An Internship Report On

FULL STACK JAVA VIRTUAL

INTERNSHIP
Submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology In
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
By
M.GANESH SIVAJI – 22KP1A0574

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECGNOLOGY

GUNTUR
Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHGNOLOGY GUNTUR
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA
Accredited by NAAC with 'A+' Grade VISADALA(V),
MEDIKONDURU(M), GUNTUR(Dt) -522428

1
 Department Of Computer Science and Engineering
NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHGNOLOGY GUNTUR
Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTU, KAKINADA
Accredited by NAAC with 'A+' Grade VISADALA(V),
MEDIKONDURU(M), GUNTUR(Dt) -522438

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECGNOLOGY

GUNTUR
I, M.GANESH SIVAJI here by declare that the course entitled FULL
STACK JAVAVIRTUAL INTERNSHIP done by me at NRI Institute of
Technology is submitted for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
award of Credits in Department of CSE.The results embodied in this have
not been submitted to any other University for the same purpose.

Date: M.GANESH SIVAJI -22KP1A0574

Place:Guntur Signature of the Candidate

2
 NRI INSTITUTE OF TECGNOLOGY GUNTUR
Department Of Computer Science and Engineering

NRI INSTITUTE OF
TECGNOLOGY GUNTUR

This certificate attests that the following report accurately

represents the work completed by M.GANESH SIVAJI, Registration
Number-22KP1A0574,during the academic year 2023-2024,
covering the time period from December 2023 to February 2024, as
part of the FULL STACK JAVA VIRTUAL INTERNSHIP
PROGRAMME.

Signature of the Internship Coordinator Signature of the HOD

Signature of the Internship SPOC

Signature of the external examinar

3
 ABSTRACT

Full Stack Java development has emerged as a versatile and robust solution for
building end-to-end applications, catering to a diverse range of industry needs. This development
paradigm involves proficiency in Java-based backend technologies and complementary frontend
frameworks to deliver cohesive, scalable, and maintainable solutions. Java, known for its platform
independence and extensive ecosystem, serves as the backbone for server-side logic, while frontend
technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript ensure intuitive and responsive user interfaces.

The backend stack typically comprises Spring Framework, Hibernate, and RESTful APIs
for building secure and efficient server-side components. For the frontend, integration with
frameworks like Angular, React, or Vue.js enhances interactivity and user engagement. Full stack
Java developers leverage tools like Maven, Jenkins, and Docker for continuous integration, testing,
and deployment, ensuring streamlined workflows and high-quality deliverables.

This comprehensive skill set enables developers to bridge the gap between frontend and
backend, fostering a seamless application development process. Organizations benefit from reduced
communication overhead, faster development cycles, and a unified codebase. As businesses
increasingly seek agile and scalable digital solutions, Full Stack Java development remains pivotal in
delivering cutting-edge applications that meet evolving market demands.

This abstract underscores the significance of mastering Full Stack Java to harness its
potential for modern software development, highlighting its role in transforming ideas into fully
functional and efficient applications.

The goal of Full Stack Java development is to build end-to-end applications by integrating
backend and frontend technologies seamlessly. It focuses on creating efficient, scalable, and user-
centric solutions using tools like Spring, Hibernate, and JavaScript frameworks. This approach
enables rapid development and deployment of robust applications that meet diverse business needs.

4
 LETTER OF UNDERTAKING
To

The Principal

NRI Institute of Technology

Viasadala,

Guntur.

Subject: Submission of Internship Report on Full Stack Java Virtual Internship on

EXCELR platform.

Dear Sir,

I am pleased to submit my internship report on “FullStackJavaVirtual

Internship” as per your instruction to fulfil the requirements of the Degree of Bachelor
of Technology in CSE from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada.
While preparing this report, I have tried my level best to include all the relevant
information, explanations, things I learned from the Internship Courses, my contribution
to this programme to make the report informative and comprehensive. It would not have
been possible to complete this report without your assistance, of which I am very
thankful. Working for two months on Full Stack Java Virtual Internship in online was
amazing and a huge learning opportunity for me. Also, it was a great experience to
prepare this report and I will be available for any clarification, if required.

Therefore, I pray and hope that you would be kind enough to accept my Internship
Report and oblige thereby.

Yours Obediently,
M.Ganesh Sivaji
ID: 22KP1A0574
EMAIL: [email protected]
5
CERTIFICATE OF INTERNSHIP

6
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take this opportunity to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation to all those
people who made this Internship work easier with words of encouragement, motivation, discipline,
and faith by offering different places to look to expand my ideas and help me towards the successful
completion of this Internship work.

First and foremost, we express our deep gratitude to Dr.Alapati Ravindra, Chairman,
NRI Institute of Technology for providing necessary facilities throughout the Internship program.

We express our sincere thanks to Dr. Kota Srinivasarao, Principal, NRI Institute of
Technology for his constant support and cooperation throughout the Internship program.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our NRIIT INTERNSHIP I/C
Ms.G.Sowmya, SPOC and our Internship Coordinator Ms.----------for his insightful advice,
motivating suggestions, invaluable guidance, help and support in successful completion of this
Internship.

We would like to take this opportunity to express our thanks to the teaching and non-
teaching staff in the Department of Computer Science & Engineering NRIIT for their invaluable
help and support.

M.Ganesh Sivaji – 22KP1A0574

7
Table of Contents:
FullStackJava Virtual Internship
Module Module Contents Dates Page
No:
Module 1:
Front End Introduction to Front End
1.HTML
1.1 Introduction to html
1.2 Structure , Basic Tags.
1.3 Forms , Media.
1.4 Semantic Tags , Attributes. 15-05-2024 10 to
2.CSS To 22
2.1 Introduction to Css
01-06-2024
2.2 Selectors & Specificity
2.3 Box Model & Layouts
2.4 Styling & Animations
2.5 Frameworks & Integration
3.JAVASCRIPT
3.1 Introduction to JS
3.2 Basics& Functions
3.3 Objects & Arrays
3.4 DOM Manipulation
3.5 ES6+ Features & Asynchronous JS
3.6 Error Handling & Advanced Topics

Module 2:
Back End Introduction to Back End
1.JAVA
1.1 Introduction to Java
1.2 Core Java Concepts
1.3 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) 02-06-2024 23 to
1.4 Java Collections To 35
1.5 Exception Handling 22-06-2024
1.6 File Handling and I/O
2. Spring
2.1 Introduction to Spring
2.2 Spring Framework
3. Spring Boot
3.1 Introduction and Architecture
3.2 Application Development
3.3 Database Integration
3.4 Security and Testing
3.5 Microservices and Deployment
3.6 Real-World Applications

8
Module Module Contents Dates Page
No:
Module 3: 1. Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
Database 1.1 Introduction to JDBC
2. Structure Query Language (SQL) 23-06-2024 36 to
2.1 Introduction and Database Basics To 41
2.2 Core SQL Operations 02-07-2024
2.3 Database Design and Relationships
2.4 Integration with Java
2.5 Transactions and Optimization

Module 4: 1.GitHub
VersionControl 1.1 Introduction to Git and GitHub 03-07-2024 42 to
1.2 Git Basics
To 45
1.3 Collaborating with GitHub
1.4 GitHub Repositories and Workflows 07-07-2024
1.5 Version Control Best Practices
1.6 GitHub for Full Stack Java Projects

9
1.HTML
1.1 Introduction to HTML

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard language for creating web pages.
structures web content and enables the inclusion of text, images, links, and other
elements.
• HyperText: Refers to the ability to link text.
• Markup Language: Utilizes tags to define elements within a document.
Features of HTML:
1. Easy to learn and use.
2. Supported by all modern browsers.
3. Platform-independent.
HTML File Structure: HTML documents are text files saved with a .html or .htm
extension. They can be created and edited using simple text editors.

1.2 Structure and Basic Tags

HTML uses tags enclosed in < >. A tag often consists of an opening tag (e.g., <html>) and
a closing tag (e.g., </html>). Some tags are self-closing (e.g., <img />).
Basic Structure of an HTML Document:
Html
Code
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to HTML</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Important Tags:

• <!DOCTYPE>: Declares document type.

• <html>: Root element.
• <head>: Contains metadata (title, links, scripts).
• <body>: Contains visible content.
• <h1> to <h6>: Headings, <h1> being the largest.
• <p>: Paragraphs.
• <a>: Hyperlinks (e.g., <a href="https://example.com">Link</a>).

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 • <img>: Images (e.g., <img src="image.jpg" alt="Description">

• 1.3 Forms and Media

• Forms collect user inputs, and media elements allow embedding content like images, audio,
and video.
• HTML Forms:
• Forms use the <form> element to collect user data.

Code

<form action="/submit" method="post">

<label for="name">Name:</label>

<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required>

<br>

<label for="email">Email:</label>

<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>

<br>

<input type="submit" value="Submit">

</form>

• Attributes:
o action: URL to send the data.
o method: HTTP method (GET/POST).
o type: Defines input type (text, email, password, etc.).

Media Elements:

1. Images:

Code

<img src="example.jpg" alt="Description" width="300">

2. Audio

Code

<audio controls>

<source src="audio.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">

11
Your browser does not support the audio element. </audio>

3. Video

Code

<video width="320" height="240" controls>

<source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">

Your browser does not support the video tag.

</video>

1.4 Semantic Tags

Semantic tags clearly define the purpose of content, improving SEO and accessibility.

Examples of Semantic Tags:

• <header>: Represents introductory content or navigation links.

• <nav>: Defines a navigation section.
• <main>: Denotes the main content of a document.
• <footer>: Contains footer information.
• <article>: Represents self-contained content.
• <section>: Groups related content.
• <aside>: Denotes content related to the main content, like sidebars.
• <figure> & <figcaption>: For images with captions.

Example of Semantic Tags:

<header>

<h1>Website Title</h1>

<nav>

<a href="#home">Home</a> |

<a href="#about">About</a>

</nav>

</header>

<main>

<article>

<h2>Article Title</h2>

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 <p>This is a sample article.</p>

</article>

</main>

<footer>

<p>Copyright © 2024</p>

</footer>

HTML Attributes

Attributes provide additional information about elements. They are placed within the opening tag
and follow a name="value" syntax.

Common Attributes:

• id: Unique identifier (e.g., <p id="intro">).

• class: Groups elements (e.g., <div class="box">).
• src: Specifies a source URL (e.g., <img src="image.jpg">).
• alt: Alternative text for images.
• href: Hyperlink reference (e.g., <a href="url">).
• style: Inline CSS (e.g., <p style="color:blue;">).

Example:

<p id="greeting" class="intro" style="font-size:20px;">Hello, world!</p>

13
 2.CSS
2.1 Introduction to CSS

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a language used to style and format the appearance of HTML
documents. It separates content (HTML) from design, ensuring flexibility and consistency.

Features of CSS:

1. Controls layout, colors, and fonts.

2. Reduces repetition through reusable styles.

3. Enables responsive designs.

Types of CSS:

1. Inline CSS: Directly applied to HTML elements

Code
<style>

p { color: blue; }

</style>

2. Internal CSS: Defined within <style> tags in the <head> section.

Code
<style>
p { color: blue; }
</style>

3. External CSS: Linked via <link> to a .css file.

Code

<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

2.2 Selectors & Specificity

Selectors target HTML elements to apply styles.

Types of Selectors:

1.Universal Selector (*): Applies to all elements.

* { margin: 0; }

2. Element Selector: Targets specific HTML tags

p { font-size: 16px; }

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 3.Class Selector (.): Targets elements with a specific class

.highlight { background-color: yellow; }

4. ID Selector (#): Targets a unique element by ID

#header { font-weight: bold; }

5.Group Selector (,): Applies styles to multiple elements

h1, h2 { text-align: center; }

6.Attribute Selector: Matches elements with specific attributes.

input[type="text"] { border: 1px solid gray; }

Specificity Rules:

1. Inline styles: 1000 points

2. ID selectors: 100 points
3. Classes, attributes: 10 points

4. Element selectors: 1 point

Higher specificity overrides lower ones.

2.3 Box Model & Layouts

CSS layouts depend on the box model, which consists of:

1. Content: The actual content inside the element.

2. Padding: Space between content and the border.

3. Border: Surrounds the padding.

4. Margin: Space outside the border.

Box Model Properties:

div {

width: 200px;

padding: 10px;

border: 2px solid black;

margin: 20px;
}

15
The total width = content width + padding + border + margin.

CSS Layouts:

1. Flexbox: Simplifies aligning and distributing items

display: flex;
justify-content: center; /* Center horizontally */

align-items: center; /* Center vertically */

2. Grid: Creates advanced two-dimensional layouts

display: grid;

grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);

3. Positioning:

• static (default), relative, absolute, fixed, sticky.

4 • Float & Clear: Float elements for side-by-side layout.

float: left;
clear: both;

2.4 Styling & Animations

Styling Basics:

1.Colors:
color: #333; /* Text color */
background-color: #f0f0f0; /* Background */

2.Typography:

font-size: 16px;
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;

text-align: center;

CSS Transitions: Smooth changes over time.

div {

transition: background-color 0.5s ease;

}

16
 div:hover {

background-color: lightblue;

CSS Animations: Define keyframes for animations.

@keyframes slideIn {

from { transform: translateX(-100%); }

to { transform: translateX(0); }

div {

animation: slideIn 1s ease-in-out;

}

2.5 Frameworks & Integration

CSS frameworks simplify design by providing pre-built styles and components.

Popular Frameworks:

1. Bootstrap: Mobile-first, grid-based framework

<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css">

<button class="btn btn-primary">Click Me</button>

2. Tailwind CSS: Utility-first framework.

<div class="bg-blue-500 text-white p-4">Hello Tailwind</div>

3. Foundation: Responsive, modular CSS framework.

Integration with JavaScript:

CSS integrates with JavaScript for dynamic styling and animations.

document.querySelector("div").style.color = "red";

17
3.JavaScript
3.1 Introduction to JavaScript

JavaScript (JS) is a versatile, high-level programming language primarily used to add

interactivity to websites. It runs in the browser and is also widely used on servers (Node.js).

• Features:

o Lightweight and interpreted.

o Cross-platform.

o Integrates with HTML/CSS.

Example:
<script>

console.log("Hello, JavaScript!");

</script>

3.2 Basics & Functions

Variables

Use let, const, or var to declare variables.

Example
let name = "John"; // block-scoped

const PI = 3.14; // cannot be reassigned

var age = 25; // function-scoped

Data Types

• Primitive: string, number, boolean, null, undefined, symbol.

• Non-primitive: object, array.

Operators
Arithmetic, logical (&&, ||), comparison (===, !==).

Functions

Reusable blocks of code.

Example
function greet(name) {

18
 return `Hello, ${name}!`;

console.log(greet("Alice"));

. Arrow Functions:
Example

const add = (a, b) => a + b;

console.log(add(3, 5));

3.3 Objects & Arrays

Objects

Collection of key-value pairs.

Example
const person = { name: "Alice", age: 30 };
console.log(person.name); // "Alice"

Methods:

Example

person.greet = function() {

return `Hi, I'm ${this.name}`;

};

console.log(person.greet());
Arrays

Ordered list of values.

Example

const fruits = ["apple", "banana"];

fruits.push("cherry");

console.log(fruits[1]); // "banana"

Common Methods: map, filter, reduce.

Example

const numbers = [1, 2, 3];

const squares = numbers.map(n => n * n);

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 console.log(squares); // [1, 4, 9]

3.4 DOM Manipulation

The Document Object Model (DOM) represents the HTML structure of a page. JavaScript can
dynamically manipulate it.

Selecting Elements

Example

const heading = document.querySelector("h1");

console.log(heading.textContent);

Changing Content

heading.textContent = "Updated Heading";

Event Listeners

document.querySelector("button").addEventListener("click", () => {

alert("Button clicked!");

});
Creating Elements

const para = document.createElement("p");

para.textContent = "New Paragraph";

document.body.appendChild(para);

3.5 ES6+ Features & Asynchronous JavaScript

ES6+ Features

• Template Literals:
const name = "Bob";

console.log(`Hello, ${name}!`);

Destructuring:

const { name, age } = person;

console.log(name, age);

Spread Operator:

Example
const arr = [1, 2, ...numbers];

20
 console.log(arr); // [1, 2, 1, 2, 3]

Asynchronous JS

• Promises:
Example

fetch("https://api.example.com")

.then(response => response.json())

.then(data => console.log(data))

.catch(err => console.error(err));

3.6 Error Handling & Advanced Topics

Error Handling
• Try-Catch:

Example

try {

let result = riskyOperation();

} catch (err) {

console.error("An error occurred:", err);

}
Custom Errors:

Example

class CustomError extends Error {

constructor(message) {

super(message);

this.name = "CustomError";

}
}

21
Advanced Topics

• Modules:

Example
// file.js

export const greet = name => `Hello, ${name}`;

// main.js

import { greet } from "./file.js";

console.log(greet("Alice"));

Closures: Functions retaining access to their lexical scope.

Example

function outer() {

let count = 0;

return function inner() {

count++;

return count;

};
}

const increment = outer();

console.log(increment()); // 1

• Event Loop: JavaScript uses an event loop to manage concurrency.

22
 1. JAVA
1.1 Introduction to Java

Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language developed by Sun

Microsystems in 1995. It is widely used for building robust, scalable applications across diverse
platforms.

Key Features of Java:

• Platform Independence: "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA).

• Object-Oriented: Follows principles like inheritance, encapsulation, polymorphism, and

abstraction.

• Secure: Offers runtime checks and lacks explicit pointer usage.

• Robust: Strong memory management and exception handling.

• Multi-threaded: Supports concurrent programming.

• High Performance: Uses Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

1.2 Core Java Concepts

Java's core principles are foundational for application development. Key concepts include:

1.2.1 Java Syntax

• Basic Structure: Java programs consist of classes and methods.

• Example:

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}

• Data Types: Includes primitive types (int, double, char, etc.) and reference types.

• Control Statements: if-else, for, while, switch.

1.2.2 Memory Management

• Heap and Stack: Memory allocation areas.

• Garbage Collection: Automatic reclamation of unused memory.

23
1.2.3 Java APIs

Standard libraries that simplify development (e.g., java.lang, java.util).

1.3 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

OOP principles enhance modularity and reusability of code.

1.3.1 Key OOP Concepts

• Classes and Objects: Classes define properties and behaviors. Objects are instances of
classes.

• Example

class Car {

String brand;

int speed;

void drive() {
System.out.println("Driving " + brand);

Inheritance: Enables a class (child) to inherit properties from another class (parent).

Example

class Vehicle {
void start() { System.out.println("Vehicle started"); }

class Bike extends Vehicle {

void ride() { System.out.println("Riding bike"); }

• Polymorphism: Allows method overriding and overloading.

• Abstraction: Defines essential features, hiding details (via abstract classes or interfaces).

24
 • Encapsulation: Bundles data and methods, restricting access using access modifiers.

1.4 Java Collections

The Collections Framework provides data structures and algorithms.

1.4.1 Core Interfaces

• List: Ordered collection (e.g., ArrayList, LinkedList).

• Set: Unique elements (e.g., HashSet, TreeSet).

• Map: Key-value pairs (e.g., HashMap, TreeMap).

1.4.2 Common Classes

ArrayList Example:

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add("Apple");
list.add("Banana");
System.out.println(list);

HashMap Example:

ashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "One");

map.put(2, "Two");

System.out.println(map);

1.4.3 Benefits

Collections reduce programming effort by providing reusable data structures.

1.5 Exception Handling

Java uses exceptions to handle runtime errors gracefully.

1.5.1 Types of Exceptions

• Checked Exceptions: Must be handled at compile-time (e.g., IOException).

• Unchecked Exceptions: Occur at runtime (e.g., ArithmeticException).

• Errors: Severe issues (e.g., OutOfMemoryError).

1.5.2 Syntax and Example

• Try-Catch:
try {

25
 int result = 10 / 0;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero");

} finally {
System.out.println("Cleanup");

Throwing Exceptions:

void checkAge(int age) throws Exception {

if (age < 18) {

throw new Exception("Age must be 18+");

}
}
1.5.3 Best Practices

• Always close resources in finally or use try-with-resources.

• Use specific exception types instead of generic Exception.

1.6 File Handling and I/O

Java provides extensive support for file operations through its java.io and java.nio packages.

1.6.1 Reading and Writing Files

• Using FileReader and FileWriter:

import java.io.*;

public class FileHandling {

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {

FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("example.txt");

writer.write("Hello, Java!");

writer.close();

FileReader reader = new FileReader("example.txt");

int ch;

while ((ch = reader.read()) != -1) {

System.out.print((char) ch);

26
 }

reader.close();

1.6.2 Using Buffered Streams

• BufferedReader and BufferedWriter:

Example

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("example.txt"));

String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

System.out.println(line);
}

br.close();

1.6.3 Best Practices

• Always close streams to free resources.

• Use try-with-resources for automatic closure.

27
 2. Spring
Spring is a powerful and flexible open-source framework designed to simplify Java application
development. It provides comprehensive infrastructure support for developing Java applications,
enabling developers to focus on the core functionality of their software.

Key Features of Spring:

• Lightweight: The core container is lightweight, making Spring suitable for a range of
projects, from simple standalone applications to complex enterprise systems.

• Dependency Injection (DI): Promotes loose coupling by managing dependencies between

components.
• Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP): Supports cross-cutting concerns like logging,
transaction management, and security.
• Integration: Seamlessly integrates with popular frameworks like Hibernate, JPA, and various
web frameworks.
• Testability: Simplifies unit and integration testing by providing mock objects and eliminating
the need for a full application server during tests.

Spring aims to address common challenges in Java development, offering solutions that reduce
boilerplate code, enhance modularity, and improve maintainability.

2.2 Spring Framework

The Spring Framework is a comprehensive ecosystem for enterprise-level Java application

development. It provides tools and libraries for building robust, scalable, and secure applications.

Key Components of the Spring Framework:

1. Core Container:

o Provides Dependency Injection (DI) and Inversion of Control (IoC).

o Key modules: Beans, Core, Context, and Expression Language.

2. Spring AOP:

o Enables Aspect-Oriented Programming to handle cross-cutting concerns like logging

and security.

3. Spring Data Access:

o Simplifies database interaction with support for JDBC, JPA, Hibernate, and
transaction management.

28
 4. Spring Web:

o Supports web application development with MVC architecture, REST APIs, and
integration with web servers.

5. Spring Security:

o Provides authentication, authorization, and protection against security vulnerabilities

like CSRF and XSS.

6. Spring Boot:

o Facilitates rapid application development with auto-configuration and embedded

servers, reducing the need for extensive setup.

Benefits of the Spring Framework:

• Modularity: Develop modular, testable, and maintainable applications.

• Integration Ready: Works with various tools and frameworks like Kafka, RabbitMQ, and
Elasticsearch.
• Community Support: A large, active community ensures timely updates and extensive
documentation.
Spring has become a standard for modern Java development, powering millions of applications
across industries.

29
3.Spring Boot
3.1 Introduction and Architecture

Spring Boot Overview

Spring Boot is a framework designed to simplify Java-based application development by providing

auto-configuration and embedded servers. It builds on the Spring Framework, removing boilerplate
configurations and enabling rapid development.

Key Features

• Auto-Configuration: Automatically configures application components.

• Embedded Servers: Provides servers like Tomcat, Jetty, or Undertow for standalone
deployment.

• Starter Dependencies: Predefined dependency sets for quick project setup.

• Production-Ready: Includes monitoring, health checks, and metrics support.

Architecture

Core Layer: Manages beans, dependency injection, and lifecycle.

Config Layer: Provides application.properties or application.yml for configuration.

Embedded Server Layer: Runs the application as a standalone service.

Actuator: Provides monitoring and health-check endpoints

3.2 Application Development

Setting Up a Spring Boot Project

1. Use Spring Initializr to create a project.

2. Choose dependencies like Spring Web, Spring Data JPA, and Thymeleaf.

3. Import the project into your IDE and add business logic.

Key Components

4. Controllers: Define REST APIs using @RestController and @RequestMapping.

5. Services: Handle business logic with @Service.

6. Repositories: Communicate with the database using JpaRepository or CrudRepository.

Sample REST Endpoint

Code
@RestController

30
@RequestMapping("/api")

public class ExampleController {

@GetMapping("/hello")

public String sayHello() {

return "Hello, Spring Boot!";

Build and Run

• Use mvn spring-boot:run or ./gradlew bootRun.

3.3 Database Integration

3.3 Database Integration

Add the database driver dependency (e.g., spring-boot-starter-data-jpa for MySQL).
Configure database properties in application.properties:

Code

spring.datasource.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db_name

spring.datasource.username=root

spring.datasource.password=password

spring.jpa.hibernate.ddl-auto=update

Creating Entities
Define entities using JPA annotations:

code

@Entity

public class User {

@Id

@GeneratedValue(strategy = GenerationType.IDENTITY)

private Long id;

private String name;

private String email;

}

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Repository Integration

Use JpaRepository for database operations:

Code

public interface UserRepository extends JpaRepository<User, Long> {}

Service Layer

code

@Service

public class UserService {

@Autowired

private UserRepository userRepository;

public List<User> getAllUsers() {

return userRepository.findAll();

3.4 Security and Testing

Security
Spring Boot simplifies security with the spring-boot-starter-security module. Add the dependency
and configure basic authentication:
code

spring.security.user.name=admin

spring.security.user.password=admin123

Custom Security Configurations

Override default settings using

WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter:

code
@Configuration

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@EnableWebSecurity

public class SecurityConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {

@Override

protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {

http.csrf().disable()

.authorizeRequests()

.antMatchers("/public/**").permitAll()

.anyRequest().authenticated()

.and()

.formLogin();

}
}
Testing

• Unit Testing: Use JUnit and Mockito for testing components.

• Integration Testing: Use @SpringBootTest for end-to-end testing:

Code

@SpringBootTest

public class UserServiceTest {

@Autowired
private UserService userService;

@Test

void testGetAllUsers() {

List<User> users = userService.getAllUsers();

assertNotNull(users);

}
}

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.5 3Microservices and Deployment

Microservices with Spring Boot

Leverage Spring Boot to create loosely coupled services communicating over REST or messaging
(e.g., RabbitMQ).

Tools: Spring Cloud, Eureka for service discovery, and Hystrix for fault tolerance.

Sample Microservice

Service registration using Eureka Client:

Code

@EnableEurekaClient

@SpringBootApplication

public class MicroserviceApplication {

public static void main(String[] args) {

SpringApplication.run(MicroserviceApplication.class, args);

Deployment Options

· Embedded Server Deployment: Package as a JAR using mvn clean package and run via java -jar
app.jar.

· Containerization: Use Docker for containerized deployments:

Create a Dockerfile:dockerfile

Code

FROM openjdk:11
COPY target/app.jar app.jar

• ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "app.jar"]

• Build and run the Docker image.

Cloud Deployment: Deploy on AWS, GCP, or Azure using their respective platforms.

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3.6 Real-World Applications

Sample Use Cases

1. E-Commerce Platform: Build REST APIs for product catalog, user authentication, and order
processing.

2. Banking System: Use secure endpoints for transactions, account management, and reporting.

3. IoT Data Processing: Integrate with MQTT brokers to process IoT sensor data in real-time.
Key Features for Real-World Apps

4. Monitoring: Use Spring Boot Actuator for health and metrics.

5. API Documentation: Use Swagger/OpenAPI to document REST APIs.

6. Scalability: Implement load balancing and caching using Spring Cloud and Redis

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1.Java Database Connectivity (JDBC)
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is a Java API that enables Java applications to interact with
relational databases. It provides methods for querying and updating data, ensuring database
independence through a standard interface.

Features of JDBC

1. Database Independence: Supports a wide range of databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, and
Oracle.

2. SQL Execution: Executes SQL statements (DDL, DML, and queries).

3. Dynamic Queries: Uses prepared statements for secure, parameterized queries.

4. Connection Management: Manages database connections efficiently.

5. Transaction Management: Supports commit and rollback operations.

JDBC Components
6. DriverManager: Manages database drivers and establishes connections.

7. Connection: Represents the connection to the database.

8. Statement: Executes SQL queries.

9. ResultSet: Represents the result of a query.

JDBC Workflow

1.Load Driver:

code
Class.forName("com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver");

Establish Connection:

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(

"jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/db_name", "username", "password");

Create Statement:

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

Execute Query:

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM users");

while (rs.next()) {
System.out.println(rs.getString("username"));

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}

Close Resources:

rs.close();

stmt.close();
conn.close();

Best Practices

1.Use PreparedStatement to prevent SQL injection:

code

PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");

pstmt.setInt(1, 1);

ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();
2.Close resources in a finally block or use try-with-resources.
3.Handle exceptions effectively using SQLException.

4.Use connection pooling for efficient resource management (e.g., with HikariCP).

Advantages

Platform independence.

Supports multiple database operations.

10. Secure and reliable with proper implementation.

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2. Structure Query Language (SQL)
2.1 Introduction and Database Basics

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standardized programming language used for managing and
manipulating relational databases. It enables users to retrieve, insert, update, and delete data within a
database. Key components include:

• Relational Database: A structured collection of data organized in tables.

• Tables: Structures consisting of rows and columns to store data.

• Primary Keys: Unique identifiers for table rows.

• Foreign Keys: Columns used to establish relationships between tables.

Common relational database management systems (RDBMS) include MySQL, PostgreSQL,

Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle Database.

Basic SQL Syntax

• SELECT: Retrieves data from a database.

EX: SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name;

• INSERT: Adds new records to a table.

EX: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2) VALUES (value1, value2);

• UPDATE: Modifies existing records in a table.

EX: UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;

• DELETE: Removes records from a table.

EX: DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

2.2 Core SQL Operations

Filtering and Sorting Data

• WHERE Clause: Filters rows based on conditions.

EX: SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE condition;

• ORDER BY Clause: Sorts results in ascending or descending order.

EX: SELECT * FROM table_name ORDER BY column1 ASC;

Aggregating Data
• GROUP BY Clause: Groups rows sharing a property.
EX: SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1;

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 • HAVING Clause: Filters grouped data.

EX :SELECT column1, COUNT(*) FROM table_name GROUP BY column1 HAVING COUNT(*)

> 5;

Joins

Joins combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column.

• Inner Join:
EX: SELECT * FROM table1 INNER JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

• Left Join:

EX: SELECT * FROM table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.column = table2.column;

2.3 Database Design and Relationships

Effective database design is critical for scalability and performance. Key principles:

Normalization

Organize data to minimize redundancy.

• 1st Normal Form (1NF): Ensure atomic columns.

• 2nd Normal Form (2NF): Eliminate partial dependencies.

• 3rd Normal Form (3NF): Remove transitive dependencies.

Relationships

• One-to-One: One record in Table A corresponds to one record in Table B.

• One-to-Many: One record in Table A corresponds to multiple records in Table B.

• Many-to-Many: Requires a junction table to manage relationships.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Customers (

CustomerID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100));

CREATE TABLE Orders (

OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY,

CustomerID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID));

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2.4 Integration with Java

Java provides libraries like JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) to interact with SQL databases.

Steps to Integrate
1. Import JDBC Libraries:

EX: import java.sql.*;

2. Establish a Connection:

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/dbname",

"username", "password");

3. Execute SQL Statements:

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM table_name");

while (rs.next()) {

System.out.println(rs.getString("column_name"));
}

4. Close the Connection:

conn.close();

Prepared Statements

Used for parameterized queries to enhance security and prevent SQL injection.

PreparedStatement pstmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE

column = ?");

pstmt.setString(1, "value");

ResultSet rs = pstmt.executeQuery();

2.5 Transactions and Optimization

Transactions ensure the integrity of database operations.

Transactions

• ACID Properties:

o Atomicity: All or nothing execution.

o Consistency: Database remains consistent.

o Isolation: Transactions operate independently.

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 o Durability: Changes persist after completion.

• SQL Syntax:

Ex: BEGIN TRANSACTION;

UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1 WHERE condition;

COMMIT;

To rollback:

ROLLBACK;

Optimization Techniques

1. Indexing: Speed up data retrieval by creating indexes on frequently queried columns.

EX: CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name);

2. Query Optimization:
o Use appropriate joins.
o Avoid SELECT *.

o Use LIMIT to reduce fetched rows.

3. Denormalization: In specific scenarios, duplicate data to improve read performance.

By mastering these SQL concepts, developers can efficiently design, manage, and optimize databases
for robust applications.

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Git and GitHub Documentation

1.1 Introduction to Git and GitHub

What is Git?
Git is a distributed version control system that tracks changes in source code during software
development. It enables multiple developers to collaborate efficiently and maintain version history.

What is GitHub?
GitHub is a cloud-based hosting service for Git repositories. It provides additional features such as
issue tracking, collaboration tools, and CI/CD integration.

Key Features

1. Version control with Git.

2. Collaboration through pull requests and reviews.

3. Hosting repositories with public and private options.

4. Integration with CI/CD pipelines and project management tools.

1.2 Git Basics

Setting Up Git

1. Install Git from git-scm.com.

2. Configure Git:

Code: git config --global user.name "Your Name"

git config --global user.email "[email protected]"

Basic Git Commands

1. Initialize a Repository:

Code: git init

2. Clone a Repository:

Code: git clone <repository-url>

3. Check Status:

Code: git status

4. Stage Changes:
Code: git add <file>

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git add . # Stage all changes

5. Commit Changes:

Code: git commit -m "Commit message"

6. View Log:
Code: git log

Branching

• Create a branch:

Code: git branch <branch-name>

• Switch branches:

Code: git checkout <branch-name>

• Merge branches:
Code: git merge <branch-name>

1.3 Collaborating with GitHub

Forking and Cloning

1. Fork a repository to create a personal copy in your GitHub account.

2. Clone the forked repository to your local machine:

Code: git clone <forked-repo-url>

Pull Requests

1. Push changes to a branch in your forked repository:

Code: git push origin <branch-name>

2. Open a pull request (PR) in the original repository.

3. Collaborators review, comment, and merge PRs.

Resolving Conflicts

1. Identify conflicts in PR.

2. Edit conflicting files and mark them as resolved:

Code: git add <resolved-file>

git commit

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1.4 GitHub Repositories and Workflows

Creating a Repository

1. On GitHub, click New Repository.

2. Provide a name and description, and choose visibility (public/private).

Popular Git Workflows

1. Feature Branch Workflow

o Create a branch for each feature.

o Merge feature branches into the main branch after code review.

2. Gitflow Workflow

o Separate branches for features, releases, and hotfixes.

o Ideal for larger projects.
3. Forking Workflow

o Fork the repository, make changes, and submit pull requests.

o Common in open-source contributions.

GitHub Actions

• Automate CI/CD workflows with GitHub Actions using .yml files in the .github/workflows
directory.

1.5 Version Control Best Practices

1. Use Meaningful Commit Messages: Clearly describe changes.

Example:

Code: git commit -m "Fix login form validation"

2. Commit Often: Make small, incremental commits for better tracking.

3. Branch Naming: Use descriptive names.
Example: feature/add-user-auth or bugfix/fix-login-error.
4. Avoid Committing Sensitive Information: Use .gitignore for environment variables.

5. Code Reviews: Ensure code quality by reviewing pull requests.

6. Resolve Conflicts Promptly: Address merge conflicts early.

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1.6 GitHub for Full Stack Java Projects

Project Setup

1. Frontend: Use frameworks like React, Angular, or Vue.js.

2. Backend: Use Spring Boot for REST API development.

3. Database: Integrate MySQL or PostgreSQL.

Repository Structure

Code: project/

├── frontend/ # Frontend application code

├── backend/ # Backend application code

└── docs/ # Documentation files

Workflow for Development
1. Initialize Git:

Code: git init

2. Create and Push Repository:

Code: git remote add origin <repository-url>

git push -u origin main

3. Branch for Features:

Code: git checkout -b feature/implement-login

4. Integrate GitHub Actions for CI/CD:
Create a .github/workflows/build.yml file to automate testing and deployment.
Collaborative Practices

1. Use GitHub Issues for task tracking.

2. Enable Discussions for team collaboration.

3. Use Milestones for project planning.

Example CI/CD Workflow for Java (GitHub Actions)

Code:

name: Java CI
on: [push, pull_request]

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jobs:

Conclusion on Full Stack Java

Full Stack Java development offers a robust and versatile skill set for building dynamic, scalable, and
secure web applications. By leveraging Java's reliability and ecosystem, developers can manage both
the front-end and back-end aspects of application development seamlessly.

On the back-end, Java’s frameworks like Spring Boot and Hibernate facilitate rapid development of
secure and high-performance APIs, handling complex business logic and database management. For
the front-end, technologies like React, Angular, or Vue.js integrate smoothly with Java backends,
enabling the creation of engaging and responsive user interfaces. The full-stack skill set empowers
developers to bridge gaps between user experience, server-side processing, and data management.

Java’s platform independence and its extensive libraries and frameworks make it a preferred choice
for enterprise-level applications. Its ability to support microservices architecture ensures that Full
Stack Java developers are well-equipped to build modular and scalable systems tailored for modern
demands.
Furthermore, Full Stack Java developers bring value to teams by understanding and contributing to
all aspects of the software development lifecycle, ensuring efficient communication and problem-
solving across the stack. As businesses increasingly seek versatile developers, Full Stack Java
expertise provides a competitive edge in the job market.

In conclusion, mastering Full Stack Java is a strategic investment for developers aspiring to stay
relevant in the fast-evolving software landscape. It combines the power of Java's back-end
capabilities with front-end technologies, ensuring that developers can create comprehensive, end-to-
end solutions.

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