Module 2 Biochem
Module 2 Biochem
Structural and functional unit of all Golgi apparatus – modifies protein and
living things lipids
Basic unit of life Organelles (‘little organs’)
Cell Membrane Organelle Function
Forms of Isomerism
Enantiomers (mirror images and
non-superimposable)
D and L isomerism
Anomers
Forms = α (OH is at lower
position), β (OH is at higher
position)
Reducing Sugars
Rule:
Monosaccharides =
reducing sugars
Structures = Disaccharides = reducing
Mutarotation = inversion of sugars except sucrose and
OH group at the anomeric trehalose
Carbon Polysaccharides = non-
Epimers = same all except in 1 reducing sugars
Carbon (not C1) Tests:
Tautomers 1. Fehling’s test
Aldose-ketose isomerism 2. Benedict’s test
3. Barfoed’s test (can be used
Pyranose Furanose in differentiation of
(6 membered ring) (5 membered monosaccharide and
ring) disaccharide)
Polysaccharides
Beta Contain > 10 monomer units
“Glycans”
2 types:
Alph
Homopolysaccharides (one
a
type of sugar is produced
after hydrolysis)
Glucosan = after
hydrolysis, the product is
Glycosidic pure glucose
bond Ex. Starch, glycogen,
Epimers cellulose
GLYCOLYSIS
Old name of glucose: Glycose
Important precursor: Glucose
Aerobic: Glucose → Pyruvate
Embden-Mayerhoff pathway
End product:
Aerobic: Pyruvate
Anaerobic: Lactate
Cellular location: Cytosol
Enzyme Involvement: Glycolysis
Kinase: ± PO4-3 (addition or removal
of phosphate)
Isomerase: Aldose ↔ Ketose
Aldose Ketose
Glucose Fructose
Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyacetone
(3C) (3C)
In Glycolysis
11 steps (refer to as anaerobic), 8
reversible, 3 irreversible (if there’s
kinase, however there are 4 steps that
have kinases, 1 is reversible which is
Step 7 Phosphoglycerate kinase)
Kreb’s Cycle
Other names
1. Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) Electron Transport Chain
2. Citric acid cycle Location: Inner mitochondrial
Occurrence: Mitochondria membrane
Net reaction: Final electron acceptor: Oxygen
Partial reduction: Free radicals (O2-,
H2O2) until it reduces to H2O
Proteins
Monomer: Amino acids
Properties:
Chirality: 4 different substituents
(except Glycine, because R of
PORLANTE, Jefferson “Tino” Aguado
REVIEW ON PROFESSIONAL SUBJECTS 1
MODULE 2: BIOCHEMISTRY & PHARMACOGNOSY
pKa 1+ pKa2 2.2+9.1 cycle
pI = = =5.65
2 2 Amino acid A, Q
transported to the
3. Cysteine (ionizable group)
liver
Only achiral amino G
acid
With imino group P
Basic: -NH2
Must-know info H A L kaline
Aromatic amino F, Y, W
acids
Sulfur-containing M, C
amino acids
Involved in urea D
PORLANTE, Jefferson “Tino” Aguado
REVIEW ON PROFESSIONAL SUBJECTS 1
MODULE 2: BIOCHEMISTRY & PHARMACOGNOSY
CONJUGATE PROSTHETIC EXAMPLES
D PROTEIN GROUP
Phosphoprotei Phosphoric Casein (milk)
ns acid Ovovitellin
(egg yolk)
Nucleoprotein Nucleic acid Nuclein (cell
s nuclei)
Glycoproteins Carbohydrate Mucins
s (Vitreous
Classification of Proteins humor and
saliva)
Simple Proteins: converted to amino
Chromoprotei Colored Hemoglobin
acids only after hydrolysis ns substance (blood)
Simple Characteristi Examples Flavoproteins
Proteins cs Lipoproteins Lipid Chylomicron
Albumins Soluble in Serum Lecithin
H2O albumin Metalloprotein Metal Enzymes
Coagulated Egg white s (tyrosinase,
by heat arginase,
Globulins Insoluble in Serum xanthine
H2O globulin oxidase)
Soluble in
dilute salt
solutions Derived Proteins:
Coagulated 1. + Denaturation: Denatured
by heat proteins; primary derived proteins
Glutelins Insoluble in Glutenin 2. Progressive hydrolysis: secondary
H2O or (wheat) derived proteins
dilute salt
solution Primary Derived Proteins
Soluble in
dilute acid Aka as Denatured proteins
or alkali
Primary Denaturant Examples
Prolamines Insoluble Zein (corn) Denatured
in neutral Gliadin Protein
solutions (wheat)
Soluble in Proteans Water, Fibrin from
80% enzyme, fibrinogen
alcohol dilute acid
Myosan from
Albuminoids Dissolved Keratin (hair myosin
only by and horny Metaproteins Acid/alkali Albuminates
boiling in tissue)
strong Elastin Coagulated Heat, alcohol Coagulated
acids (tendons and Proteins egg albumin
arteries) Cooked meat
Collagen (skin
and tendons)
Histones Soluble in Thymus Secondary Derived Proteins
H2O histone and
Insoluble hemoglobin Progressive hydrolysis of protein
in dilute
NH3 Secondary Characteristics
Basic in Denatured Protein
reaction Proteoses Highest MW group
Protamines Soluble in Salmin and Peptones Intermediate MW
NH3, H2O, sturin (fish
dilute acid sperm) Peptides Lowest MW group
Strongly
basic in
reaction Structural Organization
1. Primary structure
Conjugated Proteins: protein + non-
protein portion (prosthetic group)
Nitrogenous
base
Sugar
Nucleotide
Alkaptonuria manifestation = ear is
somewhat color black Structural Organization
Primary
Thyroxine was not synthesized =
Base or nucleotide sequence
Infantile cretinism
Phosphodiester bonds
If patient has PKU, phenylalanine cannot
be given. Instruct the patient not to eat
Phenylalanine rich foods, instead use
Tyrosine (non-essential; essential to
patients having PKU) rich foods.
Protein Digestion
Start: stomach
End: small intestine
Enzyme peptidases (proteases)
Qualitative Tests (Proteins)
Test Amino acid Result
Secondary
Ninhydrin test Amino group Rubemann’s Helical structure
blue H-bonds
Biuret Peptide Violet
(general test)
Xanthoprotein Aromatic Yellow-orange
amino acids
(F,Y,W)
Millon-Nasse Phenol (Y) Old rose
Hopkins-Cole W Purple
(detection of
indole ring)
Bromine Purple
water
Pauly Diazo His, Tyr Red
Lead acetate Sulfur (M, C) Black (PbS)
Sakaguchi Arginine Orange-red
Shiff Lysine Pink
*imino = Proline = yellow
NUCLEIC ACID
Building blocks: Nucleotides Base
Components Purine: Guanine, Adenine
1. Nitrogenous base Pyrimidine: Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
2. Sugar (Ribose, Deoxyribose) Pairs (in DNA)
3. Phosphate Adenine = Thymine (2 H bonds)
Nucleoside = Nitrogenous base + Cytosine = Guanine (3 H bonds)
Sugar Pairs (in RNA)
Adenine = Uracil (2 H bonds)
PORLANTE, Jefferson “Tino” Aguado
REVIEW ON PROFESSIONAL SUBJECTS 1
MODULE 2: BIOCHEMISTRY & PHARMACOGNOSY
Cytosine = Guanine (3 H bonds)
Comparison of Types of Nucleic
Acids
Nucleic Acid DNA RNA
Number of Double Single
strands stranded stranded
Pentose deoxyribose Ribose
Purine A,G A,G
Pyrimidine C,T C,U
Cell Location Mostly Cytoplasm
nucleus Key Enzymes
Helicases – unzipping enzyme
DNA Forms Primases – make “primer” (to know
where to start to work)
Paramet B-DNA A-DNA Z-DNA
er DNA polymerase – act as builder, build
Strand antiparall antiparall Antiparall new strand of DNA
el el el Ligase – gluer or joiner
Type of Right Right Left-
Helix handed
Base pair 10 11 12
per turn
B-DNA = most abundant form
A-DNA = dehydrated B-DNA
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