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Lecture 9 (Student) - Memory

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Lecture 9 (Student) - Memory

Uploaded by

Nhi Phạm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY

LECTURE 9
MEMORY

The persistence of learning over time through


encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

“The angry rioter threw the rock at the window.”


SUPER MEMORY

Hyperthymesia – Highly Superior Autobiographical


Memory (H-SAM)
• Around 60 people worldwide have been identified as
having H-SAM.
• They can describe with great accuracy what they
were doing on almost any given date, providing
details including what they were wearing, what was
around them and their emotions at the time.
RETENTION

Measures of Retention:
1) Recall: Retrieving information that is not
currently in your conscious awareness, but
was learned at an earlier time.
2) Recognition: Identifying items previously
learned.
3) Relearning: Learning something more
quickly when you learn it the second or later
time.
MEMORY MODELS

Information Processing Model:


1) Encoding: Get information into our brain.
2) Storage: Retain information in our brain.
3) Retrieval: Get the information back out.

Parallel processing – our brains process many


things simultaneously.
MEMORY MODELS

Three-Stage Model:
1) Sensory memory: Immediate, very brief recording of
sensory information in the memory system.

2) Short-term memory: Activated memory that holds a


few items briefly before the information is stored or
forgotten.

3) Long-term memory: The relatively permanent and


limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes
knowledge, skills, and experiences.
PROCESSING MEMORY

Automatic Processing / Implicit Memories


We automatically process information about:
• Space – visualizing location where things are.
• Time – sequencing of events.
• Frequency – tracking how many times something
happens.

Effortful Processing / Explicit Memories

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SENSORY MEMORY

Sensory memory feeds our active working


memory, recording momentary images of
scenes or echoes of sounds.
• Iconic memory – momentary memory of visual stimuli,
a photographic memory lasting no more than a few
tenths of a second.
• Echoic memory – momentary memory of auditory
stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can
still be recalled within 3-4 seconds.
SENSORY MEMORY

Sensory memory feeds our active working


memory, recording momentary images of
scenes or echoes of sounds.
• Iconic memory – momentary memory of visual stimuli,
a photographic memory lasting no more than a few
tenths of a second.
• Echoic memory – momentary memory of auditory
stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can
still be recalled within 3-4 seconds.
PROCESSING STRATEGIES

Chunking – organizing information/items into


familiar, manageable units.
Mnemonics – memory aids, especially those
techniques that use vivid imagery and
organization devices.
Hierarchies – organizing knowledge with a few
broad concepts subdivided by narrower
concepts and facts.
REMEMBERING A NAME

How about meeting someone new?


1) Repeat their name. “Hi, Nicholas, I’m
Stephanie Ambrose.”
2) Use their name within a minute. “Nicholas,
are you in the economics department?”
3) Associate their name with an image.
• Image associated with a unique personal
feature.
RETAINING INFORMATION

Explicit Conscious Memories


Semantic – facts and general information
Episodic – experienced events
Memory consolidation – the process of storing
information for the long-term.
➢Reconsolidation

What effects does sleep have on our memory?


RETAINING INFORMATION

Emotions trigger stress hormones that influence


memory formation.
Emotional arousal can sear certain events into
the brain. Significantly stressful events
(traumatic experiences) can form almost
unforgettable memories.
❖Flashbulb Memories

Why?
FLASHBULB

Flashbulb Memories are formed on…..


• The emotional intensity of the event.
• The event's importance, especially if it has long-term
consequences.
• The degree to which the memory of the event is
rehearsed, i.e., how often are people likely to recall
the event?
• The uniqueness or distinctiveness of the event.
• The level of surprise associated with the event.
MEMORY RETRIEVAL

Retrieval cues are bits of information associated with


your surroundings, mood, etc. The best cues we form at
the time of encoding a memory are smells, tastes, and
sights.
Priming – “memoryless memory” or invisible memory. A
memory without our conscious awareness.
Context-dependent memory – encoding specificity
principle
State-dependent memory – mood-congruent memory
Serial position effect – recalling the last (recency) items
best and the first (primacy) items best later on.
MISINFORMATION

How to know what memories are true and what are


false?

Misinformation Effect – occurs when misleading


information has corrupted one’s memory of an event.
• Imagining nonexistent actions and events can create
false memories.

Source Amnesia (source misattribution) – faulty memory


for how, when, where information was learned or
imagined.
MISINFORMATION

How to reduce false memories?


1) Don’t confuse memories with facts.
2) Don’t think “but this memory is different”.
3) Remember that you are not so important.
4) Trust, but verify.
5) Revisit original sources.
6) Use personal archives.
7) Document your fact checking.
8) Create more objective records as things happen.
9) Collaborate.
10)Slow down.
IMPROVING MEMORY

1) Rehearse repeatedly
2) Make the material meaningful
3) Activate retrieval cues
4) Use mnemonic devices
5) Minimize proactive / retroactive interference
6) Sleep more
MEMORY

1) People experience more positive things than


negative things.
2) People remember more negative things
than positive things in the short-term.
3) People remember more positive things than
negative things in the long-term.
4) As time passes, the negative memories
become less negative.

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