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Types of Microorganisms PDF

microorganisms

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46 views26 pages

Types of Microorganisms PDF

microorganisms

Uploaded by

makoniwishes47
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LUSAKA APEX MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY SCIENCES (FNMS)


DIPLOMA NURSING JULY 2017 INTAKE

MICROBIOLOGY

TYPES OF MICRORGANISMS

Dr Simpokolwe K.
Friday, August 4, 2017
What Are Microorganisms?
• “Microorganisms” is a word derived from Greek
words micros (small) and organismos
(organisms).
• They are too small and can be seen with the help
of microscope.
• They are found in air, water, soil, and in the
bodies of other organisms. They are ubiquitous.
• The study of microorganisms is known as
microbiology.
Friday, August 4, 2017
Some common diseases caused by microorganisms

DISEASE CAUSATIVE MODE OF


MICROORGANISM TRANSMISSION
Chicken pox Virus Air / Contact
Polio Virus Air / Water
Measles Virus Air
Hepatitis – B Virus Water
Tuberculosis Bacteria Air
Typhoid Bacteria Water
Cholera Bacteria Water / Food
Malaria Protozoa Mosquito

Friday, August 4, 2017


TYPES OF
MICROORGANISMS
MICROORGANISMS

Viruses Protozoa Bacteria

Algae Fungi

Friday, August 4, 2017


VIRUSES
• A virus is a small infectious agent that
only replicates inside another cell. It’s
the smallest microorganism.
• Only visible under electron microscope.
• Different types of viruses have different
shapes.

Friday, August 4, 2017


Structure of viruses

• Basically, a virus
has a strand of
genetic material
either DNA or
RNA and
surrounded by a
protein coat.

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Are non-living things because
they DO NOT feed, respire, grow
and respond to stimuli.

• Live in the living cells of


bacteria, protozoa, fungi,
algae, plants and animals.

Friday, August 4, 2017


Method of reproduction

• Viruses are
PARASITIC.
• Reproduce
in the HOST
CELL

Friday, August 4, 2017


BACTERIA
• Bacteria are single celled microbes. The cell
structure is simpler than that of other
organisms as there is no nucleus or
membrane bound organelles.
• Their control centre containing the genetic
information is contained in a single loop of
DNA.
• They are named and classified by their
shapes.

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Exist singly or in chains
or groups.
• A thick outer wall helps
them to survive in
unfavourable
conditions.
• Three types of bacteria:
– Bacillus (rod-shaped)
– Coccus (spherical-shaped)
– Spirillus (spiral-shaped)

Friday, August 4, 2017


• They are classified as living things.

• Live in the air, water, soil, food and decaying


organic matter.

• Able to survive unfavourable (extreme)


environmental condition (extreme
temperature, drought, scarcity) by forming
spores.

Friday, August 4, 2017


Nutrition of Bacteria

• Different types of
bacteria obtain nutrition
in different ways. Hence,
they may be called as
follows:
1. Autotrophic bacteria
2. Saprophytic bacteria
3. Parasitic bacteria

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Autotrophic bacteria-
– are able to make their own energy.

– They take inorganic substances and turn them into


organic substances that can be broken down.

– Two major classes of autotrophs:


Chemoautotrophs and photoautotrophs

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Saprophytic bacteria :
– Do not develop in the living organism and feed on
the waste generated within it.
– Most are harmless to humans, but some can be
harmful through the toxins they secrete.
– Numerous species of saprophytic bacteria in the
human body, notably on skin, gastrointestinal
tract and vaginal flora.

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Parasitic bacteria – They live in or on another
organism (its host) and benefit by deriving
nutrients at the host's expense.

Friday, August 4, 2017


Reproduction
• Bacteria may reproduce by:
1. Asexual reproduction- e.g Binary fission
2. Sexual reproduction- e.g Transformation,
transduction and conjugation.

Friday, August 4, 2017


Friday, August 4, 2017
PROTOZOA

• Unicellular organisms.
• They are of various shapes –
round, spherical, spindle-shaped.
• They live in the bodies of other
living things, in the sea, fresh
water and damp soil.

Friday, August 4, 2017


PARAMECIUM

EUGLENA

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Cilia - tiny hair like structures that cover the outside of
the microbe. They beat in a regular continuous pattern
like flexible oars.
• Flagella - long thread-like structures that extend from
the cell surface. The flagella move in a whip-like
motion that produces waves that propel the microbe
around.
• Amoeboid movement - the organism moves by
sending out pseudopodia, temporary protrusions that
fill with cytoplasm that flows from the body of the cell

Friday, August 4, 2017


Nutrition
• Most of them are parasitic and feed on
other living things.
• Some of the protozoa which contains
chlorophyll carry out photosynthesis.

Friday, August 4, 2017


Reproduction
• Most reproduce asexually
by binary fission.
• Some protozoa reproduce
sexually through
conjugation (e.g
paramecium).

Friday, August 4, 2017


FUNGI
• They may be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular
(mucor).
• They have various shapes, sizes and colours.
• Fungi are eukaryotic organisms( their cells contain
membrane-bound organelles and clearly defined
nuclei).
• Historically, fungi were included in the plant
kingdom; however, because fungi lack chlorophyll
and are distinguished by unique structural and
physiological features (i.e., components of the cell
wall and cell membrane), they have been separated
from plants.
Friday, August 4, 2017
Structure of fungal cell

Friday, August 4, 2017


• Fungi are found on
decaying organic matter.
• They may also be found
on outside or inside of
living things.
• They do not have chlorophyll.
• They feed on other
organisms as parasites or as
saprophytes
Friday, August 4, 2017
Reproduction
• Fungi may reproduce either
sexually or asexually

– Asexual: By producing spores,


and budding
– Sexual: Through conjugation

Friday, August 4, 2017

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