11/08/2021

SHAFT
DESIGN AND
COLUMN
Prepared by:
Engr. Joseph Kimuel D. Caguete, ME

INTRODUCTION

A shaft is a rotating machine element which is used

to transmit power from one place to another. The
power is delivered to the shaft by some tangential
force and the resultant torque (or twisting moment)
set up within the shaft permits the power to be
transferred to various machines linked up to the
shaft.

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INTRODUCTION

Shaft are usually in

circular cross section, and
may be either hollow or
solid.

INTRODUCTION

AXLE, though similar in shape to the shaft, is a stationary

machine element and is used for the transmission of bending
moment only. It simply acts as a support for some rotating body
such as hoisting drum, a car wheel or a rope sheave.

Spindle is a short shaft that imparts motion either to a cutting

tool (e.g. drill press spindles) or to a work piece (e.g. lathe
spindles).

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TYPES OF SHAFTS
1. Transmission shafts
These shafts transmit power between the source and the
machines absorbing power. The counter shafts, line shafts,
over head shafts and all factory shafts are transmission
shafts. Since these shafts carry machine parts such as
pulleys, gears etc., therefore they are subjected to bending in
addition to twisting.
2. Machine shafts
These shafts form an integral part of the machine itself.
The crank shaft is an example of machine shaft.

TYPES OF SHAFTS
3. Line Shaft or Main Shaft
One driven by a prime mover, power is stored
from flywheels, pulleys, and taken from it by belts;
usually at several points along the shaft.
4. Counter Shaft/Jack Shaft/Head Shaft
A shaft that is intermediate between a line shaft
and a driven machine.

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TYPES OF SHAFTS

Transmission shaft

Other transmission shaft

Machinery shaft

STRESSES IN SHAFTS
The following stresses are induced in the shafts :
1. Shear stresses due to the transmission of torque (i.e.
due to torsional load).
2. Bending stresses (tensile or compressive) due to the
forces acting upon machine elements like gears, pulleys
etc. as well as due to the weight of the shaft itself.
3. Stresses due to combined torsional and bending loads.

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SHAFT STANDARDS
According to American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) code for the design of
transmission shafts, the maximum permissible
working stresses in tension or compression may be
taken as
(a) 112 MPa for shafts without allowance for
keyways.
(b) 84 MPa for shafts with allowance for keyways.

SHAFT STANDARDS
Standard sizes of Shafts
Typical sizes of solid shaft that are available in the
market are,
 Up to 25 mm 0.5 mm increments
 25 to 50 mm 1.0 mm increments
 50 to 100 mm 2.0 mm increments
 100 to 200 mm 5.0 mm increments

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SHAFTING DESIGN

Power transmitted by shaft (P) – A quantity of energy that a shaft can deliver from
a prime mover causing it to rotate and transmit motion and torque.
𝑷 = 𝝎𝑻
Where;
P= power transmitted T= subjected torque 𝝎= angular speed (rad/s)

SHAFTING DESIGN

Torsional Stiffness (k) – defined as the torque per radian twist

𝑻 𝑱𝑮
𝒌= =
𝜽 𝑳
Where; 𝜃=angular deflection, T=transmitted torque, J=polar
moment of inertia, L= shaft length, G=modulus of rigidity

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SHAFTING DESIGN


 Polar moment of inertia J D4
32

Polar section modulus J 2J  3

 Zj    D
c D 16

SHAFTING DESIGN FROM MACHINERY’S HANDBOOK

For main power transmitting shafts ND 3

 P Where;
80 P = power (Hp)
N = angular speed (rpm)
ND 3
 For line shaft carrying pulleys P D = shaft diameter (in)
53.5

ND 3
 For small, short shaft and counter shafts P
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SHAFTING DESIGN: SHAFT UNDER PURE TORSION

SHAFTING DESIGN: SHAFT UNDER PURE BENDING

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SHAFTING DESIGN: SHAFT UNDER COMBINED TORSION AND BENDING

SHAFTING DESIGN: SHAFT DEFLECTION

𝑷𝑳𝟑
𝒚=
𝑪𝒔𝒄 𝑬𝑰
(for special cases only)
Where;
P = load
L = length
Csc = constant for each case
E = modulus of elasticity
I = moment of inertia
y = shaft deflection

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SHAFTING DESIGN: A.S.M.E. FORMULAS

SHAFTING DESIGN: EMPIRICAL FORMULAS

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A round steel shaft rotates at 200 rpm and is subjected to a torque of 275 N-m and a bending moment of 415 N-m.
Determine the equivalent twisting moment.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
A line shaft is to transmit 200 Hp at 900 rpm. Find the diameter of the shaft.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
If the angular deformation of a solid shaft should not to exceed 1o in a length of 1.8 m and the allowable
shearing stress is 83 Mpa, what is the diameter of the shaft? Assume that the shaft material has G = 77 x
106 kPa.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
If a solid shaft has a diameter of 4 inches. Determine the polar section modulus.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
A solid transmission shaft is 3.5 inches in diameter. It is desired to replace it with a hollow shaft of the same material
and same torsional strength but its weight should only be half as much as the solid shaft. Find the outside diameter
and inside diameter of the hollow shaft in millimeters.

COLUMN

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COLUMN: EFFECTIVE LENGTHS

COLUMN: FORMULAS

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
The piston rod of an air operated press is to exert a maximum force of 20 kN. During the application of this force, the
air pressure in the cylinder is maintained at 700 kPaa. Assume the piston rod length to be 760 mm, with its right hand
end pin connected to the operating lever and the piston end of the rod fix ended. If the piston rod diameter is 15 mm,
determine its slenderness ratio.

SAMPLE PROBLEM
From the previous problem, determine the minimum permissible rod diameter. Use an Sy=250 Mpa, E=200 Gpa, and
a factor of safety of 2.5.

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Thank you!

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