MEDISQUAD …SQUAD OF NEET

SPECIALISTS

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 PHYSICS
MODULE
Circular-
Motion

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 CIRCULAR - MOTION
A particle if moves along a circular path -
 with constant speed the Circular-Motion is called
Uniform Circular Motion
 with variable speed the Circular-Motion is called
Non - Uniform Circular Motion

We shall first study the kinematics of particle in

circular – motion and then its dynamics.

PART-I Kinematics of Circular -Motion

(A) ANGULAR VARIABLES
1. Angular-Displacement
2. Average angular velocity
3. Angular velocity
4. Average angular acceleration
5. Angular acceleration

(B) LINEAR VARIABLES

1. Distance and Displacement
2. Average velocity and Average Speed
3. Velocity and Speed
4. Average acceleration and Acceleration

(C) RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR

AND ANGULAR VARIABLES

PART-II Dynamics of Circular -Motion: Kinematics

(A) Centripetal and Tangential Components of Force
(B) Centrifugal Force
(C) Examples on HCM
(D) Examples on VCM

2
PART-I: KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR-MOTION
ANGULAR-VARIABLES IN CIRCULAR MOTION
Angular-Displacement:

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 The angle between initial position-vector ⃗
ri and final position-
vector ⃗
r f is called the angular displacement about ‘O’
(reference -point)

→ SI unit: radian
π
UNIT-CONVERSION:  rad= 1800; 1° = 60’ 1° = 60” θ(rad)=θ ° ×
180

KEY-POINTS –
 Angular displacement may have different values about different reference points.

 In case of circular motion, the reference – point is taken at the centre (unless stated
otherwise)

 The angular displacement in one complete revolution θ=2 π rad ian

∴ Angular – Displacement in ‘N’ revolution θ=N 2 π

θ θ°
∴ N= (where, θ is in radian) and N=
2π 360 °
Example: Convert following angles to radian units:
a. 180° b. 60° c. 30° d. 15° e. 90° f. 45°
Ans. a. π b. π /3 c. π /6 d. π /12 e. π /2 f. π /4

Instantaneous Angular – Velocity:

Rate of change in angular-position with respect to time is called Angular-velocity or

Instantaneous angular velocity.

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 dθ
ω= SI Unit: rad/sec
dt

Average Angular – Velocity:

Average-Rate of change in angular-position with respect to time is called Average Angular-
velocity

Δθ
ω av. = SI Unit: rad/sec
Δt

Note - In case of uniform circular motion

→ ω - constant ∴ ω=ω av .
→ The time – interval in which particle covers one revolution is called Time – period (T) of
revolution.

→ The number of revolutions covered by the particle in one sec is called frequency of
revolution.

→ No. of revolutions in time Δt (in UCM)

Δt 1
N= and if Δt =1 sec N = f (frequency)  f=
T T
 Unit of frequency: revolutions per sec (rps)
rpm
 To convert from rpm (revolutions per minute) to rps (revolutions per sec) =rps
60
2π 2π ω
In one revolution, Δθ=2 π and Δt =T ∴ ω= =2 πf  T = and f =
T ω 2π

Instantaneous Angular Acceleration:

Rate of change in angular-velocity with respect to time is called Angular-Acceleration or

instantaneous Angular-Acceleration.

dω dω
α=
dt
and α =ω . dθ SI Unit : rad/sec2

Average Angular-Acceleration:
Average -Rate of change in angular-position with respect to time is called Average Angular

Acceleration

Δω
α av .= SI Unit : rad/sec2
Δt

Equation Of Circular Motion with Constant Angular-Acceleration

ω=ω 0 +αt

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 1 2 1 2 ω+ω 0
θ=ω0 t+ α t =ωt− α t =
2 2 2
t ( )
α
θt =ω 0 + (2 t−1) angular – displacement in nth sec
2
2 2
ω =ω 0+ 2 αθ

TO DETERMINE THE DIRECTION OF ' ω '

' θ ' , ω and α are directed along the axis of rotation

i.e., along a line perpendicular to the plane of circle & passing through centre.

To Determine The Direction Of ' α '

^ =ω
If ω increases α ^ ^ =− ω
If ω decreases α ^

LINEAR -VARIABLES IN CIRCULAR MOTION

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I. Distance and Displacement:

Displacement =
Δ ⃗r =⃗
r f −⃗r i

|r⃗f|=|⃗r i|=R
Δr=√ r 2 +r 2−2 r 2 cos θ
| Δ ⃗r|=2 R sin(¿θ /2) ¿

Distance – covered =
Arc – length = Rθ * in radian

The ratio of the magnitude of displacement to that of distance

| Δ ⃗r| (¿ θ/2) | Δ ⃗r| (¿ θ /2)
=2 R sin ¿  =sin ¿
S Rθ S (θ/2)

II. Velocity and Speed

d ⃗r dS
Velocity = Speed=
Δt Δt

The magnitude of Velocity = The magnitude of Speed

III. Average velocity and Average Speed

| Δ ⃗r|
Average Velocity = =
Δt
2 R sin
(¿ θ/2)
¿ Average−Velocity | Δ r⃗|
= =
Δt Average−speed S
(¿ θ /2)
sin ¿
S Rθ (θ/2)
Average Speed = =
Δt Δt

IN UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Average-Speed = Speed and Average – Velocity (in UCM) =v ¿

IV. Average Acceleration

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 Change in velocity in circular motion:
Δ ⃗v Δ ⃗v =⃗
v f −⃗
vi
a⃗ av . = If angular disp. = θ
Δt
Angle between ⃗ v i∧⃗
v f will also be θ
∴|Δ ⃗v|= √ v 2i + v 2f −2 v i v f cos θ
IN UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION |v|−cons . ∴|Δ ⃗v|=2 sin (¿ θ/2)¿
S Rθ (¿ θ /2) 2
Δv=2 v sin(¿ θ /2)¿ and Δt = = ∴|a av .|=2 v sin ¿ ∴|a⃗ av .|= v ¿
v v (Rθ/ v) R

V. Instantaneous Acceleration:
UCM NUCM

Centripetal/Radial acceleration Centripetal/Radial Acceleration

2 2
v 2 v 2
a c= =ω R=vω → a r= =ω R=vω
R R
Tangential- Acceleration
d |⃗v| dv
at = 0 → a t= = v.
dt ds

Net acceleration = ac → a=√ a2c +a 2t

Angle b/w ⃗v ∧⃗a → Angle b/w ⃗v ∧⃗a

= 90° ac
tanθ=
at

RELATION BETWEEN LINEAR & ANGULAR VARIABLES

VECTOR – FORM

a⃗ =⃗a t +⃗
ac
⃗v =⃗
ω × ⃗r a t=⃗
⃗ α × r⃗ a c =⃗
⃗ ω × ⃗v
=( (⃗
α × ⃗r )+(⃗ ω × ⃗v ) )

SCALAR – FORM

S=Rθ v=Rω a t=Rα

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 A NOTE ON RADIAL/CENTRIPETAL AND TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS OF
ACCELERATION
 The component of acceleration perpendicular to velocity & is called centripetal radial acceleration. It
changes only the direction of velocity.
2
v 2
a r= =ω R=vω
R
 The component of acceleration along velocity is called tangential acceleration It changes only the
magnitude of velocity.

d |v| dv
a t= =v . (where, S-distance)
dt ds
ar F r
F=√ Fr + F t
2 2
Net Force: Angle between Force and Velocity tanθ= =
at Ft

=90 0 =0 0 /180 0

<90 0 >90 0

CYU – 1 : KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION

1. A particle moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular displacement of ‘θ’ about the
centre. Then
(A) The Distance covered = …………… (B) The Displacement = ………………….
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2. A particle moves with constant speed (=v) on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular
displacement of ‘θ’ about the centre. Then
(A) The average-velocity = ………………. (B) The change in velocity = ………………
(C) The average-acceleration = ………………. (D) The change in acceleration = ………………
(E) The change in Angular- Velocity = ……..
3. A particle moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular displacement of ‘θ’ about the
centre. Then
(A) The ratio of Displacement to Distance = …………………….
(B) The ratio of Average-Velocity to Average-Speed = …………………….
4. A particle moves with constant speed (=v) on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular
displacement of ‘θ’ about the centre. Then
(A) The ratio of Average-Acceleration to Acceleration = …………………….
5. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Displacement (in radian) about the centre is given by
3
θ=2t
(A) Its Angular-Velocity will be given by  = ……………
(B) Its Angular-Acceleration will be given by α = ……………
(A) Its Centripetal- Acceleration will be given by ar = ……………
(A) Its Tangential- Acceleration will be given by at = ……………
(A) Angle between velocity and acceleration will be =……………
6. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Velocity in terms of its Angular- Displacement (in
radian) about the centre is given by ω=2 θ3 . Its Angular acceleration will be ……………..
7. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the centre is given by
2
α =2 t .
(A) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Velocity is given by …………………….
(B) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Displacement is given by …………………….
(C) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Velocity is given by …………………….
(D) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Displacement is given by …………………….
8. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the centre is given by
2
α =2 θ
(A) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Velocity is given by …………………….
(B) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Velocity is given by ……………
9. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the centre is given by
2
α =2 rad / s .
(A) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Velocity is given by …………………….
(B) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Displacement is given by …………………….
(C) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Velocity is given by …………………….
(D) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Displacement is given by …………………….
(E) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, number of revolutions in the initial 10sec is given by …………………….

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10. A particle starts from rest and moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the
centre is given by α =2 rad / s2 . The ratio of its angular- displacement
(A) In the I Second, II Second, III Second is given by …………………..
(B) In the initial one second, two seconds, three seconds is given by ………………….
11. A particle starts from rest and moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the
7 2
centre is given by α = rad / s . After the completion of two revolutions
22
(A) The Centripetal- Acceleration after the completion of two revolutions will be = ………………….
(B) The Tangential - Acceleration after the completion of two revolutions will be = ………………….
(C) The Acceleration after the completion of two revolutions will be = ………………….
12. A particle starts from rest and moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Tangential- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about
1 2
the centre is given by a t= rad / s . After the completion of two revolutions
π
(A) The Angular - Acceleration will be = ………………….
(B) The Centripetal- Acceleration will be = ………………….
(C) The Acceleration will be = ………………….
(D) The angle between velocity and acceleration will be = ………….
13. A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cm. Its linear speed is given by v = 2 t, where t is in second and v in
metre/second. Find the radial and tangential acceleration at t = 3 s
14. A particle is in uniform circular motion along a circle of radius 5m. It completes 600 revolutions per minute.
(A) its Angular velocity is ………………. (B) its Speed is ……………….
(C) Its Acceleration is ………………. (D) Angular displacement in 1 sec will be ……………..
15. A particle moves along a circle of radius ‘R’ with speed ‘v’ as a function of distance covered given by v=2S. Then
(A) The Tangential - Acceleration will be = ………………….
(B) The Centripetal- Acceleration will be = ………………….
(C) The Acceleration will be = ………………….
(D) The angle between acceleration and velocity will be ………………….

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CYU - 2 : KINEMATICS OF CIRCULAR MOTION
1. A particle moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular displacement of ‘120 O ’ about the
centre. Then
(A) The Distance covered = …………… (B) The Displacement = ………………….
2. A particle moves with constant speed (=v) on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular
displacement of ‘60O ’about the centre. Then
(A) The average-velocity = ………………. (B) The change in velocity = ………………
(C) The average-acceleration = ………………. (D) The change in acceleration = ………………
(E) The change in Angular- Velocity = ………………
3. A particle moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular displacement of ‘90 O ’ about the
centre. Then
(A) The ratio of Displacement to Distance = …………………….
(B) The ratio of Average-Velocity to Average-Speed = …………………….
4. A particle moves with constant speed (=v) on a circle of radius ‘R’. When it has undergone an angular
displacement of ‘240O ’about the centre. Then
(A) The ratio of Average-Acceleration to Acceleration = …………………….
5. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Displacement (in radian) about the centre is given by
5
θ=2t
(A) Its Angular-Velocity after 2 sec will be given by  = ……………
(B) Its Angular-Acceleration after 5 sec will be given by α = ……………
(A) Its Centripetal- Acceleration after 3 sec will be given by ar = ……………
(A) Its Tangential- Acceleration after 3 sec will be given by at = ……………
(A) Angle between velocity and acceleration after 3 sec will be =……………
6. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Velocity in terms of its Angular- Displacement (in
radian) about the centre is given by ω=2 θ . Its Angular acceleration after 3 revolutions will be ……………..
7. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the centre is given by
α =2 t .
(A) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Velocity after 2 sec is given by …………………….
(B) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Displacement after 5 sec is given by …………………….
(C) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Velocity 10 sec is given by …………………….
(D) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Displacement after 4 sec is given by …………………….
8. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the centre is given by
α =2 θ
(A) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Velocity after 5 revolutions is given by …………………….
(B) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Velocity after 2 revolutions is given by ……………
9. A particle is moving on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the centre is given by
2
α =5 rad / s .
(A) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Velocity after 2 sec is given by …………………….

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 (B) If the particle starts from rest its Angular-Displacement after 5 sec is given by …………………….
(C) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Velocity after 4 sec is given by …………………….
(D) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, its Angular-Displacement after 4 sec is given by …………………….
(E) If the particle starts with 10rad/sec, number of revolutions in the initial 10sec is given by …………………….
10. A particle starts from rest and moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the
centre is given by α =2 rad / s2 . The ratio of its angular- displacement
(A) In consecutive equal intervals of time is given by …………………..
(B) In the initial t second, 2t seconds, 3t seconds is given by ………………….
11. A particle starts from rest and moves on a circle of radius ‘R’. Its Angular- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about the
3 2
centre is given by α = rad / s . After the completion of 11 revolutions
π
(A) The Centripetal- Acceleration will be = ………………….
(B) The Tangential - Acceleration will be = ………………….
(C) The Acceleration will be = ………………….
12. A particle starts from rest and moves on a circle of radius ‘1m’. Its Tangential- Acceleration (in radian/s 2) about
1 2
the centre is given by a t= m/s . After the completion of 22 revolutions
11
(A) The Angular - Acceleration will be = ………………….
(B) The Centripetal- Acceleration will be = ………………….
(C) The Acceleration will be = ………………….
(D) The angle between velocity and acceleration will be = ………….
13. A particle moves in a circle of radius 20 cm. Its linear speed is given by v = 3t 2, where t is in second and v in
metre/second. Find the radial and tangential acceleration at t = 3 s
14. A particle is in uniform circular motion along a circle of radius 5m. It completes 3600 revolutions per minute.
(A) its Angular velocity is ………………. (B) its Speed is ……………….
(C) Its Acceleration is ………………. (D) Angular displacement in 5 sec will be ……………..
15. A particle moves along a circle of radius ‘R’ with speed ‘v’ as a function of distance covered given by v=2 S.
Then after an angular displacement of 90o
(A) The Tangential - Acceleration will be = ………… (B) The Centripetal- Acceleration will be = ………………….
(C) The Acceleration will be = …………………. (D) The angle between acceleration and velocity will be ……

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 PART-II DYNAMICS OF CIRCULAR-MOTION
Centripetal Force (Radial Force)
Component of net force on the particle directed towards the centre of circular.
2
mv 2
F=m ac = =mω R=mvω
R

Tangential Force
Component of net force along velocity.

md|v| dv dk
F=m at = =mv . = (K-Kinetic Energy)
dt ds ds

Centrifugal Force: A Pseudo Force

Centrifugal force is not a reaction of CENTRIPETAL FORCE it is pseudo force it has no reactionary force or
applicant.

Magnitude of CFF = Mag. Of CENTRIPETAL FORCE and the direction of CFF is opposite to the direction of CENTRIPETAL
FORCE

ILLUSTRATION-

Inertial Frame Observer Non-Inertial Frame Observer

Path – circular Rest
T ←▭→F
‘T’ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE ⃗
T+⃗ F =0
2 2
∴ T =m w L ∴( F )=m ω L
(Radius = L) ^
F=−T^
⃗
F have is pseudo force called centrifugal – force

What if the string is cut

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 T=0 T=0
No CENTRIPETAL FORCE Radially outwards
∴ particle should more tangentially along a u=0 ▭→ F → ⃗a
straight – line Straight Line along radially outward direction

Steps to be followed for Solving Dynamics Related To CM

Step – I: Decide the observer & the system.
Step – II: Identify all forces acting on the system.
Step – III: Decide axis along which forces are to be resolved.
o In case of Horizontal Circular Motion-
Radial – axis Tangential – axis (if NUCM) Vertical – axis (if vertical force e.g., Gravity is involved)

o In case of Vertical Circular Motion-

Radial – axis Tangential – axis (if NUCM)

Step – IV: Resolve the forces and make equation of NSL for centripetal Force and Tangential force (if NUCM).

In the following identify Centripetal Force, Tangential Force and Make Equations of NSL

CYU – 3 : Centripetal and Tangential Components of Force

and Acceleration
1. Find the appropriate Match:
(θ - The angle between velocity and Force (also the angle between velocity and Acceleration)
θ CONSEQUENCE
(1) 0O I The particle moves along a curve with increasing speed
(2) 90O II The particle moves along a curve with decreasing speed
(3) 0O<θ<90O III The particle moves along a straight line with increasing speed
(4) 180O>θ>90O IV The particle moves along a straight line with decreasing speed
(5) 180O V The particle moves along a curve with constant speed

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2. A projectile is projected at Angle of projection ‘θ’ and velocity ‘u’. At an instant its velocity makes ‘α’ with the
horizontal. Then for this instant
(A) The rate with which velocity changes with time ………………………..
(B) The rate with which speed changes with time …………………………
(C) The radius of curvature …………………………
3. The radius of curvature of the parabola traced out by the projectile in the previous problem at a point where
the particle velocity makes an angle θ/2 with the horizontal ………………….
4. A projectile is projected at Angle of projection ‘θ’ and velocity ‘u’. Consider the instant when the particle is at
the topmost point of the parabola. Then at this instant
(A) The rate with which velocity changes with time ………………………..
(B) The rate with which speed changes with time …………………………
(C) The radius of curvature …………………………
5. The following diagram shows the forces acting on a particle moving along a circle.

⃗
F3⃗
F
⃗
F2 4

α β
⃗
F1 ⃗
F5

(A) The centripetal force =………………………………. (B) The Tangential Force = …………………………
6. The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a circle of radius R=5m is 5 joule. The centripetal force acting on
the particle is …………..
7. The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a circle of radius ‘R’ depends on the distance covered. It is given
as K = as2 where ‘a’ is a constant. The force acting on the particle is

( )
1/2
s2 s2 R2
2a 2 as 1+ 2 2a
R R 2 as s
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8. Two cars are driving at the same constant speed v around a racetrack. However, they are traveling through
turns that have different radii, as shown in the drawing.

Which statement is true about the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of each car?
(a) The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of each car is the same, since the cars are moving at the same
speed
(b) The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the car at A is greater than that of the car at B, since the
radius of the circular track is smaller at A
(c) The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the car at A is greater than that of the car at B, since the
radius of the circular track is greater at A

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 (d) The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the car at A is less than that of the car at B, since the radius
of the circular track is smaller at A.
9. Consider the circular motion of the earth around Sun. Which of the following statements is more appropriate
(i) Gravitational attraction of the sun on the earth is equal to the centripetal force.
(ii) Gravitational attraction of the sun on earth is the centripetal force.
[A] (i) only [B] (ii) only [C] (i) & (ii) both [D] None

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PRACTICE EXAMPLES ON CIRCULAR MOTION IN A VERTICAL PLANE
I. Motion of a particle on a convex surface:

→ Mg sin θ is tangential force

∴ Mg sin θ = mat ∴ a t=g sin θ rate of change in speed

a=√ a2r +a 2t

Analyze ‘N’:-

As the object descends (θ ↑ cos θ∧v ↑)

∴ N↓
→ Block is on the verge of leaving contact when

N=0
2
MV
Mg cos θ− =0
R
2
MV
∴ Mg cos θ=
R
2
V Base R−h h
cos θ= ∵ cos θ= ∴ cos θ= cos θ=1−
Rg HJP R R

∵ 2 2
V =u +2 g h
2
u 2h
cos θ= +
Rg R
2
u 2h h
+ =1−
Rg R R
2
3h u
=1−
R Rg
2
h 1 u
∴ = −
R 3 3 Rg
2
2 u
∴ cos θ= +
3 3 Rg
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* Special Results:-

i. u=0

h 1 2
= ∧cos θ=
R 3 3
ii. If the object leaves contact when at the top

i.e., θ=0 ° & h = 0

2
1 u
− =0
3 3 Rg
2
u 1
=
3 Rg 3
→ Infect, for u ≥ √ gR the object leaves contact at the top

II. Vertical circular motion of a string – mass system:

→ Mg sin θ is tangential – force

∴ Mg sin θ=M at

∴ a t=g sin θ

→ T −Mg cos θ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE

2
Mv
T −Mg cos θ= Radius = L
L
2
Mv
∴ T= + Mg cos θ
L

Analyze ‘T’ :

As the particle ascends θ ↑ cos θ ↓∧v ↓ (Infect for θ> 90° cos θ=ve)

∴ T↓

∴ T → Max. at lowermost position (θ=0 °)

T → min. at top-most position (θ=180 °)

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Illustration:-

θ - angle which string makes with the downward vertical

2 2
V =V L −2 gh (Where, h=l−l cos θ)
2 2
V =V L −2 gl(1−cos θ)
2 2
VH: ∵ h=L ∴ V H =V L −2 gL
2 2 2 2
VT: ∵ h=2 L ∴ V T =V L −4 gL → V L−V T =4 Lg
2 2 2
* If V L=nLgthen, V 2=lg(n−2+2 cos θ) V =V L −2 gL(1−cos θ)
2
V H =nLg−2 Lg=(n−2)Lg ¿ nLg−2 Lg+ 2 Lg cos θ
2
V T =nLg−4 Lg=( n−4)Lg ¿ Lg(n−2+2 cos θ)

Example:

2
Mv
T= + Mg cos θ
L
M
= Lg(n−2+2 cos θ)+ Mg cos θ
L
* T =Mg (n−2+ 3 cos θ)
→ T L =Mg (n+1) → T L −T H =3 Mg → T L −T H =6 Mg
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→ T H =Mg (n−2) → T L −T H =3 Mg → T L −T H =6 Mg

→ T T =Mg (n−5) → T H −T T =3 Mg → T L −T H =6 Mg

→ Tmax (i.e., TL)

2
MVL
T L= + Mg cos 0 °
L
2
MV
T L= + Mg
L
→ Tmin (i.e., TT)
2
MVT
T T= + Mg cos 1 80 °
L
2
MVT
T T= −Mg
L
→ Tmax – Tmin = TL – TT = 6 Mg

( )( )
2 2
MVL M VT
Proof: T L −T T = + Mg − −Mg
L L
M 2
= (V −V 2T )+2 Mg
L L
M
= ( 4 Lg )+ 2 Mg
L
TL – TT = 6Mg

T=0 V=0
T =Mg ( (n−2)+3 cos θ ) V =Lg ( (n−2)+2 cos θ )
2

n−2+3 cos θ=0 n−2+2 cos θ=0

3 cos θ=2−n 2 cos θ=2−n
2−n 2−n
cos θ= cos θ=
3 2

→ If velocity becomes zero before T does:

This happens when V L < √ 2 Lg

21 | P a g e
 The mass oscillated with angular – amplitude < 90°

→ If both V & T becomes zero at the same instant.

This happens when V L= √ 2 Lg

The particle oscillates with angular – amplitude = 90°

→ If tension becomes zero before ‘V’ does.

The particle leaves the circular path at 180° > θ > 90°

Condition for looping the loop:

(i.e., completing the circle)

Tmin i.e. T Top ≥ 0 ‘T’ can never (–) ve

2
MVT
−Mg ≥ 0]
L
2
MVT
∴ ≥ Mg
L
∴ 2
V T ≥ Lg ∴ V T ≥ √ Lg i.e. ¿
2 2
∵ V T =V L−4 Lg
2
V L−4 Lg ≥ Lg

i.e. V L ≥ √ 5 Lg i.e. ¿
2
∴ V L ≥5 Lg

Critical Looping – ( ∵ V L= √ 5 Lg ∴ n=5 )

22 | P a g e
 2
V =Lg (3+2 cos θ)
T =3 Mg (1+ cos θ)

CYU – 5 : VCM (A) ON CONVEX AND CONCAVE SURFACES

1. A car is going over a hill. Compare the contact force by the bridge in the following cases –

v v
v

2. Compare the contact force by the car on the surface on which the car is moving in the following situations:

v v v v

(A) (B)
3. In the following for what velocity will the car don’t loose contact in the following cases –

(A) v …….. (B) v………

4. In the situation shown in the following for what minimum velocity should the motorbike should enter so that it
does not loose contact at any position

5. In the following situation, the minimum height of the toy car from which it is set free so it can complete the
vertical circle of diameter ‘D’ ………………..

23 | P a g e
 H

6. A car is driven at constant speed over a circular hill and then into a circular valley with the same radius. At the
top of the hill, the normal force on the driver from the car seat is Zero. The driver’s mass is 70 kg. What is the
magnitude of the normal force on the driver from the seat when the car passes through the bottom of the
valley?

7. A small block is shot into each of the four tracks as shown below. Each of the tracks rises to the same height.
The speed with which the block enters the track is the same in all cases. At the highest point of the track, the
normal reaction is maximum in

v v v
v
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8. A small object is pushed on a convex surface. The object loses contact at a depth ‘h’ from the top and the radius
making angle ‘θ’ with the upward vertical.

I. If the object starts with velocity ‘u’

(A) h= ……………………. (B) θ = ……………………
II. If the object starts from rest
(A) h= ……………………. (B) θ = ……………………
9. The tube AC forms a quarter circle in a vertical plane. The ball B has area of cross-section slightly smaller than
that of the tube and can move without friction trough it. B is placed at A and displaced slightly. It will

(A) always be in contact with the inner side of inner wall of the tube
(B) always be in contact with the inner side of outer wall of the tube

24 | P a g e
 (C) initially be in contact with the inner side of inner wall and later with the outer wall
(D) initially be in contact with the inner side of outer wall and later with the inner wall
10. A wire passes through a bead starts sliding from the top of the ring as shown. Analyze the direction of force
between the bead and the ring

11. The minimum speed to be given to the bead at the lowest position so that it covers complete circle

25 | P a g e
CYU – 6 : VCM (B) STRING – PARTICLE
1. A simple pendulum is oscillating without damping. When the displacement of the bob is less than maximum,
⃗
a
its acceleration vector is correctly shown in

(a) ⃗
a (b) (c) (d)

⃗
a

⃗
a
⃗
a

2. A simple pendulum is vibrating with an angular amplitude of 90 0 as shown in fig. For what value of  is the
acceleration directed vertically upward, horizontally, and vertically downward?

(A) 00, cos-1 , 900 (B) 900, cos-1 , 00 (C) cos-1 , 00, 900 (D) cos-1 , 900, 00
3. A small ball loops a vertical loop by a string connected to it.

TOP

H H

P
L
(A) The locations at which the speed changes at maximum rate ………
(B) The maximum magnitude of tangential acceleration ………
(C) The locations at which the rate of change in speed is zero. ………
(D) The locations at which the acceleration is directed towards the centre ………
(E) The location at which the acceleration is directed vertically upwards ………
(F) The location at which the acceleration is directed vertically downwards ………
(G) The location at which the Tension in the string alone is providing centripetal force ………
(H) The location at which the Tension in the string is maximum ...……
(I) The location at which the Tension in the string is minimum ………
(J) The difference in the magnitudes of tensions at the lowermost position and the topmost position ……….
(K) The difference in the magnitudes of tensions at the lowermost position and the horizontal position ……….
(L) The difference in the magnitudes of tensions at the horizontal position and the topmost position ……….
2 2 2 2 2 2
(A) v L −v T =… … ..( B)v L −v H =… ….. (C)v H −v T =¿ ……..

26 | P a g e
4. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity ‘v’. the magnitude of velocity
for which the pendulum will oscillate is
(A) 0<v< (2gL) (B) 0<v(2gL) (C) v>(2gL) (D) (2gL) <v< (5gL)
5. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity ‘v’. the magnitude of velocity
for which the pendulum will leave the circular path is
(A) 0<v< (2gL) (B) 0<v(2gL) (C) v>(2gL) (D) (2gL) <v< (5gL)
6. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity ‘v’. The magnitude of velocity
for which the pendulum will loop the loop is
(A) 0<v< (2gL) (B) v=(4gL) (C) v  (5gL) (D) (4gL) < v
7. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity ‘v’ equal to the minimum
magnitude of the velocity for which the pendulum will loop the loop. The acceleration of the bob when the
string is horizontal is …
8. A particle of mass m is fixed to one end of a light rigid rod of length l and rotated in a vertical circular path
about its other end. The minimum speed of the particle at its highest point must be ……………….
9. A particle of mass m is fixed to one end of a light rigid rod of length l and rotated in a vertical circular path
about its other end. The minimum speed of the particle at its LOWEST point must be ……………….
10. In simple pendulum, the breaking strength of the string is double the weight of the bob. The bob is released
from rest when the string is horizontal. The string breaks when it makes an angle  with the vertical
(A)  = cos-1 (1/3) (B)  = 600 (C)  = cos-1 (2/3) (D)  = 00
11. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity v= (gL). The angular
amplitude with which the pendulum will oscillate is …………..
(hint: put v=0 for extreme position)
12. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity v= (3gL). The angle which
radius makes with the downward vertical at which the pendulum bob leaves the circular path will be …………..
(hint: put T=0 for the position at which it leaves)
13. A pendulum is oscillating. The tension in the thread T=mgcosθ, ( where θ- angle which the string makes with
the downward vertical)
(A) always (B) only at mean position
(C) only at extreme positions (D) never
14. A pendulum is oscillating. Its
I. Acceleration at mean – position
(A) is Zero (B) is directed vertically upwards
II. Centripetal- acceleration at extreme – position
(A) is Zero (B) is directed towards the suspension point
III. Tangential-acceleration at extreme – position
(A) is Zero (B) is minimum (C) is maximum
IV Tangential-acceleration at mean – position
(A) is Zero (B) is minimum (C) is maximum

27 | P a g e
15. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a vertical circle wit the other end of the string at the centre. At a
certain instant of time the stone is at its lowest position, and has a speed. The magnitude of the change in its
velocity as it reaches a position where the string is horizontal is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

16. The bob of a pendulum at rest is given a sharp hit to impart a horizontal velocity (10gl), where l is the length
of the pendulum. The tension in the string when the string is horizontal
(A) 8mg (B) 5mg (C) 6.5mg (D) zero
17. In the previous situation the tension in the string when it is at the topmost point
(A) 8mg (B) 5mg (C) 6.5mg (D) zero
18. In the previous situation the tension in the string when it makes an angle of 60 o with the upward vertical
(A) 8mg (B) 5mg (C) 6.5mg (D) zero
19. An object of mass m1 = 4 kg is tied to an object of mass m2 = 3 kg with String 1, of length = 0.5 m. The
combination is swung in a vertical circular path on a second string, String 2, of length = 0.5 m. During the
motion, the two strings are collinear at all times as shown in Figure. At the top of its motion, m2 is traveling at v
= 4 m/s.

(a) The tension in String 1 at this instant is ………………..

(b) The tension in String 2 at this instant is …………………

28 | P a g e
 PRACTICE EXAMPLES ON CIRCULAR MOTION IN A HORIZONTAL PLANE
(A)ROTOR
‘N’ is Centripetal Force
∴ N = m ω2 R and fs = mg

∵ f s ≤ μ s N  mg ≤ μ s mω 2 R

 ω≥
√ g
μs R


Thus, for ω <

√ g
μs R
the person falls

(B) A VEHICLE ON A CIRCULAR TURN

UCM: Speed – Constant
Fs is CENTRIPETAL FORCE
2
Mv
∴ f s= and N = Mg
R
2
f s ≤ μs N  Mv
∵ ≤ μ s Mg
R
 For no outward skidding, V ≤ √ μ s R g

NUCM (|⃗
V|≠ cons . )
2
F s sinθ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE ∴ F s sin θ=M ω2 R= M V
R

F s cos θ is TANGENTIAL FORCE ∴ F s cos θ=m at

Square and Add

2 2
f s =m ¿

∵ f s ≤ μs N (where, N = Mg)  f 2s ≤ μ2s M 2 g 2

2
m ¿

( )
2 2
v 2 2 2
+a t ≤ μs g  v
R

(C) BLOCK ON A TURNTABLE

ω=const . (UCM)
29 | P a g e
 r – distance of block from the centre (radius of circular
path of block)
N = Mg & fs is CENTRIPETAL
2
FORCE ∴ f s=mω L
∵ f s ≤ μs N
2
M ω r ≤ μ s Mg
2
ω r ≤ μs g for no outwards skidding of the
block

√
μ g μs g ω r
2
ω≤ s r≤ 2 μs ≥
r ω g

ω ≠ const . (NUCM)
N = Mg
→ F s sinθ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE & F s cos θis
tangential force
2
F s sinθ=m ω r
F s cos θ=ma t (where, at = Ra)
Sq. then add
2 2
F s sin θ=¿
2 2
F s cos θ=¿
2 2 2 2
F s (sin θ +co s θ)=m ¿
2 2
∴ Fs m ¿
∵ F s≤ μs N
2 2
∴ F s ≤ μs ¿ ∵ N = Mg
2
M ¿
¿
4 2
ω r ≤¿

( )
2
4 μs g 2
ω ≤ –α
r

ω ≤ (( –α )
r )
2 1/4
μ g s 2

(D) BANKED ROAD

AND RAILWAY
TRACKS:

N sin θ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE

NOTE - DEATH – WELL M v2
∴ N sin θ= ………. (1)
R
N cos θ is balancing Mg
N cos θ = Mg ……………. (2)

√( ) + g
2 2
Square Add and Square-Root: N=M V 2

30 | P a g e R

v2
Divide: tanθ= ∴ v=√ (tan θ) Rg
Rg
 tanθ=h /r
h v2
∴ =
r rg
∴ v =√ g h

Motion on a banked road when v ≠ √(tan θ) Rg

Sit (i) v< √ (tan θ) Rg

The vehicle has inwards skidding tendency to oppose this tendency static friction acts outwards.

N sin θ−f s cos θ is the CENTRIPETAL FORCE & N cos θ+ f s sin θ balances Mg
2
MV
N sin θ−f s cosθ= ………………(1)
R
N cos θ+ f s sin θ=Mg ………………(2)

Divide Eq. 1 by Eq. 2

V
2
N sin θ−f s cos θ
=
Rg N cos θ +f s sin θ
Analyse:

* If V↓, fs↑ when fs reaches its limiting value i.e. f 3=μs N , V – min. for no inwards skidding.
2
V min .
N sinθ−μ s N cos θ
Rg
N cos θ+ μ s N sin θ

V 2min.
sin θ−μ s N cos θ
Rg
cos θ+ μ s N sinθ

V
√( sin θ−μ s cos θ
cos θ+ μ s sin θ )
min .

31 | P a g e
 V
√( tan θ−μ s
1+ μ s tan θ )min.
dividing both numerator & demo By cosθ

μs=tan λ angle of friction

( 1+tan λ tan θ )
tan θ=tan λ
=tan(¿θ−λ)¿

∴ V √ tan(¿θ−λ) Rgmin ¿

ii. If V > √ (tan θ)Rg

The vehicle will have outwards skidding tendency. Friction will act inwards to oppose skidding.

V max ¿
√( )
tan θ+ μ s
1−μ s tan θ
Rg=√ tan (¿ θ+ λ) Rg¿

Max. Speed for no outwards skidding.

V √ tan(¿θ−λ) Rgmin. ¿

V = √ (tan θ)Rg fs = 0

V √ tan(¿θ+ λ)Rgmax ¿

(A) ROTATING BOWL

N sinθ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE & N cosθ is balancing Mg

∴ N sin θ=M ω r
2
N cos θ=Mg
∵ r =R sinθ
Mg
N sin θ=M ω R sin θ
2
cos θ=
N
32 | P a g e
 g
∴ N=MωR cos θ= 2
ω R

(B) CONICAL-PENDULUM

Mass
can’t be
rotated
in this
case by
keeping
the
T cos θ is balancing ‘Mg’ and T sin θ is CENTRIPETAL FORCE
2
T sin θ=M ω R …………..(i)

Putting, R=Lsin θ we get T sin θ=M ω2 L sin θ ∴ T =M ω 2 L

T cos θ=Mg ………….(ii)

Therefore, M ω2 Lcos θ=Mg

√ √
g g 2π L cos θ
cos θ= 2 , Thus,ω= ∴ Time−Period= ∴ Time−Period=2 π
ω L L cos θ ω g
(C) STRING – MASS:
i. Path

Assume, g = 0

ii.

2
M1: T 1−T 2 =M 1 ω L1

33 | P a g e
 2
M2: T 2=M 2 ω (L1+ L2 )

Example:-

T is CENTRIPETAL FORCE
2
T =M ω L & N = Mg

CYU – 7 : HCM (A) STRING-PARTICLE

1. The figure shows a conical – pendulum. In this arrangement a bob (mass=m) moves in a horizontal-plane by the
help of a string.

(A) The tension in the string in terms of ‘mg’ will be ……….

(B) The tension in the string in terms of ‘’ will be ……….
(C) The angle which the string makes with the vertical will be ……….
(D) The time period of periodic motion of the mass will be ……….
(E) The speed of the bob will be ……….
(F) The angular-speed for which the string becomes horizontal ……….
2. A “swing” ride consists of chairs that are swung in a circle by 15.0-m cables attached to a vertical rotating pole,
as the drawing shows. Suppose the total mass of a chair and its occupant is 179 kg.

(a) The tension in the cable attached to the chair …………………………

(b) Find the speed of the chair …………………
3. The 4kg block in the figure is attached to a vertical rod by means of two strings. When the system rotates about
the axis of the rod, the strings are extended as shown in Figure and the tension in the upper string is 80N.

34 | P a g e
 (a) The tension in the lower cord ……………………….
(b) The speed of the block ………………..
4. Three identical particles are joined together by a thread as shown in figure. All the three particles are moving
in a horizontal plane. If the velocity of the outermost particle is v0, then the ratio of tensions in the three
sections of the string is

O A B C
l l l
(a) 3 : 5 : 7 (b) 3 : 4 : 5 (c) 7 : 11 : 6 (d) 6 : 5 : 3
5. Two masses m1 and m2 are connected by a light string that passes through a smooth hole at the centre of a
table. m1 is moved round in a horizontal circle.

The frequency with which m1 should revolve so that m2 remains stationary is

6. Two identical particles are attached at the ends of a light string, which passes through a hole at the centre of a
table. One of the particles is made to

move in a circle on the table with angular velocity 1 and the other is made to move in a horizontal circle as a
conical pendulum with angular velocity 2. If l1 and l2 are the length of the string over and under the table neither
moves down nor moves up, the ratio l1/l2 is
(A) 1/2 (B) 2/1 (C) 12/22 (D) 22/12

35 | P a g e
36 | P a g e
CYU – 8 : HCM(B) CONTACT FORCE AS CPF
1. For the situation shown in figure the magnitude of ‘’ for which the block starts sliding


Situation I: when  is constant  = ………………………………….

Situation II: when the angular acceleration (=α) is constant  = ………………………………….
2. A vehicle is taking a circular- turn , the maximum speed(v) for which the vehicle do not skids.
Situation I: when  is constant v = ………………………………….
Situation II: when the angular acceleration (=α) is constant v = ………………………………….
3. In a rotor, a hollow vertical cylindrical structure rotates about its axis and a person rest against the inner wall.
At a particular speed of the rotor, the floor below the person is removed and the person hangs resting against
the wall without any floor. If the radius of the rotor is 2 m and the coefficient of static friction between the wall
and the person is 0.2, find the minimum angular- speed at which the floor may be removed. Take g = 10 m/s 2.

4. A space station is in the shape of a hollow ring, 450 m in diameter. At how many revolutions per minute should
it rotate in order to simulate Earth’s gravity—

5. A car goes over a banked track as shown:

(A) The speed for which the car goes without any outwards or inwards skidding tendency …………………….
(B) The speed for which the car goes without any outwards or inwards skidding ………………………

37 | P a g e
6. On a banked race track, the smallest circular path on which cars can move has a radius of 144 m, while the
largest has a radius of 169 m, as the drawing illustrates. The height of the outer wall is 10m.

169m 10m
144m
(a) The smallest speed at which cars can move on this track without relying on friction …………
(b) The largest speed at which cars can move on this track without relying on friction …………
7. A particle describes a horizontal circle on the smooth inner surface of a conical funnel as shown in fig. If the
height of the plane of the circle above the vertex is 9.8cm. Find the speed of the particle

(A) 98cm/s (B) 49m/s (C) 9.8m/s (D) 4.9m/s

8. A wire is bent into a vertical circle of radius a. A bead can slide smoothly on the wire. The circle is rotated about
A VERTICAL DAMETER with a speed  as shown in fig. The bead is at rest with respect to the circular ring in the
position shown, then 2 is equal to

(A) 2g/a (B) 2g/a3 (C) g3/a (D) 2a/g3

L
9. A long horizontal rod has a bead which can slide along its length, and initially placed at a distance from one
A α
end of the rod. The rod is set in angular motion about A with constant angular -acceleration . If the
μ
coefficient of friction between the rod and the bead is , and gravity is neglected, then the time after which
the bead starts slipping is

√ μ μ 1

(a)
α
(b)
√α (c)
√ μα (d) Infinitesimal
Solution : (a)
Let the bead starts slipping after time t
For critical condition A
L
2
mω L=μ R =μ m×at =μ mL α
Frictional force provides the centripetal force

m (t)2L = mL 
t=
√ μ
α
(As  = t)

38 | P a g e
39 | P a g e