Optimizing and Modelling the dine-in fries package and delivery package of McDonald’s

INTRODUCTION AND RATIONALE

Today, there is an excessive amount of production and disposal of packaging materials which
pose a significant harm to the environment, thus raising concerns about the planet’s
sustainability. The fast-food industry is one of the largest contributors to carbon emissions
due to its energy-intensive production process. Packaging constitutes a significant portion of
the total waste generated today, leading to both financial and environmental issues.

Seeing the packaging for McDonald’s

dine-in fries and its delivery counterpart
piqued my interest as a Business
Management student about how the company
uses varied strategies to gain customer
attention. I am also driven by sustainability
interests and I aim to mathematically model
and integrate the volume of these packages,
encouraging responsible consumption and
minimizing environmental impact.

AIM AND METHODOLOGY

This investigation aims to compare and optimize the volumes of McDonald’s dine-in fries
packaging and its delivery package. Specifically, the goal is to determine which package can
hold more fries. By mathematically modeling the volumes of these packages, the assessment
intends to provide insights into potential optimizations to reduce paper wastage. To achieve
the aim, I will employ mathematical modeling and integration concepts. First, I will model
the 2-dimensional layout of dine-in and delivery packages, deriving the surface area of these
packages. I have purchased samples of each packaging type, measured their dimensions, and
applied the derived data to determine their optimized models. To ensure accuracy, I have
obtained the authentic package received from the McDonald’s outlet. The total wastage was
calculated by subtracting the surface area of the packages from the area of the paper used.
Additionally, I have used graphing tools, such as Desmos and Graphing Display Calculator
(GDC), to visualize and verify the findings.

Modeling the 2-D dine-in product

Firstly, in order to calculate the area of wastage, we are going to examine the total surface
area of the 2-dimensional dine-in package. Thus, the equation would be:

𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 − 𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 ⇒ (1)

The equation consists of two areas, 𝐴𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 can be found by multiplying the dimensions of the

paper used to make the fries package. Whereas, to calculate the total surface area of the 2-D
packet, shoelace formula will be used.

The schematic is divided into three parts: front and the sides, base, and the back of the
package. Each part is modeled and areas of these are added to find the total area of the
package.

Accurate modeling the base is important

in order to analyse the volume of the
package. The base is modeled using four
functions, each representing a boundary
of a near rectangular section of the
package’s base. These functions were
derived using regression, which is used to
estimate the relationship between one or
more independent variables.

The top edge and buttom edge of the base is similarly defined by a function 𝑓1(𝑦) and 𝑓2(𝑦),

which represents the front and back boundary of the base when the package is folded:
 2
𝑓1(𝑦) = 4. 00409 + 0. 025793𝑥 − 0. 0688877𝑥 {− 3. 81 < 𝑥 < 4. 006}
2
𝑓2(𝑦) =− 1. 26779 − 0. 02078𝑥 + 0. 0658623𝑥 {− 3. 81 < 𝑥 < 3. 97}

The left side and right side is modelled by

𝑔1(𝑦) and 𝑔2(𝑦) respectively, almost

looking like a vertical function:

0.315461+[1,−1] 1.94684513774+0.474468660403𝑥
𝑔1(𝑦) = 0.237234330202
{− 3. 81 < 𝑥 < 3. 799}

0.318657+[1,−1] 1.96358765052−0.458472609437𝑥
𝑔2(𝑦) = 0.229236304719
{3. 963 < 𝑥 < 4. 006}

The application of Stoke’s Theorem

Stokes' Theorem, a cornerstone in vector calculus, underpins the shoelace formula's proof by
establishing a relationship between the curl of a vector field and the line integral along a
boundary curve.

Stokes' Theorem forms a bridge between surface and line integrals. For a surface 𝐴 bounded
by a curve 𝐵, the theorem equates the surface integral of the curl of a vector field 𝐹 over 𝐴
with the line integral of 𝐹 over 𝐵:

∫𝐴​(∇×𝐹)⋅𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝐵𝐹⋅𝑑𝑟

Let surface 𝐴 be parameterized by 𝑟 = 𝑟(𝑠, 𝑡), where s and t are parameters. Curve 𝐵
corresponds to the boundary 𝐶 of region 𝑟 in the st-plane.

The line integral around 𝐵 can be converted into a line integral around 𝐶 by parameterizing
the curve. The original line integral over 𝐵:

∫𝐵​𝐹⋅𝑑𝑟
is rewritten using the parameterization as:
 ∂𝑟 ∂𝑟
∫𝐶​𝐹⋅ ( ∂𝑠 𝑑𝑠 + ∂𝑡
​𝑑𝑡)

We then define a two-simensional vector field 𝐺 = (𝐺1, 𝐺2) where:

∂𝑟​ ∂𝑟​
𝐺1 = 𝐹⋅ ∂𝑠
, 𝐺2 =𝐹⋅ ∂𝑡

This allows use to express the line integral in terms of 𝐺:

∫𝐶​𝐺⋅𝑑𝑠

Utilizing Green’s Theorem:

By applying Green's Theorem to region 𝑅 in the st-plane, we connect the line integral to a
double integral over 𝑅:
∂𝐺2 ∂𝐺1
∫𝐶​𝐺⋅𝑑𝑠 = ∬𝑅( ∂𝑠
​− ∂𝑡
​)𝑑𝑠𝑑𝑡

The curl of F in terms of the parameterization is given by:

∂𝐺2 ∂𝐺1
∇×𝐹 = ∂𝑠
​− ∂𝑡

Thus, the surface integral of the curl of 𝐹 is equivalent to the double integral over 𝑅:
∂𝐺2 ∂𝐺1
∫𝐴​(∇×𝐹)⋅𝑑𝐴 = ∬𝑅​( ∂𝑠
​− ∂𝑡
​)𝑑𝑠𝑑𝑡

Since the line integral around 𝐶 equals double integral over 𝑅, we have shown that:
∫𝐵​𝐹⋅𝑑𝑟 = ∫𝐴​(∇×𝐹)⋅𝑑𝐴

The Shoelace Formula

The shoelace formula, derived by Albrecht Ludwig
Friedrich Meister (Meister) is a formula used to find the
area of any ‘simple’ polygon. In other words, a polygon
which does not intersect with itself. The polygon we
have constructed from the 2d net of the fries and dine-in
packages are ‘simple’ polygons.

We will be dealing with a special case of the shoelace

formula called the triangle formula. The triangle
formula states that the area of a polygon with vertices P, where P looks like
(𝑥1, 𝑦1), (𝑥2, 𝑦2), ..., (𝑥𝑛, 𝑦𝑛) is precisely 𝐴 where 𝐴 is:
1
𝐴= 2
|(𝑥1𝑦2 + 𝑥2𝑦3 + ... + 𝑥𝑛−1𝑦𝑛 + 𝑥𝑛𝑦1) − (𝑦1𝑥2 + 𝑦2𝑥3 + ... + 𝑦𝑛−1𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛𝑥1 )|

We now delve into its derivation from a fundamental principle of vector calculus—Stokes'
Theorem.

Let us consider the set Ω of points that constitute the vertices of our polygon. We denote the
area 𝐴 of Ω by the integral of the volume form α, expressed as:

𝐴 = ∫Ωα,
where α = 𝑑𝑥∧𝑑𝑦. We recognize α as an exact form since its differential 𝑑ω is equal to α,
with ω given by the 1-form:
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
ω= 2
− 2
​

This substitution allows use to relate the area 𝐴 to the integral of 𝑑ω over Ω:
∫Ωα = ∫Ω​𝑑ω

Applying Stoke’s Theorem, we equate the integral of 𝑑ω over Ω to the integral of ω over the
boundary ∂Ω:

Ω​𝑑ω = ∫∂Ω​ω

The boundary ∂Ω consists of line segments 𝐴(𝑖) connecting the vertice (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖) to
(𝑥𝑖+1 , 𝑦𝑖+1). Thus, the integral of ω can be written as a sum of integrals over each A(i):
𝑛
∫∂Ωω = ∑ ∫𝐴(𝑖)​ω
𝑖=1

Substituting ω and parameterizing, we perform the integral to obtain:

𝑛
1
2
∑ = ​[(𝑥𝑖​ + 𝑥𝑖+1​)(𝑦𝑖+1​ − 𝑦𝑖​) − (𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖+1​)(𝑥𝑖+1​ − 𝑥𝑖)]
𝑖=1

Upon simplification, we arrive at the result that is the Shoelace Formula:

 𝑛
1
𝐴= 2
∑ (𝑥𝑖𝑦𝑖+1 − 𝑦𝑖𝑥𝑖+1)
𝑖=1

This allows us to very quickly and efficiently calculate the area of our polygons, and thus, our
packaging material, however, before we use the formula, the shoelace formula merits a
showcase of its proof.

To prove this, we shall first claim that the area of a triangle with 2D coordinates 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 is
1
precisely 2
· |(𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑦 + 𝐵𝑥𝐶𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥𝐴𝑦) − (𝐴𝑥𝐶𝑦 + 𝐵𝑥𝐴𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥𝐵𝑦)|

The curved edges have been approximated with straight lines. The vertices were calculated at
the points where each of the functions intersected or at intervals along the curves. These exact
coordinates of the vertices are then used in the shoelace formula.

Area of the Base

Shoelace formula is used to compute the area of specific components of the McDonald's
packaging. We began with the base of the package, which is crucial to understanding the total
volume and potential paper wastage.

Each vertex of the base's polygon was plotted in Desmos according to the measured
dimensions of the actual package. The coordinates of these vertices were precisely
determined based on the package's geometry.

The plotted points were then

connected in sequential order to
form the edges of the base,
ensuring that the resulting
shape is a simple polygon.
Utilizing the coordinates of the
vertices, the Shoelace Formula
was applied directly to find the
area of the base.

For the base of the package, the points were listed as:
𝐹𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥...]

𝐹𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑌 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦...]

The Shoelace Formula, integrated into Desmos, yielded the calculated area:

𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒​ = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒​(𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑔𝑜𝑛(𝐹𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑋​, 𝐹𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑌)​)

The calculated area of the base was found to be 36.799 square units.

Area of the 2-d layout

The wings, representing the upper portion of the package, were approached similarly. The
vertices were plotted in Desmos, and the list of coordinates were labeled:

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑋 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥...]

𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑌 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦...]

The area for the wings part of the package was determined as:
𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠​ = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒​(𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑋​, 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠𝑌​) = 172. 766009515𝑐𝑚

The back of the package was similarly modeled in Desmos.

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑋 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥...]

𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑌 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦...]

2
Back Area: 𝐴𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 = (𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑋, 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑌))~ = 76. 17679005𝑐𝑚

These values were combined to determine the total area of the 2D layout of the package.

𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐴𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑡 + 𝐴𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 + 𝐴𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

2
The total area of the package's 2D layout was found to be: 285. 741962115𝑐𝑚

Area of paper wastage

Given that an A4 size paper will be used to construct a dine-in fries package. Area of paper
wastage is found by plugging the values in the equation (1).

𝐴𝐴4𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 29. 7𝑐𝑚 × 21𝑐𝑚

2
𝐴𝐴4𝑝𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑟 = 623. 7𝑐𝑚

𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 623. 7 − 285. 74 from (1)

2
𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 337. 96𝑐𝑚

A significant portion of the paper is not used in the final product.

Integrating cross sections

Firstly, to do integration, we
should find on what 𝑧-values
should we integrate, to do so, we
will measure the values of the 4
side lengths of the packet, and
find the average, doing so, we
find that the packet is
𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 = 10. 0290402067 𝑐𝑚 tall.

Secondly, we have found the cross section of the bottom of the package, and let us notice that
the cross section of the top of the package is simply a scaled version of the same shape.
Infact, we can find the area of any cross section by just finding out how much bigger a cross
section is than the base. We will call this scaling the ‘scale-factor’.

Finding scale factor

To find the scale factor, we shall find the maximum scale factor, and ‘scale’ the scale factor
depending on the location of the cross section.

To find the maximum scale factor, I will find the perimeters of the top and bottom of the
packet, and then find the ratio between them. The perimeter of the base can be found by
adding together the lengths between all the points on the polygon using Pythagoras’
Theorem, going in a clockwise direction.

When I apply this to the polygon we had found for the base, we find that the perimeter of the
base to be 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 22. 862025417 𝑐𝑚.

In a similar vein, we can find the perimeter of the top, this is done by adding together the 4
sides of the top cross section, which comes out to 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 27. 0048354746 𝑐𝑚

Using this, we can now find the maximal scale factor very easily:
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝
⇒ 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
~ = 1. 18120923155

So, to recap, the scale factor at the bottom is 1, the scale factor at the top is 1. 18.... Now we
have to find the values in between, you could say we have to ‘interpolate’ it. But interpolate
with what technique? Infact, we can interpolate linearly because the scale factor scales
linearly because the vertical edges are all lines.

Hence, we will invoke the definition of linear interpolation:

→ 𝐿𝑒𝑟𝑝(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑡) = 𝑎(1 − 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑡 ⇒ (2)

In our case, we linearly interpolate using the following equation:

𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑧
𝐿𝑒𝑟𝑝(1, 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
, 𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
)

Volume calculation
There is an additional complexity while determining the volume of a 3D model. As we model
the package in three dimensions, we must account for the change in the cross-sectional area
along the height of the package due to the bulging of the front and back part. The bulge
means that the cross-sectional area is not constant; instead, it increases as we move up from
the base of the package.

Given the cross-sectional area at the base 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 and 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 of the package, we need to define a
scaling factor 𝑠𝑓(𝑧) that varies linearly with the height 𝑧. This factor scales the base area to
compute the area at any height. Using linear interpolation, we define 𝑠𝑓(𝑧) as:
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑧
𝑠𝑓(𝑧) = 𝐿𝑒𝑟𝑝(1, 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
, 𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
)

where 𝐿𝑒𝑟𝑝(𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑡) = 𝑎(𝑎 − 𝑡) + 𝑏𝑡 interpolates between a and b as t varies from 0 to 1,

and 𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 is the total height of the package.

Great, now for example, if I want to find the area of the cross-section halfway up the
𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝
package. Given the height of the package, 𝑃 = 1. 18120923155 the area at the top,
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

2 𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
𝐴𝑇𝑜𝑝 = 51. 3442246958𝑐𝑚 , and at half the height, 𝑧 = 2
= 5. 01452010335𝑐𝑚,
the interpolation parameter 𝑡 would be 0.5.

The blue curve in the figure

represents that boundary has
expanded outward as the height of
the package increases, indicative of
a bulging effect.

Substituting a=1, b=1.18120923155, and t = 0.5 into the equation (2), we would get:

𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
𝑠𝑓( 2
) = 1(1 − 0. 5) + 1. 18120923155⋅(0. 5)
𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
𝑠𝑓( 2
) = 0. 5 + 0. 590604615775
𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
𝑠𝑓( 2
) = 1. 090604615775
Now, given the value for 𝐴𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 36. 79916255, the area of the cross-section at the
midpoint, 𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑, is found by:
𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡 2
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 · (𝑠𝑓( 2
))
2
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 36. 79916255 · (1. 090604615775)
2
𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 43. 7696020702𝑐𝑚

So, the interpolated area 𝐴(𝑧) at the height 𝑧 = 5. 01452010335 𝑐𝑚 is

2
43. 7696020702𝑐𝑚 , under the assumption that 𝑧 is halfway up the total height of the
package.

The provided image depicts an almost-similar

3D model of the dine-in fries package from
McDonald's. The package appears to have an
oval egg-like base with slightly tapered sides.
As seen, the front and back face of the package
are bulged which causes an effect of increase
in the area along the height of the package.

The volume of the package is calculated with the help of the area of the base. The ratio of
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑝 to 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 is used in the formula involving linear interpolation to calculate the area of the

cross-section at different points along the height of the package.

Finally, integration is used to find the volume by summing up the areas of all cross-sections.
The scale factor, 𝑠𝑓(𝑧) is squared to account for the variation in the cross-sectional area. We

can effectively calculate the area of each cross-section and integrate them to find the volume:
 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑝 𝑧
The given equation, 𝑠𝑓(𝑧) = 𝐿𝑒𝑟𝑝(1, 𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
, 𝐻𝑃𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
) is integrated within the range from 0 to

𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡. The variable z represents the height along the package, ranging from the buttom

(𝑧 = 0) to the top (𝑧 = 𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡). By integrating, we get:

𝐻𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡
2
∫ (𝐴𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 · 𝑠𝑓(𝑧) )𝑑𝑧
0

3
The answer provided by the integration equation is: 439. 976995104𝑐𝑚

Ratio of the volume to the surface-area

Given:
2
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 285. 741962115 𝑐𝑚
3
𝑉 = 439. 976995104 𝑐𝑚

We can calculate the ratio as follows:

𝑉
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = ~1. 539876387

This ratio indicates how much volume exists per unit surface area of the package.

Modeling the 2-D delivery product

The provided image depicts the 2D layout of

the delivery package, which is an unfolded
representation of the package's design. The
provided image depicts the 2D layout of the
delivery package, which is an unfolded
representation of the package's design.
To find the surface area of the delivery package using the 2D layout, a similar approach to the
one used for the dine-in package can be employed. The shoelace formula can be used to
calculate the total area of the layout. This involves joining the lines of the layout to form a
polygon, which can then be used to calculate the total area of the layout.

Define Coordinates: First, all the coordinates of each point are defined as 𝐿𝑥 and 𝐿𝑦. These

coordinates represent the x and y coordinates of each point on the layout. The coordinates 𝐿𝑥

and 𝐿𝑦 are used to form a polygon by joining them sequentially. Each pair of coordinates

represents a vertex of the polygon.

Once the polygon is formed, the shoelace formula is applied to find the area of the layout.
The formula calculates the area of a polygon given the coordinates of its vertices.

𝐿𝑥 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥...]

𝐿𝑦 = [... 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑦...]

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝐿𝑥, 𝐿𝑦)

The total surface area of the layout,

calculated using the shoelace
formula, is given as:
2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 462. 379162 𝑐𝑚

A rectangle is formed with the help of the coordinates of points, which are connected in
sequence. Only the portion of the layout is considered, any irregular elements outside this
rectangular region are disregarded, as they are folded inside the package and do not account
to change the volume of the package.
This rectangular field is modeled into a three-dimensional shape, specifically a compressed
cylinder. The length of the rectangle is determined based on the coordinates provided.

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 7. 15 − (− 7. 9)

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 15. 05 𝑐𝑚

The length of the rectangle is then used to calculate the volume of the package. Area of
cross-section of the folded 3d model is multiplied by the length of the package.
The formula 𝑉 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ · 𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 is applied.

The area of the cross-section is first computed using the shoelace formula.

𝑆𝑥 and 𝑆𝑦 represent the x and y coordinates of the

vertices of the cross section of the package.

𝐴𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠−𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝑆𝑥, 𝑆𝑦)

After applying the shoelace formula, the area of the side

of the package is determined to be approximately
35.57685 square units.

Volume calculation
From the above data,
𝑉 = 15. 05 · 35. 57685

Therefore, the volume of the package is

3
𝑉 = 535. 4315925 𝑐𝑚

The ratio of volume to the area is calculated as:

𝑉
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
 535.4315925
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 285.741962115
= ~1. 875

The image showcases a 3D model

representing a compressed cylindrical

package. The package appears to have a

cylindrical shape that has been squished

or compressed from its original form.

Paper wastage
𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 623. 7 − 462. 379162
2
𝐴𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 161. 320838𝑐𝑚

Comparison of two packaging designs

Comparing the two ratios, we can observe that the delivery counterpart package has a higher
ratio of volume to the surface area (≈ 1. 875) compared to the dine-in fries package
(≈ 1. 539). This indicates that the delivery counterpart package contains more volume per
unit surface area compared to the dine-in fries package.

Comparing the paper wastage of two fries packages, lower paper wastage implies reduced
environmental impact, as less paper is consumed for packaging. Therefore, the delivery
package appears to be more environmentally friendly in terms of paper usage. In conclusion,
designing packages with higher volume-to-area ratios can minimize paper wastage and
contribute to sustainability efforts.
The following variables representing specific quantities are used throughout the study:

Symbol/Variable Quantity represented

Bibleography

Meister, Albrecht Ludwig Friedrich. Generalia De Genesi Figurarum Planarum Et Inde

Pendentibus Earum Affectionibus. 1769.