MATHEMATICS 30-1

Course Book IV
Unit 7
Permutations, Combinations
and the Binomial Theorem

Version 7A
Octobert 2019
Developed for Centre High Campus. Unauthorized use prohibited.
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7-1 Fundamental Counting Principle

Goal
 I can solve problems using the fundamental counting principle.

Explore: Possible Arrangements

Combinatorics is the branch of mathematics that deals with the arrangement and
selection of objects chosen from a finite set of elements.

For example, suppose you purchase the following five colour coordinated items from a
clothing store.
Pants Tops
Navy (na) White (wh)
Black (bl) Burgundy (bu)
Grey (gr)

1. List the outfits possible consisting of a pant and top.

2. A tree-diagram is another way to list all possible outcomes. Fill in the blanks in the
tree-diagram shown below. The first branch is completed for you.
pant top outfit
wh na-wh
na

3. Explain how you could have numerically calculated the number of outfits, without
actually listing the outfits or representing them as a tree-diagram.

4. Suppose you have a choice of purchasing another colour coordinated pant or top.
Which purchase will give you the greatest number of outfits? Justify your answer.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 2

Information
The fundamental counting principle states, if one task can be performed in a ways, a
second task can be performed in b ways, and a third task can be performed in c ways, then
the number of ways of performing all three tasks is a  b  c .

Examples
Example 1: Using the Fundamental Counting Principle
The lunch menu from Mel's Diner is shown on the right. How many lunch specials are
possible?
Mel's Diner
Lunch Special
Choose one sandwich, one dessert,
and one drink.
Sandwiches Desserts
beef turkey ice cream
ham tuna chocolate cake
grilled vegetables apple pie
Drinks
pop, coffee, tea, milk

Example 2: Using the Fundamental Counting Principle with Repetitions

A lock opens with the correct three-number sequence. To open the lock,
rotate a dial clockwise to the first number, counter-clockwise past the first
number to the second number and then clockwise to the third number.
The dial rotates through 40 numbers and repetitions are allowed.
Suppose it takes 3 seconds to dial a three-number sequence.

For which of the following cases would it be reasonable to attempt to open

the lock using trial and error, or discard the lock and purchase a new one?
Case 1: You do not know any of the digits.
a) i. How many lock outcomes are possible?

ii. How long would it take to dial all possible outcomes?

Case 2: You know the middle digit.

b) i. How many outcomes are possible, if the middle digit is 12?

ii. How long would it take to dial all possible outcomes?

CHC Math 30-1 Page 3

Case 3: You know the first and last digits.

c) i. How many outcomes are possible if the first number is 28 and the last number is
37?

ii. How long would it take to dial all possible outcomes?

Example 3: Using the Fundamental Counting Principle Without Repetitions

In how many ways can 9 football players line-up in the array
shown on the right?

More Information
The product of 9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1 can be abbreviated as 9! and is read as "nine
factorial". Factorial, means for any natural number n, the product of all the natural
numbers up to and including n.

Example 4: Calculate Factorial Expressions

Calculate without using technology. Use technology to check your answers.
8!
a)
6!
Helpful Hint
Always expand the larger
factorial, and stop when you get
to the smaller factorial, as you
will then be able to cancel.

12!
b)
3!9!
CHC Math 30-1 Page 4

Example 5: Simplify Factorial Expressions

Simplify.
a)
 n  2 !
 n  1 !

b)
 n  3 !
 n  5 !

Key Ideas
 The fundamental counting principle can be used to determine the number of different
arrangements. If one task can be performed in a ways, a second task in b ways, and a
third task in c ways, then all three tasks can be performed in a  b  c ways.

 Factorial notation is an abbreviation for products of successive natural numbers.

Start with a natural number and successively multiply by one less, until you multiply
by one.
5!  5 4 3 21
 n  1!   n  1 n n  1 n  2  . . .  321
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 5

Practice

 easy  moderate  difficult

1. What is the value of each expression?

9! 102!
a) b)
5!4! 100!2!

2. Express without factorial notation.

a)
 n  3 ! b)
3n !
 n  2 ! 3n  2 !

3. Use an organized list or tree diagram to show the different methods of traveling from
Toronto to Vancouver via Edmonton, if you can go from Toronto to Edmonton by plane
or train and from Edmonton to Vancouver by bus, plane, or train.

4. There are eight horses in one race. In how many ways can
the win (1st place), place (2nd place) and show (3rd place)
horse be selected?
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 6

5. In the past Alberta license plates used a six-character format

consisting of three letters followed by three digits. How many more
license plates can be issued today by using a seven-character
format, with three letters followed by four digits? Assume that
there are no restrictions on the letters, and both letters and digits can be repeated.

6. Louis Braille (1809-1852) devised a system of six raised dots to signify a letter
of the alphabet. For example, the letter N is denoted by the arrangement shown
on the right, where a solid dot represents a raised dot.
a) How many different letters or characters may be coded in Braille?

b) If you wanted to code 97 distinct characters, such as those found on a computer

keyboard, how many dots would the system need?

7. Key shapes are designed by dividing a key into separate parts.
Each part can have several patterns.
a) How many different keys can be cut if the key design has five
parts and each part has four possible patterns, as shown on the
right?

b) Suppose a company want to ensure that it supplies a unique design to all 10 000 of
its keyed safes. If the key have six parts, how many patterns are needed for each
part in order to have 10 000 different keys?
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 7

8. The final score in a soccer game is 4-3. How many different half-time scores are
possible?

9. How many two-digit numbers are not divisible by either 2 or 5?

10. A "count" in baseball is an ordered pair indicating the numbers of

balls and strikes to the batter. For example, a count of "2 and 1"
means 2 balls and 1 strike. A batter with three strikes is out. If there
are four balls, the batter is automatically allowed to go to first base.
How many different counts are possible?

Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
Use the following information to answer the next question.

A soccer team plays six games in one month. Each game results in a win, loss, or tie.

1. For this soccer team, how many different sets of results are possible for the six games?
A. 729
B. 720
C. 216
D. 64
CHC Math 30-1 Page 8

Numerical Response

Use the following information to answer the next question.

Josh wants to rent a car. He has narrowed his choices to a sedan, a compact, or an
economy car. The colours available are black, red, or white. He may also choose
between a standard and an automatic transmission.

1. The number of options that Josh has is _____.

Answers to Practice

1. a) 126
b) 5 151

1
2. a)
n2
b) 3n(3n  1) or 9n2  3n Toronto to Edmonton to
Edmonton Vancouver
bus
plane plane
3. plane-bus, plane-plane, plane-train, train-bus, train-
train
plane, train-train
bus
4. 336 train plane
train
5. 263  104  263  103 = 158 184 000

6. a) 26 = 64
b) 7 dots, since 27 = 128 which would allow for more than 97 distinct characters.

7. a) 45 = 1024
b) 5 patterns since n6 = 10 000 so n = 6 10000  4.64 .

8. 5  4 = 20

9. 9  4 = 36

10. 5  4  1 = 19

Answers to Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
1. A

Numerical Response
1. 18
CHC Math 30-1 Page 9

7-2 Permutations With Constraints

Goals
 To solve an equation that involves n Pr notation.
 To solve, using a variety of strategies, permutation problems.

Explore: Permutation Formula

While relaxing Alicia enjoys listening to music on her phone.
1. Use the fundamental counting principle to determine the
number of ways that Alicia can listen to 3 different
randomly selected songs from an album of 12 songs.

2. Express your answer from part 1) using factorial notation.

3. The order of the songs Alicia listens to is called a permutation. A permutation is an

arrangement in which order is important. The number of permutations that can be
made from 12 different songs, where only 3 of them are listened to at a time, is
represented as 12 P3 . How do the numbers, 12 and 3, in the permutation formula relate
to your answer in 2)?

12!
4. a) What random song selection would the expression represent?
7!

12!
b) When is expressed in the form n Pr , what are the values of n and r?
7!

c) Develop a formula for n Pr .

5. a) Use the fundamental counting principle to determine the number of ways Alicia can
listen to a random selection of all 12 songs.

b) Use the formula you developed from 4c) to determine P .

12 12

c) For the answers from parts a) and b) to be equal, what must 0! be defined as?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 10

Information
n!
The formula for the number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is n Pr  ,
 n  r !
where n N and 0! is defined as 1.

Examples
Example 1: Evaluate Using Permutation Formula
Evaluate 11 P2 using the permutation formula. Use technology to check your answer.

Example 2: Solve a Permutation Formula Equation

Upon entering the bus, there are 132 ways in which Jasmine and Ahmed may be seated in
the seats that are available. Algebraically determine the number of available seats on the
bus.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 11

Example 3: Permutations with Restrictions on the Positions

Each letter of the word UNITED is written on a separate sheet of paper.
a) In how many ways can all the letters be arranged?

b) In how many ways can all the letters be arranged if each arrangement begins with two
consonants?

c) In how many ways can all the letters be arranged if each arrangement begins with
exactly two consonants?

d) In how many ways can all the letters be arranged if vowels and consonants alternate?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 12

Example 4: Permutations with Grouping of Adjacent Elements

A mother, father and three children sit in five adjacent seats in a movie
theater.
a) In how many ways can they be arranged?

b) In how many ways can they be arranged if the children are all
seated together?

c) In how many ways can they be arranged if the parents are seated together?

d) In how many ways can they be arranged if the parents are not seated together?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 13

Example 5: Using Cases to Determine Permutations

You are making numbers using only the digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. No digits are repeated.
a) How many 5-digit numbers can you make?

b) How many numbers can you make consisting of at least 4-digits?

c) How many numbers greater than 4000 can you make?

d) How many 5-digit even numbers greater than 40 000 can you make?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 14

Example 6: Another Example of Using Cases to Determine Permutations

You are making numbers using only the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. No digits are repeated.
a) How many 3-digit numbers can you make?

b) How many 3-digit even numbers numbers can you make?

Key Ideas
 The formula for the number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time is
n!
n Pr  , where n N and 0! is defined as 1.
 n  r !
 It is useful to use the fundamental counting principle to set-up the solution to
problems involving permutations with constraints.

 Some problems involve the grouping of adjacent elements.

1. Treat the group of adjacent elements as one object.
2. Calculate the number of arrangements of the grouped object and all other objects.
3. Multiply the value from step 2 by the number of arrangements within the group of
adjacent elements.

 In combinatorics, the word "and" implies multiplication and the word "or" implies
addition.

 Some problems have more than one case.

1. Establish cases to cover all possibilities.
2. Calculate the number of arrangements for each case.
3. Add the values of all the cases to find the total number of possibilities.

 The expression “at least” or “at most” indicates more than one possible case.
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 15

Practice

 easy  moderate  difficult

1. Evaluate each expression.

a) 7 P3 b) P
8 8

2. A Canadian social insurance number (SIN) consists of

9-digits, as shown in the example on the right. If the
number begins with the digit 6, it indicates that the
number was registered in Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
Alberta, Northwest Territories, or Nunavut. If the 623 123 123
number begins with a 7, the number was registered in
British Columbia or the Yukon. How many different
SINs can be registered for both groups, if digits may
repeat?

3. All telephone numbers in North America consist of a three-digit area code, a three-digit
exchange, and then a four-digit number. In Alberta, the three-digit area codes are 780
and 403. How many telephone numbers are possible in Alberta, if the three-digit
exchange cannot start with a 0, and digits may be repeated?

4. In the local science fair competition, there are 72 ways in which the first and second
place prizes may be awarded. Algebraically determine the number of projects that have
been entered into the competition.
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 16

5. How many arrangements can be made using all of the letters of the word BISECTOR, if
the word starts with exactly one vowel, that is, the first letter is a vowel and the second
letter is not?

6. Three girls, Ava, Brooke and Chloe, and three boys, David, Ethan and Felix, go to watch a
movie and sit in six adjacent seats. In how many ways can this be done given each of
the following conditions?
a) boys and girls alternate seats

b) Ava sits next to David

c) Chloe refuses to sit next to Felix

7. In how many ways can 4 different mathematics textbooks and 3 different science
textbooks be arranged on a shelf given each of the following conditions?
a) mathematics books and science books alternate

b) mathematics books must be together

c) mathematics books must be together and the science books must be together
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 17

8. Aiden, Caleb, Danica and Faith have booked a flight to Vancouver.
The airplane has four seats in each row with two on each side of
the aisle, as shown in the figure on the right. The four friends are
randomly assigned to sit together in Row 1.
a) In how many different arrangements can Aiden get a window
seat?

b) In how many different arrangements can Danica and Faith sit on the same side of
the plane?

9. Use the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, without repetitions, to answer the following.
a) How many five-digit numbers greater than 40 000 can be formed?

b) How many numbers greater than 40 000 can be formed?

c) How many three-digit odd numbers can be formed?

d) How many three-digit even numbers can be formed?

 CHC Math 30-1 Page 18

10. A Bingo card has 5 columns, each with 5 spaces. A sample card is
shown on the right.
 The first column contains numbers from 1 to 15.
 The second column contains the numbers from 16 to 30.
 The third column has its centre square shaded and contains
the numbers from 31 to 45.
 The fourth column contains the numbers from 46 to 60.
 The fifth column contains the numbers from 61 to 75.

a) How many different Bingo cards can be printed?

b) Suppose the cards were printed on paper 1 mm thick. How high would a stack of all
the possible cards be, in kilometres?

Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
1. If all of the letters in the word DIPLOMA are used, then how many arrangements are
possible that begin and end with an I, O, or A?
A. 3  55  3
B. 3  55  2
C. 3  5!  3
D. 3  5!  2

Use the following information to answer the next question.

A volleyball team made up of 6 players stands in a line facing the camera for a
picture.

2. If Joan and Emily must be together, then the number of different arrangements for the
picture is
A. 240
B. 120
C. 720
D. 1 440
CHC Math 30-1 Page 19

Numerical Response

Use the following information to answer the next question.

The identification code in a bank card consists of 1 digit followed by 2 letters. The
code must meet the following conditions:
 The digit must be odd.
 The letters A, E, I, O and U cannot be used.
 Letters cannot be used more than once.

1. The number of possible identification codes that can be created with these conditions is
_____.

Use the following information to answer the next question.

Prior to 2010, standard licence plates in Alberta consisted of 3 letters followed by 3

digits, and standard Ontario licence plates consisted of 4 letters followed by 3 digits.
Letters and digits can be repeated on licence plates. There are 23 letters in the
alphabet that can be used, as the letters I, O and Q are not allowed. All the digits
from 0 to 9 may be used. An example of each licence plate is shown below.

2. In 2009, the number of standard licence plates possible in Ontario was r times greater
than the number of standard licence plates possible in Alberta. The value of r, as a
whole number, is _____.

3. The number of different 4-digit or 5-digit personal identification numbers (PINs) that
can be formed using only the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, with no repetitions, within a single
PIN is _____.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 20

Answers to Practice

1. a) 210
b) 40 320

2. 200 000 000

3. 18 000 000

4. 9

5. 10 800

6. a) 72
b) 240
c) 480

7. a) 144
b) 576
c) 288

8. a) 12
b) 8

9. a) 240
b) 840
c) 48
d) 52

10. a) 5.5  1026

b) 5.5  1020 km

Answers to Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
1. D
2. A

Numerical Response
1. 2100
2. 23
3. 1080
CHC Math 30-1 Page 21

7-3 Permutations With Alike Objects

Goal
 To solve counting problems when two or more objects are identical.

Explore: Permutations with Alike Objects

1. a) List all the arrangements of the letters in the word “OoT”, with one upper case “T”,
one upper case “O” and one lower case “o”.

b) Show how you could numerically have calculated the number of arrangements of
three different objects.

2. a) List all the arrangements of the letters in the word “OOT”, all in upper case.

b) Show how you could numerically have calculated the number of arrangements of
three objects with two alike.

3. Predict the number of arrangements of the letters in the word “OOOOT”, all in upper
case.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 22

Information
The number of permutations of n objects in which a objects are alike, b objects are alike,
n!
and c objects are alike is .
a!b!c!

Examples
Example 1: Permutations with Alike Objects
Each letter of the word TORONTO is written on a separate sheet of paper.
a) In how many ways can the letters be arranged?

b) In how many ways can the letters be arranged if each arrangement begins with exactly
two 0's?

Example 2: Model a Situation Using Permutations with Alike Objects

Over the past week an airline pilot was in Vancouver three days,
Edmonton two days and Winnipeg two days.
a) Let V represents a day spent in Vancouver, E represent a day
spent in Edmonton and W represent a day spent in Winnipeg.
List two possible itineraries the pilot could have had by filling
in the table below.

Week Day
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
A possible
Itinerary
Another
possible
Itinerary

b) How many different itineraries could the pilot have had?

c) If you knew that the two days in Edmonton were consecutive (layover), how many
itineraries could the pilot have had?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 23

Example 3: Solve a Pathway Problem Using Permutations with Alike Objects

Allison walks from her house four blocks east and three blocks south to school. She
travels only east and south.
a) If E represents one block east and S represents Allison's Home
one block south, then the route shown on the
right could be represented as EESSEES. Using N
E's and S's, list two other possible routes. W E
S

School

b) What do the representations of all possible routes have in common?

c) How many different routes can Allison follow?

d) Suppose Allison must stop at her friend Joy's Allison's House

house before going on to school, as shown in the
figure on the right. How many routes can N
Allison follow that pass through Joy's house?
Joy's House W E
S

School
CHC Math 30-1 Page 24

Key Ideas
 The number of permutations of n objects in which a objects are alike, b objects are
n!
alike, and c objects are alike, is .
a!b!c!

 Some problems involve permutations with constraints and alike objects.

1. Treat the alike objects as if they were different and calculate the number of
permutations with the given constraints.
2. Divide the value from step 1 by a!b!c ! , for a alike objects, b alike objects, and c
alike objects.

Practice
 easy  moderate  difficult

1. Determine the number of distinguishable arrangements using all of the letters in the
word OSCILLOSCOPE.

2. In how many ways can 4 red, 2 blue, and 2 green marbles be distributed among 8
children, if each child is to receive one marble?

A
3. How many pathways going down and to the right are
there from point A to point B?

4. In each figure below, how many paths are there from point A to point C, passing through point
B, if you must always be moving closer to C?
a) A b) A

B
B

C
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 25

5. In how many distinguishable ways can the letters of the word CARRIER be arranged
under each of the following conditions?
a) If the first letter is R.

b) If the first two letters are RR.

c) If each arrangement begins with exactly two R’s, that is, the first two letters are R’s
and the third letter is not R.

6. a) How many arrangements using all of the letters in the word PARALLEL are possible?

b) How many arrangements have all the L's together?

7. A box with a lid has inside dimensions of 3 cm by 2 cm by 1

cm. You have four identical black cubes and two identical
white cubes, each 1 cm by 1 cm by 1 cm. How many different
six-cube arrangements of black and white cubes are possible?
You must be able to close the lid after any arrangements. The
diagram on the right shows one possible arrangement.
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 26

8. Emma, Liam and 7 of their friends have popsicles on a hot summer
day. In how many ways can 3 grape, 2 orange and 4 cherry popsicles
be distributed among the other 7 children if Emma must have cherry
and Liam must have grape?

9. In how many ways can the letters in the word LINEAR be arranged, given each of the
following conditions.
a) the position and order of the vowels is not changed

b) the order of the vowels is not changed

10. a) What is the value of 9!?

b) Find the approximate value of log(9!).

c) Find the approximate value of log(10!).

d) How are the answers to parts b) and c) related? Explain why.

CHC Math 30-1 Page 27

Test Yourself

Numerical Response

Use the following information to answer the next question.

Two-year-old Darren is playing with a train set that has an engine and detachable
train cars. The letters are glued to the engine and the cars, and two cars with the
letter R are identical. Darren does not know how to spell his name, but he knows
that the engine with the letter D must be in the front.

1. The total number of different possible arrangements of all the train cars, with the
engine in the front, is _____.

Use the following information to answer the next question.

At a car dealership, the manager wants to line up 10 cars of the same model in the
parking lot. There are 3 red cars, 2 blue cars, and 5 green cars.

2. If all 10 cars are lined up in a row facing forward and if the blue cars cannot be
together, then the number of possible arrangements is _____.

Answers to Practice

12!
1.  9 979 200
2!2!2!3!

8!
2.  420
2!2!4!

8!
3.  56
5!3!
CHC Math 30-1 Page 28

4! 5!
4. a)   60
2!2! 2!3!
6! 3!
b)   45
4!2! 2!

3  6!
5. a)  360
3!
3  2  5!
b)  120
3!
3  2  4  4!
c)  96
3!

8!
6. a)  3360
2!3!
6!3!
b)  360
2!3!

6!
7.  15
2!4!

7! 4i3i7!
8.  210 or  210
3!2!2! 4!3!2!

9. a) 3!  6
6!
b)  120
3!

10. a) 9!  362 880

b) log  9!  5.559 763 . . .
c) log 10!  6.559 763 . . .
d) The answer to part c) is one more than the answer to part b). This is because
10!  10  9! and therefore log 10!  log 10  9!  log10  log  9!  1  log  9! .

Answers to Test Yourself

Numerical Response
1. 60
2. 2016
CHC Math 30-1 Page 29

7-4 Combinations

Goals
 To solve an equation that involves n C r notation.
 To solve problems using the number of combinations of n-different objects taken r at a
time.
 To explain the difference between a permutation and a combination.

Explore: The Handshake Problem

Two students attempted to solve the following problem.
Ten Student Union representatives from ten schools meet at a conference. Each
student shakes hands with the student from each of the other schools once. How
many handshakes take place?

Kendra attempted to find a solution by solving a simpler problem. She drew circles and let
each point on a circle represent a student and each line segment joining a pair of points
represent a handshake. She then counted the number of line segments, made an organized
list, and looked for a pattern. Her initial work is shown below.
Number of Students
2 3 4 5

Diagram

Number of Handshakes 1 3 6 10
1. How many handshakes take place if each of the ten students shakes hands with
students from each of the other schools once? Explain your reasoning.

2. Ryan attempted to find the solution using the permutation formula. His work is shown
below.
10 ! 10 ! 10  9  8  !
P     90
10 2
10  2 ! 8! 8!
a) Explain why Ryan's approach is incorrect.

b) How could you adjust Ryan's answer to obtain the correct answer?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 30

Information
A permutation is an arrangement in which order matters. Order may be implied by:
 physical position
For example, the number of ways 6 people can sit in 6 empty seats in a movie theatre.
 title
For example, from 6 candidates the number of ways the position of president, secretary
and treasurer can be filled.
 sequence
For example, the number of ways 8 horses can finish a race in 1st place, 2nd place and 3rd
place.
 words and numbers read left to right
For example, the number of ways of arranging the letters in the word CENTRE.

 n
A combination is a selection in which order does not matter. The notation n C r or   ,
r 
represents the number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time.

The combination formula for n objects taken r at a time can be developed from the
permutation formula. Divide the number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time by
r!, since r objects would be considered alike if order does not matter.
 n  n Pr
n Cr    
 r  r!
n!
 n   n  r !
n Cr    
r  r!
 n n!
Cr    
 r   n  r !r !
n

Examples
Example 1: Evaluate Using Combination Formula
Evaluate 8C3 using the combination formula. Use technology to check your answer.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 31

Example 2: Solve a Combination Formula Equation

At a particular soccer tournament, each team is scheduled to play each other team exactly
once. There are 66 games scheduled in total. Algebraically determine the number of teams
that are participating in the tournament.

Example 3: Combinations
The largest jackpot for the lottery game Lotto 649 was drawn on October 17,
2015. The single winning ticket was worth $64 million. To play Lotto 649, a
player selects six numbers, in any order, from a field of 1 to 49. In how
many different ways can this be done?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 32

Example 4: Combinations and the Fundamental Counting Principle

A committee is formed from 4 girls and 3 boys.
a) In how many ways can you select a committee of 4?

b) In how many ways can you select a committee of 4, consisting of exactly 2 girls?

c) In how many ways can you select a committee of 4 consisting of exactly 2 girls, if one of
the girls, Candace, must be on the committee?

Example 5: Combinations with Cases

An Asian food vendor in a mall prepares 4 rice/noodle dishes and 8 other
dishes. In how many ways can a customer select a 3-item meal consisting
of at least one rice/noodle dish?
CHC Math 30-1 Page 33

Example 6: Combination Versus Permutation

Classify each of the following as either a permutation or a combination.
a) The number of ways awarding a gold, silver and bronze medal to 6 competitors in a
Olympic weightlifting competition.

b) The number of 5 card-poker hands from a standard deck of 52 cards.

c) The number of ways of picking two co-captains from a soccer team with 18 players.

d) The number of 5-digit natural numbers that can be made using the digits 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9.

e) The number of ways 3 people can sit in an ETS bus with 5 vacant seats.

f) The number of ways of picking 3 winning entries of $1 000 each from 80 entries.

g) The number of ways a football team can run a 1st down play and then a 2nd down play
from 7 possible offensive plays.

h) The number of ways of selecting a pizza with 3 toppings from a menu that lists 12
possible toppings.

Helpful Hint
To help you decide if a situation represents a permtuation or combination, consider one
possible outcome. Then, switch the order of that outcome. If switching the order
creates a different outcome, then the situation represents a permutation. If not, then the
situation represents a combination.
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 34

Example 7: Permutation and Combination Problem

The Bay receives a shipment of 8 different coats. In how many ways
can they select 6 coats and then arrange 3 coats, from the 6 selected,
on 3 mannequins arranged in a row near an entrance?

Key Ideas
 A permutation is an arrangement in which order matters. Order may be implied by
 physical position
 title
 sequence
 words and numbers read left to right

 A combination is a selection in which order does not matter.

 n n!
 The combination formula for n objects taken r at a time is n C r     .
 r   n  r !r !

Practice
 easy  moderate  difficult

1. a) List all the permutations of A, B, C, and D taken three at a time.

b) List all the combinations of A, B, C, and D taken three at a time.

c) How is the number of combinations related to the number of permutations?

 CHC Math 30-1 Page 35

2. At a pizzeria a customer creates a 3-topping pizza by

selecting 3-toppings from a list of 10 toppings.
a) Is selecting the toppings a permutation or
combination? Explain.

b) How many different ways can a customer select a 3-topping pizza?

c) The pizzeria makes the pizza by layering the 3 toppings. Is the number of ways the
pizzeria can make a three topping pizza by layering the toppings a permutation or
combination? Explain.

3. A standard deck of 52 playing cards includes thirteen ranks of each of the four suits:
clubs (♣), spades (♠), diamonds (♦) and hearts (♥). Clubs and spades are black cards.
Diamonds and hearts are red cards. Each suit includes an ace; a king, queen, and jack
face card; and ranks two through 10, as shown below.

From a standard deck of 52 playing cards, how many 5-card hands can be formed for each of the
following conditions?
a) red cards only

b) spades only

c) aces or face cards only

d) only cards numbered 2, 3, 4, . . ., 10

e) red face cards only

 CHC Math 30-1 Page 36

4. There are eight points on the circle shown on the right.
Using these points, determine the number of
a) straight lines that can be drawn

b) triangles that can be drawn

5. a) A 5-sided pentagon is shown on the right.

i. Draw possible diagonals.

ii. What is the number of diagonals?

iii. Explain why the number of diagonals is not 5 C2 .

b) How many diagonals are in each of the following polygons?

i. 10-sided decagon

ii. 20-sided dodecagon

c) What is a formula for the number of diagonals in an n-sided polygon?

6. Several points are drawn on the circumference of a circle. Exactly 10 lines can be drawn
by connecting any two of the points. Algebraically determine the number of points that
are drawn on the circumference of the circle.
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 37

7. A committee of 5 is selected from 8 girls and 6 boys.

a) How many committees are possible?

b) How many committees are possible if one particular person, Lionel, must be on the
committee?

c) How many committees are possible consisting of 2 girls and 3 boys?

d) How many committees are possible with exactly 1 girl?

e) How many committees are possible with at least one girl?

8. Decide whether each of the following is a combination or permutation problem. Briefly
describe why. Then solve the problem.
a) A car dealer has 15 mid-sized cars. In how many ways can a rental agency purchase
12 of the cars?

b) A pee-wee hockey team has 12 players. In how many ways can the coach pick a
player to play left wing, centre, right wing, left defence and right defence?

c) How many numbers less than 300 can make using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

d) In a traditional Aboriginal welcome circle, each member shakes hands with each
other member twice. If there are 10 people in the welcome circle, how many
handshakes are possible?
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 38

9. Alex has 8 different action game CD cases and 7 different role
playing game CD cases. In how many ways can he select 6 action
and 4 role playing game CD cases and then line them up on display
in a game holder, if the action game CD cases must remain together?

10. In a bowl of ice cream, the order of the scoops does not matter.
a) Suppose you can make 55 different two-scoop bowls of ice
cream. Determine the number of favours of ice cream
available.

b) How many 2-scoop bowls could you make if you can duplicate flavours?

Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
Use the following information to answer the next question.

In a local high school, from a group of 16 students comprised of 7 singers and 9

actors, a 6-person executive council is selected.

1. How many different executive councils are possible if the council must include at least
4 actors?
A. 336
B. 2 646
C. 3 528
D. 3 612
CHC Math 30-1 Page 39

2. A six person health council must be created from a group of 8 doctors and 40 nurses.
The expression that represents the number of difference councils that contain at most 2
doctors is
A.  40 P6    8 P1  40 P5    8 P2  40 P4 
B.  40C6    8 C1  40C5    8 C2  40C4 
C.  40 P5  8 P1    40 P4  8 P2 
D.  40C5  8 C1    40C4  8 C2 

Use the following information to answer the next question.

The diagram below shows a website seating chart for an aircraft. The seats shaded
black have been reserved and the lighter-shaded seats are available. There are 12
seats available at this time.

3. If 7 customers are each booking one seat, then the number of different ways that they
could be assigned a seat is
A. 7!
12!
B.
7!
C. 12P7
D. 12C7

Numerical Response

Use the following information to answer the next question.

At a meeting, every person shakes hands with every other person exactly one.

1. If there are 36 handshakes in total, then the number of people at the meeting is _____.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 40

Use the following information to answer the next question.

If 14 types of fruit are available, how many different fruit salads could be made using
exactly 5 types of fruit?
14!
Student 1: Kevin used to solve the problem.
5!
Student 2: Ron suggested using 14 P5 .
Student 3: Michelle solved the problem using 14C9 .
Student 4: Jackie thought 5! would give the correct answer.
 14 
Student 5: Stan decided to use   .
5
2. The correct solution would be obtained by student number _____ and student number
_____.

3. The number of different 4-letter arrangements possible using any 2 letters from the
word SMILE and any 2 letters from the word FROG is _____.

Answers to Practice
1. a) ABC BCD CDA DAB
ACB BDC CAD DBA
BAC CDB DAC ABD
BCA CBD DCA ADB
CAB DBC ACD BDA
CBA DCB ADC BAD
b) ABC BCD CDA DAB
c) The number of permutations is 3! times the number of combinations.

2. a) This is a combination, since the order of selecting the toppings does not matter. For
example, if you order a pepperoni, green pepper and mushroom pizza you will get
the same three toppings as if you had ordered a green pepper, mushroom and
pepperoni pizza.
b) 10 C3  120
c) This is a permutation. Order matters since you are physically positioning one
topping on top of another. For example, if you make a pizza with pepperoni, green
peppers and then mushrooms on the top, the vegetables will remain crisp. This
would be considered different from a pizza made with mushrooms, green peppers
and then pepperoni on top, where the vegetables may lose their texture when baked
under the pepperoni.
3. a) 26 C5  65 780
b) 13 5 C  1 287
c) 16 C5  4 368
d) C  376 992
36 5

e) 6 C5  6
CHC Math 30-1 Page 41

4. a) 8 C2  28
b) 8 C3  56

5. a) i. See figure on the right.

ii. 5
iii. From 5 C2  10 , you need to subtract the 5 line segments
that are sides and therefore not diagonals.
b) i. 10 C2  10  35
ii. C  20  170
20 2

c) n C2  n

6. 5

7. a) 14 C5  2 002
b) 1 1 C 13 C4  715
c) 8 C2 6 C3  560
d) 8 1 C 6 C4  120
e) 8 C1 6 C4 8 C2 6 C3 8 C3 6 C2 8 C4 6 C1 8 C5 6 C0  1 996 or 14 C5 6 C5  1 996

8. a) Combination, since the order the cars purchased does not matter.
15 C12  455
b) Permutation, since order by title matters.
P  95040
12 5
c) Permutation, since by convention the order numbers are read matters.
5 + 5  4 + 2  4  3 = 49
d) Combination, since the order people shake hands does not matter.
10 C2  2  90

9. C 7 C4 5! 6!  84 672 000

8 6

10. a) 11 flavours
b) 11 C2  11  66

Answers to Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
1. D
2. B
3. C
Numerical Response
1. 9
2. 35 or 53
3. 1440
CHC Math 30-1 Page 42

7-5 The Binomial Theorem

Goals
To expand  x  y  , n  ℕ , in a variety of ways, including Pascal's triangle, combinations
n

and the binomial theorem.
To determine a specific term in the expansion  x  y  .
n


Explore: Pascal's Triangle

A. Pascal's Triangle
The triangle shown on the right is called Pascal’s
triangle, named after the French mathematician, 1
physicist, and philosopher Blaise Pascal. His 1 1
accomplishments include: studies on atmospheric
pressure, and the invention and construction of the 1 2 1
first calculating machine. He also helped lay the
1 3 3 1
foundation for the theory of probability.
1 4 6 4 1
1. What patterns can you find in the rows and
diagonals of the triangle? 1 5 10 10 5 1

2. Fill in the numbers in the bottom row of the triangle.

3. Use Pascal's triangle to find the number of pathways from point A to point B, if you
always have to move closer to B.
A

B
CHC Math 30-1 Page 43

B. The Binomial Theorem

4. Pascal's Triangle can be generated using
combinations. Using combinations, 0C0
complete the last row of the triangle on the
right. 1C0 1C1

2C0 2C1 2C2

3C0 3C1 3C2 3C3

4C0 4C1 4C2 4C3 4C4

5C0 5C1 5C2 5C3 5C4 5C5

5. The expanded and simplified form of powers of the binomial x + y are shown below.

 x  y 
0
1

 x  y 
1
x y

 x  y 
2
x 2  2xy  y2
 x  y 
3
x 3  3x 2 y  3xy 2  y3
 x  y 
4
x 4  4 x 3 y  6 x 2 y2  4 xy3  y 4

What patterns do you observe?

Information
The binomial theorem is used to expand  x  y  , n  N .
n

x  y
n
 n C 0 x n y 0  n C1 x n1 y 1  n C 2 x n2 y 2  . . .  n C n1 x 1 y n1  n C n x 0 y n
In the expansion of  x  y  , n  N
n

 there are n + 1 terms

 each term is of the form t k 1  n C k x n  k y k
CHC Math 30-1 Page 44

Examples
Example 1: Expand a Binomial
Find the terms in the expansion of 2a  b  . Express each term in simplest form.
4

Example 2: Find a Coefficient in a Binomial Expansion

In the expansion of (x + y)18, what is the coefficient of the term containing x14 y4?

Example 3: Find a Term in a Binomial Expansion

6
 1 
Given  2 x  2  .
 x 
a) How many terms are in the expansion?

b) Which term is the middle term?

c) Determine the middle term. Express in simplest form.

CHC Math 30-1 Page 45

d) Determine the constant term.

Example 4: Find a Value in a Binomial

The 4th term in the expansion of  x  m  is 960x 13 . Determine m, the second term in the
10

binomial.
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 46

Key Ideas
 Pascal's triangle has many patterns. For example, each row begins and ends with 1.
Each number in the interior of any row is the sum of the two numbers to its left and
right in the row above.

For  x  y  , n  N ,
n

 there are n + 1 terms in the expansion
 you can use the binomial theorem to expand the binomial
x  y
n
 n C 0 x n y 0  n C1 x n1 y 1  n C 2 x n2 y 2  . . .  n C n1 x 1 y n1  n C n x 0 y n
 Pascal's triangle or combinations can be used to determine the coefficients in the
expansion
 any term in the expansion is of the form t k 1  n C k x n  k y k

Practice
 easy  moderate  difficult

1. Given a binomial and the number of terms in the expansion, find the value h.
a) The expansion of 3a  1  has 18 terms.
h

b) The expansion of  a  2b 
2 h1
has 18 terms.

2. Expand and simplify using the binomial theorem.

 a  3b 
3
a)
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 47

Question 2 continued.
b)  2a  5 
4

3. Answer the following questions for  x  y  without expanding or computing all of its
12

coefficients.
a) How many terms are in the expansion?

b) What is the simplified fourth term in the expansion?

c) What is the coefficient of the term containing x 8 y 4 ?

d) For what term does 12Cr give the maximum coefficient? What is that coefficient?
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 48

4. In the expansion of 2a  b  , find the coefficient of the term containing a3 .
12

5. Determine the simplified value of the specified term in the expansion of each binomial.
a) the fifth term of  a  4b 
6

b) the fourth term of  2a  b 

5

4
 3
c) the third term in the expansion of  2a  
 b
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 49

6. Determine the simplified expression for the middle term in the expansion of each
binomial.
a)  a  3b 
8

6
 1
b)  2a2  
 b

10
 1
7. Determine the term containing a 11
in the expansion of  a2   .
 a

12
 1
8. Determine the constant term in the expansion of  a  2  .
 a 
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 50

9. If a term of the binomial expansion  mx  y  , where mℝ and m  0, is 112x 2 y6 , then
8

find the value of m.

 
10
10. If the 4th term in the expansion of x 2  m is 960x11, then determine the expression m.

Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
a5
1. The binomial  2x  3 has 7 terms. The value of a is __i__ and the coefficient on the
first term is __ii__.

The statement above is completed by the information in row

Row i ii
A. 11 64
B. 11 128
C. 12 64
D. 12 128
CHC Math 30-1 Page 51

 
10
2. In the expansion of 3a  b2 , the coefficient of the term containing a 4b12 is
A. 17 010
B. 630
C. 630
D. 17 010

 
n
3. For the general term t k 1 in the expansion of x a  y , written in descending powers
of x, the exponent of the variable x is
A. an  ak
B. ak + a
C. an + a
D. n  k

8
 1 
4. In the expansion of  x 3  2  written in descending powers of x, the sixth term is
 2x 
28
A.
x
7
B.
4x
1
C.
64x 6
7
D.
16x 6

Use the following information to answer the next question.

There are 6 terms in the expansion of  x  4  .

n

5. The value of n is __i__ and the value of the constant term in the expansion is __ii__.

The statement above is completed by the information in row

Row i ii
A. 5 1 024
B. 5 4 096
C. 6 1 024
D. 6 4 096
CHC Math 30-1 Page 52

Numerical Response
8
 1
1. In the expansion of the binomial  2a   , the constant term is _____.
 a

2. A term in the expansion of  ax  y  is 252xy 5 . The numerical value of a is _____.

6
CHC Math 30-1 Page 53

Answers to Practice
1. a) 17
b) 8

2. a) a3  9a2b  27ab2  27b3

b) 16a4  160a3  600a2  1000a  625

3. a) 13
b) t 4  220 x 9 y 3
c) 495
d) When r = 6, the 7th term gives the maximum coefficient of 9 2 4 .

4. 1 760

5. a) t 5  3 840a 2 b 4
b) t 4   40a 2b 3
216a2
c) t3 
b2
6. a) t 5  5 670 a 4 b 4
160a6
b) t 4 
b3

7. t 4   120a11

8. t5  495

9. 2

2
10.
x

Answers to Test Yourself

Multiple Choice
1. A
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. A

Numerical Response
1. 1120
2. 42
CHC Math 30-1 Page 54

Pulling It Together
Need To Know Illustrative Example
7-1  The fundamental counting principle can be 1. A van has seats for 7 passengers, as shown
used to determine the number of different in the figure below. In how ways can a
arrangements. If one task can be performed in family consisting of 2 parents, 3 girls and
a ways, a second task in b ways, and a third task 2 boys, sit in the van if the parents sit in
in c ways, then all three tasks can be performed the two front seats and either parent can
in a  b  c ways. drive, and the girls sit in the three rear
seats?
 Factorial notation is an abbreviation for rear seats
products of successive natural numbers. Start
with a natural number and successively
multiply by one less, until you multiply by one.
5!  5 4 321
 n  1!   n  1 n n  1 n  2  . . .  321 front seats

7-2  The formula for the number of permtuations of n 1. How many 3-digit or 4-digit numbers
n! greater than 500 can be made using the
objects taken r at a time is n Pr  , where digits 3, 4, 5, and 6, if digits cannot be
 n  r !
repeated?
n  N and 0! is defined as 1.

 It is useful to use the fundamental counting

principle to set-up the solution to problems
involving permutations with constraints.

 Some problems involve the grouping of

adjacent elements.
Treat the group of adjacent elements as one
object.
1. Calculate the number of arrangements of
the grouped object and all other objects. 2. A set of 3 different Mathematics books
2. Multiply the value from step 2 by the and 6 different Science books are
number of arrangements within the group arranged on a shelf. In how many ways
of adjacent elements. can this be done if all the math books are
kept together?
 In combinatorics, the word "and" implies
multiplication and the word "or" implies
addition.

 Some problems have more than one case.

1. Establish cases to cover all possibilities.
2. Calculate the number of arrangements for
each case.
3. Add the values of all the cases to find the
total number of possibilities.

 The expression “at least” or “at most” indicates

more than one possible case.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 55

7-3  The number of permutations of n objects in 1. In how many different ways can all the
which a objects are alike, b objects are alike, letters in the word CAREER be arranged
n! if the arrangement begins with exactly
and c objects are alike, is .
a!b !c ! one E, that is, the first letter is E but the
second letter in not E.
 Some problems involve permutations with .
constraints and alike objects.
1. Treat the alike objects as if they were
different and calculate the number of
permutations with the given constraints.
2. Divide the value from step 1 by a!b!c ! , for
a alike objects, b alike objects, and c alike
objects.

7-4  A permutation is an arrangement in which 1. A committee of 3 is selected from 4 boys

order matters. Order may be implied by and 5 girls.
 physical position a) In how many ways can you form a
 title committee of 3?
 sequence
 words and numbers read left to right

 A combination is a selection in which order

does not matter.

 The combination formula for n objects taken r b) How many committees can be formed
n consisting of exactly 2 girls?
at a time is n C r     n!
.
r
   n  r ! r !

7-5  Pascal's triangle has many patterns. For 1. How many terms are in the expansion of
example, each row begins and ends with 1. a  2b  ?
2 8

Each number in the interior of any row is the

sum of the two numbers to its left and right in
the row above.
2. Determine the middle term in the
For  x  y  , n  N ,
n

expansion of  a2  2b  .
8

 there are n + 1 terms in the expansion

 you can use the binomial theorem to
expand the binomial
 x  y
n

n C0 x n y0 n C1x n1 y1  . . . n Cn x0 y n
 Pascal's triangle or combinations can be
used to determine the coefficients in the
expansion
 any term in the expansion is of the form
t k 1  n C k x n  k y k
 CHC Math 30-1 Page 56

Review
1. Three different coloured dice are rolled simultaneously. In how
many ways can they come up?

2. How many numbers greater than 4 000 can be made from the five digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, if
repeats are not allowed?

3. In how many different ways can a student answer a 10-question true-false test, if half the
answers must be T and half the answers must be F?

4. A panel of three judges is needed for a dance competition. In how

many ways can the judges be selected from 5 males and 6 females,
if the panel is to have at least one female judge?

5. In the expansion of 2a  b  , state the coefficient of the term containing a 2b 5 .

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 CHC Math 30-1 Page 57

6. A young married couple plans to have 3 children.

a) Draw a tree diagram to show the possible genders for the 3 children.

b) Use your tree diagram to determine the number of outcomes that give them one boy
and 2 girls.

7. How many paths going down and to the right are there from point A to point B in the
figure on the right?
A

8. The menu at a submarine sandwich restaurant lists 6 different cold cut meats and 4
different cheeses. In how many ways can a customer select 3 meats and 2 cheeses for
their Italian sub?

Determine the middle term in the expansion of  a2  2 . Express in simplest form.

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9.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 58

n !  n  1  !
10. Simplify .
n !  n  1  !

11. How many three-digit even numbers can be made from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, if
repeats are not allowed?

12. Three girls and 4 boys are seated in a row. In how many ways can they be seated given
each of the following conditions.
a) the boys and girls alternate

b) the girls sit together and the boys sit together

c) the girls are in the middle of each arrangement

d) two of the girls, Betty and Veronica, must not sit together
CHC Math 30-1 Page 59

13. The Canadian one dollar coin is a regular 11-sided hendecagon. How many diagonals
can be drawn in an 11-sided hendecagon?

14. There are 110 ways in which the roles of president and vice-president may be assigned
from a group of potential candidates. Algebraically determine the number of potential
candidates.

15. In how many ways can all the letters in the word TATTOO be arranged under each of
the following conditions?
a) starts with exactly two T's, that is, the third letter cannot be a T

b) the vowels are together

16. The 6th term in the expansion of  mx  2  , where m  0 , is t 6  42 x 2 . Determine the

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value of m.
CHC Math 30-1 Page 60

17. Canadian postal codes use six characters, the first, third and fifth
characters being letters, and the second, fourth, and sixth being digits.
How many postal codes are possible, if letters and numbers may be
repeated?

18. In how many different ways can you distribute 3 apples, 3 oranges and 2 bananas to 8
children, if each child receives one fruit?

19. Algebraically determine n in the equation n C 2  78 .

20. Expand  a  3b  using the binomial theorem. Simplify each term.

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CHC Math 30-1 Page 61

Answers to Review

1. 6  6  6  216 (Lesson 7-1)

2. 2  4  3  2  5  4  3  2  168 (Lesson 7-2)
10!
3.  252 (Lesson 7-3)
5!5!
4. 6 C1 5 C 2  6 C 2 5 C1  6 C 3 5 C 0  60  75  20  155 or 11 C 3  5 C 3  165  10  155 (Lesson
7-4)
5. 84 (Lesson 7-5)
6. a) (Lesson 7-1)

b) 3 outcomes
6! 6!
7.   300 (Lesson 7-3)
3!3! 4!2!
8. 6 C 3 4 C 2  120 (Lesson 7-4)
9. 160a6 (Lesson 7-5)
n1
10. (Lesson 7-1)
n1
11. 5  4  1  4  4  2  52 (Lesson 7-2)
12. a) 4!3!  144 (Lesson 7-2)
b) 2!4!3!  288
c) 4!3!  144
d) 7!  6!2!  3600 or 6  5  5!  3600
13. 11 C 2  11  55  11  44 (Lesson 7-4)

14. 11 (Lesson 7-2)

3 2 3 3 2 1
15. a)  9 (Lesson 7-3)
3!2!
4!3!
b)  12
3!2!
16. 0.25 (Lesson 7-5)
17. 26  10  26  10  26  10  17 576 000 (Lesson 7-1)
8!
18.  560 (Lesson 7-3)
2!3!3!
19. 13 (Lesson 7-4)
20. a4  12a3b  54a2b2  108ab3  81b 4 (Lesson 7-5)