 b) E ¹ 0 c) V = 0 d) V ¹ 0

1) a and b are true 2) c is true Choose the correct answer
3) a,b,c are true 4) a,b,c,d are true 1) a and c are true 2) c is true
109. A positively charged thin metal ring of radius 3) a,d,c are true 4) a,b,c,d are true
R is fixed in the xy plane, with its centre at
the origin O. A negatively charged particle P C.U.Q - KEY
is released from rest at the point (0, 0, z0 ), 1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 3 5) 2 6) 3
where z0 >0. Then the motion of P is 7) 1 8) 3 9)1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 1
a) Periodic, for all value of z0 satisfying 13) 4 14) 1 15) 3 16) 2 17) 4 18) 1
0 < z0 < ¥ 19) 2 20) 1 21) 1 22) 3 23) 4 24) 3
b) Simple harmonic, for all values of z0 25) 2 26) 1 27) 3 28) 4 29) 4 30) 4
31) 2 32) 4 33) 1 34) 2 35) 4 36) 3
satisfying 0 < z0 £ R
37) 1 38) 3 39) 2 40) 2 41) 2 42) 4
c) Approximately simple harmonic, provided 43) 2 44) 4 45) 1 46) 3 47) 3 48) 2
z0 <<R 49) 3 50) 1 51) 2 52) 3 53) 2 54) 1
d) Such that P crosses O and continues to move 55) 1 56) 1 57) 1 58) 1 59) 2 60) 3
along the negative z-axis towards z =-¥ 61) 1 62) 1 63) 3 64) 4 65) 1 66) 3
Choose the correct answer 67) 2 68) 2 69) 1 70) 3 71) 3 72) 1
1) a and b are true 2) c is true 73) 1 74) 1 75) 1 76) 2 77) 2 78) 1
3) a,c,d are true 4) a,b,c,d are true 79) 2 80) 4 81) 2 82) 2 83) 1 84) 1
110. A circular ring carries a uniformly distributed 85) 4 86) 1 87) 4 88) 2 89) 2 90) 2
positive charge. The electric field (E) and 91) 1 92) 1 93) 2 94) 3 95) 4 96) 4
potential (V) varies with distance (r) from the 97) 4 98) 1 99) 2 100) 3 101) 3 102) 3
centre of the ring along its axis as 103) 2 104) 1 105) 1 106) 3 107) 4 108) 1
109) 1 110) 1 111) 1

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NEET-PHYSICS-VOL-II ELECTRO STATICS & CAPACITORS

ELECTRO STATICS & CAPACITORS

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 1

2 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

F21 F12 force between them is F 1 . Then = .

uur q1q2 ur ur from (1) and (2) ; ∴ =

4 NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY

element dv. Units of ( ρ ) are coulomb / meter 3

Here F is the repulsive force between q and

(Q sinα = α for smallangle ) T=

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 5

The force applied by Q and q0 is given by

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F Eq Oblique projection of charged particle in

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Eq Ø A sphere is given a charge of 'Q' and is

particle. Hence effective acceleration

Intensity of electric field at any point outside the E3

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 9

W.E-13: A point mass ‘m’ and charge ‘q’ is

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subtends an angle φ at its centre. Let us ElECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH DUE TO A

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 11

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1 dq Let us find electric field strength due to this disc

dE at point P can be given as

segment A is cancelled by that due to segment B. σ

Electric dipole: A system of two equal and

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Intensity of electric field at a point P that lies on the

b) If the dipoles are on the same axis

r Where R is the radius of the ring. From the above

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If Q is the total charge on the disc, then

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 17

that direction. AP = r + acos q [Q AP = PM ] .

v1 Hence the total potential at P is

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W.E-21: A conducting spherical bubble of radius POTENTIAL ENERGY OF A SYSTEM OF

Ø If two like charges are brought closer, P.E of Sol : r0

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suspension. Determine the minimum +q 1

horizontal velocity which should be impacted r 1

to the lower ball so that it can make complete

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 23

The charge q ' on A induces − q ' on inner surface

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+ direction of motion of the negatively charged

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 25

6. Four charges are arranged at the corners of a ELECTRIC FIELD

angles θ1 and θ 2 with the vertical respectively..

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20. A cube of side b has charge q at each of its 1) 1 2) M p / M e 3) M e / M p 4) 1836

NARAYANA MEDICAL ACADEMY 27

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