824457402.

docx
With NOSQL
Was Les09 in week 10 renamed to match week

Topics

1 NoSQL Overview
(Not only SQL became shortened to NoSQL)

2 MongoDB
An introduction for beginners covering MongoDB for the next 3 weeks

824457402.docx by rt -- 6 December 2024 1 of 30

NoSQL
Relational databases
- have been used for a few decades and store data in a structured format

Data is subdivided into groups called tables

Each unit of data is called a COLUMN and it has a defined type, size and
constraints
The combined columns are called a ROW

Scaling horizontally is a problem

NoSQL databases
- are not primarily built on tables and as a result do not use SQL for data
manipulation

NoSQL is not a database but a term to refer to databases that attempt to solve
problems of scalability and availability against atomicity and consistency

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ACID transactions from RDMS

Atomicity Everything in a transaction succeeds or it is rolled back

Consistency A transaction cannot leave the database in an inconsistent

state
Isolation one transaction cannot interfere with another

Durability a completed transaction persists even after applications restart

Although these are excellent qualities, they are incompatible with availability and performance on
applications of web scale.
Example :
if a company like Amazon were to use a system like this imagine how slow it would be if I proceed to buy a
book and a transaction is being done it will lock a part of the database, specifically locking the inventory,
and every other person in the world will have to wait until I complete my transaction. Obviously, this doesn't
work well

Leads to BASE

Basic availability each request is guaranteed a response successful or

failed execution

soft state the state of the system may change over time at times
without any input. It will eventually become consistent

eventual the database may be momentarily inconsistent but will be

consistency consistent eventually

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Why NoSQL
Schemaless data representation
Without a schema means that you do not have to think too far ahead to define a
structure and you can continue to evolve overtime

Development time
It is reported that there would be less development time because one does not
have to deal with complex SQL queries. If you remember you needed to join
tables to get data that was stored across multiple tables in order to create your
final views for the user.

Speed
Even with small amounts of data that you have, if you can deliver it in
milliseconds rather than hundreds of a millisecond especially when using mobile
devices, you have a high probability of convincing users of your system that it's
a good idea

Plan ahead for scalability

It means it can scale out easily with no limit by adding more servers for
distributing data

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List of NoSQL databases
• There are different NoSQL databases:
• Document
MongoDB
CouchDB
• Key-value
Redis
Membase
• XML
BaseX
• Column
BigTable
Hadoop/Hbase
• Graph
Neo4J

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You can go deeper, but we are
limited on time to cover everything.

You should go read about NoSQL

to get a broader general idea of an
important topic to know about.

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MongoDB - intro

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MongoDB
MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database used for high volume data
storage.
It differs from a relational database.

It provides High performance, high availability, and easy scalability.

MongoDB works on the concept of collections and documents

It scales up easier compared to a relational database.

MongoDB is a powerful, flexible, and scalable general-purpose database.

It provides the following features:

Indexing

Aggregations

File Storage

Special collection types

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What is MongoDB – more
It is a document-oriented NoSQL database used for high volume data storage.

Instead of using tables and rows as in the traditional relational databases,

MongoDB makes use of collections and documents.

Database
Database is a physical container for collections.
Each database gets its own set of files on the file system.
A single MongoDB server typically has multiple databases.

Collections
Collections contain sets or groups of documents and function which is the
equivalent of relational database tables.

Collections do not enforce a schema. Documents within a collection can have

different fields. Typically, all documents in a collection are of similar or related
purpose, but do not have to be.

Documents
Documents consist of key-value pairs which are the basic unit of data in
MongoDB.

Documents have dynamic schema.

Dynamic schema means that documents in the same collection do not need to
have the same set of fields or structure, and common fields in a collection's
documents may hold different types of data.

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Repeat -- simplified
A database contains collections

Collections contain documents

Each document can be different

Varying by size
Varying by content

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Scalability
Often discussed with databases

Meaning: From smaller to very large complex systems

Why important: Data grows at a fast pace  need to be scalable

How to scale
1 Large machines can be used to scale up
- Expensive
- There may be a limit on physical machines

2 Partitioning
- storage space achieved by adding servers and computers to your clusters
- Cheaper
- Added difficulty managing 1000s of machines

You have taken scalability in other

courses so we will jump ahead

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Types of scaling
horizontally vs vertically
Visual Sample

Vertical scaling
Vertical scaling can essentially resize your server with no change to your code. It is the ability to increase
the capacity of existing hardware or software by adding resources. Vertical scaling is limited by the fact that
you can only get as big as the size of the server.

Example: Apartment building

apartment building that has many rooms and floors where people move in and out all the time. In this
apartment building, 200 spaces are available but not all are taken at one time. So, in a sense, the
apartment scales vertically as more people come and there are rooms to accommodate them.
Note: If the 200-space capacity is not exceeded, life is good.

Restaurant - capacity

Horizontal scalability
Means increasing capacity by connecting multiple hardware or software entities so that they work as a
single logical unit. When servers are clustered , the original server is being scaled out horizontally.

Example: Highway 4 lanes handle 2000 cars/hour

Add more offices and Condos near the highway and you need 8000 cars/hour.
Can handle it but have bottlenecks

Adding more lanes gets expensive and takes time

How MongoDB can scale

Scales out by splitting documents across multiple servers
824457402.docx by rt -- 6 December 2024 12 of 30
Back to Basics repeat
DOCUMENT
- the basic unit of data
- equivalent to a row in a relational database

COLLECTION
- similar idea to a table, but not a fixed schema

One MongoDB instance can host multiple databases

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CREATE DATABASE
CREATE

MongoDB creates a database, if it does not already exist, when you insert the
first document into your database

The "use" command to create a database

use EmployeeDB

MongoDB will now switch to the database you just created

Reserved Database Names

admin
Name of the root database
Users that are added to admin have access to all databases
Admin users only can run certain commands

local
This Database stores any local connections on a single server

config
a config server stores the clusters metadata great

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Create another sample database
> use mydb  THIS SWITCHES AND/OR CREATES

The output would look like the previous example

switched to db mydb

To check what database, you are using

> db Show databases

Also works
mydb

SEE databases

show dbs
>show dbs
local 0.78125GB
test 0.23012GB Notice that MYDB is not there

To display the database, you need to insert at least one document into it.
db.mydb.insert ({"name":"first document"})AN INSERT COMMAND

another example

db.mydb.insert ( { name: "Ron" })

show dbs
local 0.78125GB
mydb 0.23012GB  NOW IT WILL SHOW
test 0.23012GB

ASIDE: In MongoDB default database is test.

If you did not create any database, then collections will be stored in test database.

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DROP DATABASE
The dropDatabase() Method

MongoDB db.dropDatabase() command is used to drop an existing database.

First let us insert a second document

db.mydb.insert ({name:"second document"})  note less quotes

See the documents with find

> db.mydb.find()

{ "_id" : ObjectId("62389a931a44dc737f67b06c"), "name" : "first document" }

{ "_id" : ObjectId("62389b201a44dc737f67b06d"), "name" : "second document" }

To ensure you are dropping the right database

> use mydb

switched to db mydb

>db.dropDatabase()
>{ "dropped" : "mydb", "ok" : 1 }

Proof

>show dbs
local 0.78125GB Will be different depending on
what was there from before
test 0.23012GB
>

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CREATE COLLECTION
Collections are like tables in RDMS. In Mongo the schema is not enforced.
Documents like rows in RDMS, except they can have different structures.

Basic syntax of createCollection() method

>use test
switched to db test

>db.createCollection("mycollection")
{ "ok" : 1 }

SEE COLLECTIONS

>show collections
mycollection  here it is

Note: May be others from a previous lesson

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Collection Name rules
A collection is identified by its name

Some rules for the name

- cannot be an empty string ""
- cannot contain the null Terminator character \0
- cannot start with the reserved prefix such as system
- cannot include the reserved character $
- cannot exceed max size 64 bytes
- Cannot have spaces

And is
- Case sensitive

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Create collection using an insert
One of the easiest ways to create a collection is to insert a record (which is
nothing but a document consisting of Field names and Values) into a collection.

If the collection does not exist a new one will be created.

Example: Using insert

Show the initial state of collections

> show collections
mycollection

Insert document AND name the collection

db.myEmployeeDB.insert (
{
"Employeeid" : 1,
"EmployeeName" : "Martin"
}
)

OUTPUT
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })

show collections
mycollections
myEmployeesDB 

show documents
db.myEmployeeDB.find()

Insert another and show it

db.myEmployeeDB.insert ({ Employeeid : 2, EmployeeName : "Martin2"})
db.myEmployeeDB.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("62389d941a44dc737f67b06e"), "Employeeid" : 1, "EmployeeName" : "Martin" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("62389f061a44dc737f67b06f"), "Employeeid" : 2, "EmployeeName" : "Martin2" }

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DROP COLLECTIONS
db.collection.drop() is used to drop a collection from the database.

db.myEmployeeDB.drop()  dropping collection

> show collections  this is under test database

mycollection

db.dropDatabase() removes the current database and all data inside the
database.

Go to that database

Use EmployeeDB

> db.dropDatabase()
true
>

NOTE: EmployeeDB has gone

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Subcollections
What is a Subcollection?

Sometimes with collections it makes sense to organize similar collections

together.
Example: You have a database about PRODUCTS .. productsdb.
Suppose you have related collections. One about products that has information
about each product. Another collection might be of SUPPLIERS that holds
information about companies that supply products.

The 2 collections might be

products.info
products.suppliers.
Since they both have collection name products then these would be related to
each other.

You can use subcollections to organize a collection

Subcollections are separated by the . Character

Example:

The Collection known as blog has two subcollections:

blog.posts
blog.authors

You can go deeper with sub collections

products.suppliers.imported
products.suppliers.canadian

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Documents
Key
Every document has a unique key or _ID
- Used to identify a document in a collection

Example:

{ "greeting" : "Hello, World" }

Key: "greeting"
Value: "Hello, world"

A document can contain more than one key/value pair

{"greeting" : "Hello, world!", "foo" : 3}

Notice the 2 values are different.

Integer
String

Aside:
_id is 12 bytes hexadecimal number unique for every document in a collection. 12 bytes are divided as
follows −
_id: ObjectId(4 bytes timestamp, 3 bytes machine id, 2 bytes process id, 3 bytes
incrementer)

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Duplicate Keys
Not allowed because these are duplicate keys

Example:
{"greeting" : "Hello, world!", "greeting" : "Hello, MongoDB!“}

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Adding documents using insert() command
MongoDB provides the insert () command to insert documents into a collection. You sae it above.

The following example shows how this can be done.

Step 1) Write the "insert" command

Step 2) Within the "insert" command, add the required Field Name and Field Value for the document
which needs to be created.

Code Explanation:
1. The first part of the command is the "insert statement" which is the statement used to insert
a document into the collection.
2. The second part of the statement is to add the Field name and the Field value, in other words,
what is the document in the collection going to contain.
If the command is executed successfully, the following Output will be shown
Output:

The output shows that the operation performed was an insert operation and that one record was
inserted into the collection.

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Insert a new document
into a new collection
create the collection empDetails

> db.createCollection("empDetails")
{ "ok" : 1 }

InsertOne() method

db.empDetails.insertOne(
{
First_Name: "Radhika",
Last_Name: "Sharma",
Date_Of_Birth: "1995-09-26",
e_mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9848022338"
})
OUTPUT:
{
"acknowledged" : true,
"insertedId" : ObjectId("5dd62b4070fb13eec3963bea")
}

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Inserting multiple documents
insertMany() method

You need to pass an array of documents … meaning multiple documents

db.empDetails.insertMany(
[
{
First_Name: "Radhika",
Last_Name: "Sharma",
Date_Of_Birth: "1995-09-26",
e_mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9000012345"
},
{
First_Name: "Rachel",
Last_Name: "Christopher",
Date_Of_Birth: "1990-02-16",
e_mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9000054321"
},
{
First_Name: "Fathima",
Last_Name: "Sheik",
Date_Of_Birth: "1990-02-16",
e_mail: "[email protected]",
phone: "9000054321"
}
]
)
OUTPUT:
{
"acknowledged" : true,
"insertedIds" : [
ObjectId("5dd631f270fb13eec3963bed"),
ObjectId("5dd631f270fb13eec3963bee"),
ObjectId("5dd631f270fb13eec3963bef")
]
}
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Another set of samples for INSERT

BUT … we are going to insert the following into empDetails

insertOne

This will insert one document

db.empDetails.insertOne ( {"title" : "My Blog Post",

"content" : "Here is my blog post"
})

insertMany can be different looking data

db.empDetails.inse {
rtMany( "acknowledged" : true,
[ "insertedIds" : [
{ ObjectId("5dd631f270fb13eec3963bed"),
ObjectId("5dd631f270fb13eec3963bee"),
First_Name: ObjectId("5dd631f270fb13eec3963bef")
"Radhika", ]
}
Last_Name:
"Sharma",
db.empDetails.drop()
Date_Of_Birth:
"1995-09-26", Remove a document
e_mail:
"radhika_sharma.12
[email protected]",
The remove function deletes documents.
phone:
"9000012345"
}, Reinsert the many data above
{
Do the find db.empDetails.find()
First_Name: { "_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac04e"), "First_Name" : "Radhika", "Last_Name" :
"Rachel", "Sharma", "Date_Of_Birth" : "1995-09-26", "e_mail" : "[email protected]",
"phone" : "9000012345" }
Last_Name:
"Christopher", { "_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac04f"), "First_Name" : "Rachel", "Last_Name" :
"Christopher", "Date_Of_Birth" : "1990-02-16", "e_mail" :
"[email protected]", "phone" : "9000054321" }
Date_Of_Birth: { "_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac050"), "First_Name" : "Fathima", "Last_Name" :
"1990-02-16", "Sheik", "Date_Of_Birth" : "1990-02-16", "e_mail" : "[email protected]",
"phone" : "9000054321" }
e_mail:
"Rachel_Christophe
[email protected]",
824457402.docx by rt -- 6 December 2024 27 of 30
Following example will remove all the documents whose First_name is …
db.empDetails.remove ({"First_Name" : "Radhika"})

How to check it
db.empDetails.find()
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac04f"), "First_Name" : "Rachel", "Last_Name" : "Christopher", "Date_Of_Birth" : "1990-
02-16", "e_mail" : "[email protected]", "phone" : "9000054321" }
{ "_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac050"), "First_Name" : "Fathima", "Last_Name" : "Sheik", "Date_Of_Birth" : "1990-02-
16", "e_mail" : "[email protected]", "phone" : "9000054321" }

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PRETTY()

Just an extra to make it nicer to read – do not believe this is on the course but showing it anyway

db.empDetails.find().pretty()
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac04f"),
"First_Name" : "Rachel",
"Last_Name" : "Christopher",
"Date_Of_Birth" : "1990-02-16", A bit better layout.
"e_mail" : "[email protected]",
"phone" : "9000054321"
}
{
"_id" : ObjectId("5fb29639d1db3d91a34ac050"),
"First_Name" : "Fathima",
"Last_Name" : "Sheik",
"Date_Of_Birth" : "1990-02-16",
"e_mail" : "[email protected]",
"phone" : "9000054321"
}

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Remove All Documents
If you do not specify deletion criteria, then MongoDB will delete all documents from the collection. This is
equivalent of SQL's truncate command.

db.empDetails.remove({})
NOTE: removes the documents
WriteResult({ "nRemoved" : 2 })

Proof

db.empDetails.find()

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