Lecture 1 Introduction
Lecture 1 Introduction
University of Science
Faculty of Electronics & Telecommunications
Lecture 1:
Introduction
Dang Le Khoa
Email: [email protected]
Outline
• Block Diagram of the DSP Systems
• Continuous time signals
➢ Mathematical representation of signals
➢ Some special signals
➢ Complex signals
➢ Sinusoidal signal
➢ Noise
• Sampling of Signals
➢ Sampling of continuous-time signals
➢ The sampling theorem
➢ Aliasing
➢ Reconstruction of Signals
Block Diagram of the DSP Systems
A cos( 0 )
T
− A, − 2 t 0
x(t ) =
+ A,0 t T
2
0
m = E[ x] = xp( x)dx
−
= E[( x − m ) ] = ( x − m)
2 2 2
p ( x)dx
−
xa ( t ) x (n) xq ( n ) xd ( n ) = [0,1,...]
Sampling Quantization Encoding
▪ Sampling
Convert an
xa ( t ) analog signal xa ( nT ) = x ( n )
to sampling
sa ( t )
xa ( t ) sa (t ) = (t − nT )
n =−
t t
0 0 T 2T …
Analog Signal Sampling signal
▪ Analog Signal: xa ( t )
▪ Sampling signal: sa ( t ) = ( t − nT )
n =−
t0 +
, t = 0,
(t ) = ( t )dt = 1 s ( t ) ( t − t )dt = s ( t )
0, t 0.
0 0
− t0 −
n n
0 T 2T … 0 T 2T …
The samples nth dircet time signal
▪ The samples:
xs ( t ) = xa ( t ) sa ( t ) = x (t ) (t − nT ) = x ( nT ) (t − nT )
n =−
a
n =−
a
10
x1 (t ) = cos 2 ( )n = cos n
40 2
50 5
x2 (t ) = cos 2 ( )n = cos n
40 2
5
⚫ However, x2 (t ) = cos n = cos(2 n + n / 2) = cos( n / 2) : Aliasing
2
Fs 2 FM
The limiting frequency 2FM is called Nyquist rate, and the central
frequency interval [-Fs/2, Fs/2] is called the Nyquist interval.
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠 120 120
− , = − , 𝐻𝑧 = −60, 60 𝐻𝑧
2 2 2 2
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠 80 80
− , = − , 𝐻𝑧 = −40,40 𝐻𝑧
2 2 2 2
Signal Fx = 50 Hz outside the Nyquist interval, we can not recover
this signal. The recovered signal will be frequencies
F0 = F ± mfs = 50 ± m80=50, 50 ± 80, 50 ± 160, 50 ± 240
Only the frequency -30 Hz lies within the Nyquist interval, then the
recovered signal will be -30 Hz (30Hz and phase reversal).
35
CHƯƠNG 1
Lowpass filter
Application
⚫ Anti-aliasing prefilter
⚫ Postfilter