Programming with C and C++

CSC-101 (Lecture 5)

Dr. R. Balasubramanian
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Mehta Family School of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
Roorkee 247 667
[email protected]
https://faculty.iitr.ac.in/cs/bala/
Unfolding some more layers
Another Task: Circle’s Area and Circumference
▶ Given the radius, calculate the area and circumference.
# include < stdio .h >
# include < math .h >

int main () {
float radius , area , circumference ;
printf (" Enter the radius of the circle :
") ;
scanf ("% f " , & radius ) ;

area = M_PI * radius * radius ;

circumference = 2 * M_PI * radius ;

printf (" Area = %f , Circumference = % f \ n " ,

area , circumference ) ;
return 0;
}
Dissecting the Program: Including the Math Library

New Directive:
# include < math .h >

▶ Introduces the mathematics library in our program.

▶ Offers predefined constants and functions, like M_PI for
the value of π.
▶ Think of it as adding an advanced mathematical toolkit to
our collection.
Dissecting the Program: Taking User Input

Interactivity:
printf (" Enter the radius of the circle : ") ;
scanf ("% f " , & radius ) ;

▶ ‘printf’ prompts the user to enter a value.

▶ ‘scanf’ captures the user input.
▶ %f tells ‘scanf’ we’re expecting a floating-point number.
▶ The & before ‘radius’ is a pointer, directing where to store
the input.
▶ It’s like asking for an unknown in a math problem and
solving for it.
Dissecting the Program: Calculations

Formulas in Action:
area = M_PI * radius * radius ;
circumference = 2 * M_PI * radius ;

▶ Uses the formula of a circle’s area and circumference.

▶ M_PI is a constant for the value of π, provided by
‘<math.h>’.
▶ It’s like applying mathematical formulas to given values.
A New Task: Adding Two Numbers
Task:
▶ Calculate the sum of two given numbers.
C Program:
# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int num1 , num2 , sum ;
printf (" Enter first number : ") ;
scanf ("% d " , & num1 ) ;
printf (" Enter second number : ") ;
scanf ("% d " , & num2 ) ;
sum = num1 + num2 ;
printf (" Sum = % d \ n " , sum ) ;
return 0;
}
Taking User Input: First Number

Input for First Number:

printf (" Enter first number : ") ;
scanf ("% d " , & num1 ) ;

▶ ‘printf’ prompts the user to enter the first number.

▶ ‘scanf’ reads the user’s input for the first number.
▶ ‘%d’ is a placeholder indicating we expect an integer input.
▶ ‘&num1’ tells the program where to store the input number.
Taking User Input: Second Number

Input for Second Number:

printf (" Enter second number : ") ;
scanf ("% d " , & num2 ) ;

▶ Similarly, ‘printf’ prompts the user to enter the second

number.
▶ ‘scanf’ reads the user’s input for the second number and
stores it in ‘num2’.
Performing the Addition

Addition:
sum = num1 + num2 ;

▶ Here, the values stored in ‘num1’ and ‘num2’ are added.

▶ The result is then stored in the variable ‘sum’.
▶ It’s a straightforward representation of the arithmetic
addition operation.
Displaying the Result

Output:
printf (" Sum = % d \ n " , sum ) ;

▶ The ‘printf’ function displays the sum of the two numbers.

▶ ‘%d’ will be replaced by the value of ‘sum’.
▶ The user gets immediate feedback on the sum of their
provided numbers.
Introduction: Basic Data Types in C

▶ In programming, data is categorized into types.

▶ Types help the compiler understand how to interpret and
manipulate data.
▶ Common basic types in C: integers (‘int‘), floating-point
numbers (‘float‘), characters (‘char‘), etc.
▶ Let’s explore these fundamental building blocks!
Integer Type (‘int’)

Definition: Represents whole numbers, both positive and

negative.
int age = 25;
int negative_number = -100;

▶ Typical size: 4 bytes (varies by system).

▶ Range: −231 to 231 − 1 (based on 4 bytes).
▶ Used for counting, ranking, etc.
Floating-Point Type (‘float’)

Definition: Represents real numbers, containing both integer

and fractional parts.
float pi = 3.14;
float negative_float = -0.45;

▶ Typical size: 4 bytes.

▶ Can represent numbers with decimals, like measurements
or scientific data.
▶ Note: Precision is limited; not suitable for financial
calculations.
Character Type (‘char’)

Definition: Represents individual characters such as letters,

numbers, or symbols.
char letter = ‘A ’;
char digit = ‘5 ’;

▶ Size: 1 byte.
▶ Range: −128 to 127 or 0 to 255.
▶ Used to store text, symbols, etc.
▶ Characters are enclosed in single quotes (‘ ’).
Double Precision Floating-Point Type (double)

Definition: Represents real numbers with higher precision than

float.
double gravity = 9.81;

▶ Typical size: 8 bytes.

▶ Offers more significant digits and a wider range than float.
▶ Suitable for scientific calculations requiring high precision.
Introduction to Derived Data Types

▶ Derived Data Types: Built from basic data types and

provide more complexity.
▶ Arrays: Collection of elements (e.g., integers or
characters) of the same type.
▶ Strings: Sequence of characters, often used to represent
words or text.
▶ Structures: Collection of variables under a single name,
allowing different data types.
▶ Unions: Similar to structures, but variables share the
same memory location.
▶ Pointers: Stores the memory address of another variable.
▶ These will be introduced one by one as we progress,
enhancing our programming capabilities!
Summary: Basic Data Types in C

▶ Integers (int): Whole numbers, e.g., -3, 0, 42.

▶ Floating-Point (float): Decimal numbers with single
precision, e.g., 3.14.
▶ Double Precision (double): Decimal numbers with higher
precision, e.g., 9.81234567.
▶ Characters (char): Individual symbols or letters, e.g., ‘A’,
‘9’.
▶ Understanding these types is foundational for writing clear
and efficient code.
▶ Challenge: How would you represent a book’s title, price,
number of pages, and average rating in C?
Think!

▶ What will be the output of the following code?

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int integer = 10;
float floating = 3.14;
integer = floating ;
printf ("% d \ n " , integer ) ;
return 0;
}

▶ Why does this happen, and how might you prevent it?
Basic Conversions
▶ In C, characters can be implicitly converted to integers
using their ASCII values.
▶ Example:
# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
int integer ;
char character = ‘A ’;
integer = character ;
printf ("% d \ n " , integer ) ; // prints 65
return 0;
}

▶ The character ’A’ has an ASCII value of 65, so when it is

assigned to the integer variable, that value is stored.
▶ This concept can be useful, but also can lead to
unexpected behaviour if not handled with care.
Character Arithmetic

▶ What will be the output of the following code?

# include < stdio .h >

int main () {
char character = ‘A ’;
character = character + 3;
printf ("% c \ n " , character ) ;
return 0;
}

▶ Why does this work, and what underlying principles does it

illustrate?
Recap

▶ We dived deep into simple C programs, dissecting each

line and understanding its purpose.
▶ Just like in mathematics, every component in a program
has a role. Recognizing these components is key to
mastering coding.
▶ Remember, programming is as much about logic and
structure as math is about patterns and rules.
▶ Always be curious! Ask "why" and "how" to deepen your
understanding.
Boosting Your Learning

▶ Practice! The best way to learn programming is to code

regularly.
▶ Relate coding concepts to real-world scenarios or other
subjects you know. Analogies can make complex ideas
simpler.
▶ Join coding communities or groups. Discussing and
collaborating can offer fresh perspectives.
▶ Challenge yourself. Once you grasp a concept, push your
boundaries. Explore what else you can do with what
you’ve learned.
Questions to Ponder

1. Why do we use the ‘return 0;’ statement in our ‘main’

function? What would happen if we didn’t?
2. Why is understanding the memory address concept (‘&’ in
‘scanf’) essential in C programming?
Thank You and Keep Coding!

"Don’t be pushed around by the fears in your

mind. Be led by the dreams in your heart."
- Roy T. Bennett