EMPOW

ERMENT
TECHNO
LOGIES
1
ST
SEMEST
ER
MIDTER
MS
REVIEW
ER
By:
Contess
a
Sanchez
☺
Lesson
1: ICT in
the
Context
of
Global
Commu
nication
Informa
tion
Commu
nication
Technol
ogy
(ICT)
- Deals
with the
use of
differen
t
commu
nication
technol
ogies
such as
mobile
phones,
Internet
etc. to
locate,
save,
send,
and edit
informa
tion.
-
Having
a
unified
way of
commu
nication
is one
of the
goals of
ICT
- We
spend
less
because
of ICT
DIGITAL
NATIVE
- A
person
born or
brought
up
during
the age
of
technol
ogy
thus,
familiar
with the
use of
comput
er and
internet
at an
early
age
World
Wide
Web
(WWW/
W3)
- An
interco
nnected
system
of
public
webpag
es
accessi
ble
through
the
Internet
.
-
Invente
d by Sir
Tim
Berners
-Lee in
1989
- Web
pages
are
what
make
up the
world
wide
web
and it
can
either
be
static
or
dynami
c.
● WEB
1.0
o Web
pages
that are
static
and not
interact
ive
o You
cannot
post
anythin
g or
create
an
account EMPOWERMENT TECHNOLOGIES 1ST SEMESTER MIDTERMS REVIEWER

By: Contessa Sanchez

Lesson 1: ICT in the Context of Global Communication

Information Communication Technology (ICT)

Deals with the use of different communication technologies such as mobile phones, Internet etc. to locate, save, send, and
edit information.

Having a unified way of communication is one of the goals of ICT

We spend less because of ICT

DIGITAL NATIVE

A person born or brought up during the age of technology thus, familiar with the use of computer and internet at an early
age

World Wide Web (WWW/W3)

An interconnected system of public webpages accessible through the Internet.

Invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989

Web pages are what make up the world wide web and it can either be static or dynamic.

WEB 1.0

0 Web pages that are static and not interactive

• You cannot post anything or create an account

WEB 2.0

o term used to describe the present generation of the World Wide Web that

o concentrates on its capability of providing people the means to collaborate and share information online.

The second stage in World Wide Web

o Dynamic Website

o The content of the website changes

Interactive

0 The user may be able to comment or create user account

enables an increased user participation in the web

o Darcy DiNucci, an information architecture consultant, coined the term Web 2.0 in her 1999 article, "Fragmented Future".

The term was popularized by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the O'Reilly Media Web 2.0 Conference in late 2004
(TechTarget, 2015).

o Examples: Facebook, Wikipedia, Lazada, Shoppee

FEATURES OF WEB 2.0

FOLKSONOMY
o allows users to categorize and classify/arrange information using freely chosen keywords (e.g., tagging).

The use of hashtag # (pound)

RICH USER EXPERIENCE

0 Content is dynamic and is responsive to user's input. An example would be a website that shows local content. In the case
of social networking sites, when logged on, your account is used to modify what you see in their website.

USER PARTICIPATION

o The owner of the website is not the only one who is able to put content. Others can place a content of their own by means
of comment, reviews, and evaluation. Some websites allow readers to comment on an article, participate in a poll, or review
a specific product

o Amazon, Lazada, Shoppee, Online stores

SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE

o Users will subscribe to a software only when needed rather than purchasing them.

o This is a cheaper option if you do not always need to use a software.

o When you need a software, like a Word Processor, you can purchase it for a one-time huge amount and install it in your
computer and it is yours forever.

o Software as a service allows you to "rent" a software for a minimal fee.

o Google Drive, Office 365

LONG TAIL

o Services are offered on demand rather than a one time purchase

o Examples: Spotify, Netflix, globe postpaid load

MASS PARTICIPATION

Diverse information sharing through universal web access.

o All of the social media's that we use: Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Tiktok Reddit

WEB 3.0

Also known as semantic web

Semantics - ability of Web technologies to understand and interpret human generated content

The aim of Web 3.0 is to have machines understand the user's preferences to be able to deliver web content specifically
targeting the user

The Internet can predict the best possible answers to your question by "Learning from your previous choice

Examples: Siri, Google, Cortana, Alexa

SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF WEB 3.0

A. Compatibility

o HTML files and current websites could not support web 3.0

B. Vastness

o The world wide web already contains billions of pages

C. Vagueness

Certain words are imprecise

D. SECURITY

o The users security is also in question because the machine saves his or her preference

E. LOGIC

o There are certain limitations for a computer to be able to predict what the user is referring to at a given time

TRENDS IN ICT

• Convergence

o Technological convergence is the combination of two or more different entities of technologies to create a new single
device

oExample: Using of smartphone to create word documents that was previously can only be created using desktop computer.

Social Media

o_website, application, or online channel that enables web users to create, co-create, modify, and exchange user-generated
content.

TYPES OF SOCIAL MEDIA:

1. Social Networks

o sites that allow you to connect with other people with same interests or background

oexample: Facebook, Google+

2. Bookmarking Sites

o sites that allow users you to store and manage links to various websites and resources, and to tag

• Example: Pinterest

3. Social News

0 sites that allow users to post their own news items or links to other news sources.

• Example: Reddit

4. Media Sharing

o sites that allow you to upload and share media content like images, music, and video

• example: Flickr, YouTube, Instagram

5. Microblogging

0 sites that focus on short updates from the user. Those who are subscribed will receive updates.
o example: Twitter

6. Blogs and Forums

o sites that allow users to post their content

o examples: WordPress, Blogger, Tumblr

o sites that allow you to upload and share media content like images, music, and video

• example: Flickr, YouTube, Instagram

5. Microblogging

0 sites that focus on short updates from the user. Those who are subscribed will receive updates.

o example: Twitter

6. Blogs and Forums

o sites that allow users to post their content

o examples: WordPress, Blogger, Tumblr

Mobile Technologies

The popularity of smartphones and tablets has taken a major rise over the years. This is largely because of the devices'
capability to do tasks that were originally found in personal computers.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. iOS used in Apple devices such as the iPhone and iPad

2. Android

an open-source operating system developed by Google. Being open source means several mobile phones companies use this
OS for free.

3. Blackberry OS - used in blackberry devices

4. Windows Phone OS - a closed source and proprietary operating system developed by Microsoft

5. Symbian - the original smartphone OS used by Nokia devices

6. WebOS - originally used for smartphones; now used for smart TVs

7. Windows Mobile - developed by Microsoft for smartphones and pocket PCs.

Assistive Media

It is a nonprofit service designed to help people who have visual and reading impairments.

A database of audio recordings is used to read to the user.

 TYPES OF INFORMATION RISK
1. First Name There is still a risk in sharing your first name. Chances are, a hacker already knows
plenty of stuff about you even if you only give out your first name. You cannot just walk
in a room and start introducing yourself to everyone. You do not know whom you can
come across with

2. Last Name If sharing your first name is a small risk, having both your first and last is a more risky.
You will be vulnerable to being searched for using search engines, which include image
search. Matching a name with a face can lead to several cybercrimes like identity theft.

3. Middle Name Sharing just your middle name is probably not the most risky of these shared
information, but sharing your entire full name would be.

4. Current and previous Most people who steal identities study their subject. They can use this information for
schools verification purposes.

5. Your Cellphone Number Your cellphone number should never be posted over the Internet. The internet is a
public place. It is the same as posting your number on a billboard.

6. Who your Mother and Risky, yet not as risky as posting their full names, especially your mother's maiden
Father are name. In fact, if you have already encountered many websites that require your
mother's maiden name as an answer to a secret question whenever you lose your
password

7. Who your siblings are This is a huge risk, especially if you have younger siblings. Strangers may pretend or use
their identity to dupe you

8. Your address Hopefully you answered no to this one. Giving the internet your number is one thing,
giving them your address is a whole other level. It would be much easier for criminals to
find you.
9. Your home phone This shared information is more risky than sharing your personal phone number. Scams
number usually use this information to deceive you, one of which is when a stranger pretends
to know your pretends to know your parents or pretends to be you.
10. Your birthday Letting people know your birthday is probably a must if you want to get as many gifts as
possible. But having it in your profile makes you vulnerable to identity theft.

Tips to Stay Safe Online

The Internet is a public place, and it is up to you to protect yourself. Here are some tips to help you stay safe when using the
internet.

1. Be mindful of what you share online and what site you share it to.

2. Do not just accept terms and conditions; read it.

3. Know the security features of the social networking site you use. By keeping your profile private, search engines will not
be able to scan your profile.
4. Do not share your password with anyone.

5. Avoid logging in to public networks/Wi-Fi. Browsing in "incognito (or private) mode will NOT protect you from hackers.

6. Do not talk to strangers whether online or face-to-face/

7. Never post anything about a future vacation. It is like posting, "Rob my house at this date."

8. Add friends you know in real life.

9. Avoid visiting untrusted websites.

10. Install and update an antivirus software on your computer. Use only one anti-virus software to avoid conflicts.

11. If you have Wi-Fi at home, make it private network by adding a password.

12. Avoid downloading anything from untrusted websites.

13. Do not use pirated ones.

14. Do not reply or click links from suspicious emails.

15. Make Online Purchases from Secure Sites

INTERNET THREATS

1. Malware

or malicious software, is any program or file that is harmful to a computer user.

Types:

a. Virus

o a malicious program designed to replicate itself and transfer from one computer to another (internet, local networks, FDs,
CDs, etc.)

b. Worm

o a malicious program that transfers from one computer to another by any type of means. Ex. ILOVEYOU Worm - The
malware originated in the Pandacan neighborhood of Manila in the Philippines on May 5, 2000.

c. Trojan

0 a malicious program that disguises as a useful program but once downloaded or installed, leaves your PC unprotected and
allows hackers to get your information.

d. Spyware

- a program that runs in the background without you knowing it (thus called "spy"). It can monitor what you are currently
doing and typing through keylogging.
ROBERT GASKIN & DENNIS AUSTIN- CREATOR OF MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
INITIAL RELEASENAME OF MS POWEPOINT-
POWERPOINT – HELPS YOU PRODUCE AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION
SLIDE- SINGLE PAGE OF A PRESENTATION
SLIDE DECK- GROUP OF SLIDES
CTRL+ M- SHORTCUT KEY TO INSERT A NEW SLIDE
TEMPLATES- PRE-DESIGNED GRAPHIC STYLE
SLIDE SHOW BUTTON- A COLLECTION OF PAGES ARRANGED IN SEQUENCE THAT CONTAIN TEXT AND
IMAGES FOR PRESENTING TO AN AUDIENCE.
ANIMATION- SET OF EFFECTS WHICH CAN BE APPLIED TO TEXT OR GRAPHICS WITHIN A SLIDE.
TRANSITION- ARE MOTION EFFCTS.
PRESENTATION VIEWS- BUTTONS THAT YOU USE TO CHANGE VIEWS INTO NORMAL OUTLINE SLIDE
SORTER NOTES PAGE AND READING VIES.
NOTES PAGE VIEW- DISPLAYS YOUR SLIDES ON THE TOP PORTION OF THE PAGE.
NORMAL VIEW- SIMPLIFIED LAYOUT OF THE PAGE SO YOU CAN QUIKLY KEY, EDIT, AND
FORMAT THE TEST.
SLIDE SORTER VIEW- ALLOWS YOU TO SEE THUMBNAILS OF ALL THE SLIDES IN YOUR PRESENTATION TO
EASILY REARRANGED THEM.
OUTLINE VIEW- A VIEW THAT DISPLAYS TEXT IN AN OUTLINE FORMAT.
MINIMIZE, CLARITY, SIMPLICITY, VISUALS, CONSISTENCY, CONTRAST
TIPS IN CREATING AN EFFECTIVE PRESNTATION.
HYPERLINK- ALLOWS YOU TO EASILY NAVIGATE YOUR SLIDES.
LAYOUT- ARRANGEMENT OF GRAPHIC ELEMENTS ON A PAGE.
UNITY- SENSE OF ONENSS OF THE ELEMENTS.
BALANCE- PLACEMENT OF ELEMENTS OF EQUAL WEIGHT.
MOVEMENT- FLOW OF ELEMENTS.
SYMMETRIC, ASYMMETRIC, RADIAL
PROXIMITY- ORGANIZATION AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE ELEMENTS.
REPETITION- CONSISTENCY AND BALANCED REPETITION OF DESIGN OR ELEMENT.
CONTRAST- COMBINATION OF THE OPPOSING CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELEMENT.
EMPHASIS- AREA IN THE DESIGN THAT CATCHES VIEWERS ATTENTION.
PATTERN, RHYTHM, PROPORTION, VARIETY
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF GRAPHICS AND LAYOUT
PATTERN- A COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS OR SHAPES REPEATED INA RECURRING AND REGULAR
ARRANGEMENT.
RHYTHM- A COMBINATION OF ELEMENTS REPEATED, BUT WITH VARIATIONS.
PROPORTION- VISUAL ELEMENTS CREATE A SENSE OF UNITY WHERE THEY RELATE WELL WITH ONE
ANOTHER.
VARIETY- USES SEVERAL DESIGN ELEMENTS TO DRAW A VIEWERS ATTENTION.
 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE

ATMOSPHERE-
the layer of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body. Earth is composed of
about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and one percent other
gases.
BIOSPHERE-
is a global ecosystem composed of living organisms (biota) and the abiotic
(nonliving) factors from which they derive energy and nutrients.
HYDROSPHERE-
is the total amount of water on a planet. It includes water that is on the surface of
the planet, underground, and in the air. It can be liquid,
vapor, or ice. On Earth, liquid water exists on the surface in the form of oceans,
lakes and rivers.
BIOLOGY-
The scientific study of the processes influencing the distribution and abundance of
organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the
interactions between organisms and the transformation and flux of energy and
matter.
LITHOSPHERE/GEOSPHERE-
It is the solid, outer part of the Earth. It includes the brittle upper portion of the
mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure.
It is bounded by the atmosphere above and the asthenosphere (another part of the
upper mantle) below.
HARDNESS OF MINERAL-
It is measured by the resistance which a smooth surface offers to abrasion. The
degree of it is determined by observing the comparative ease
or difficulty which one mineral is scratched by another.
MINERALS-
It is a naturally occurring inorganic solid, with a definite chemical composition, and
an ordered atomic arrangement. This may seem a bit of a
mouthful, but if you break it down it becomes simpler. They are naturally occurring.
They are not made by humans.
HALITE-
It is commonly known as table salt or rock salt, is composed of sodium chloride
(NaCl). It is essential for life of humans and animals. Salt is
used in food preparation across the globe.
LUSTER-
It is the relative differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is
reflected on its surface. This describes the sparkles of
mineral surfaces.
COLOR-
It is sometimes caused by the presence of trace elements or compounds within a
mineral.
SOLUBILITY-
It refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified
temperature.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY-
It is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water at
4 degree Celcius.
MAGMA-
A molten material that forms and accumulates below Earth's surface.
DENSITY-
It is the mass of a unit volume of a material substance.
IGNEOUS ROCK-
Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the
influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing
through a liquid phase
METAMORPHIC ROCK-
These are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They
form from deposits that accumulate on the Earth's surface.
They often have distinctive layering or bedding
MINERALS-
It is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid
matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical
composition and the way in which it is formed.
LIMESTONE-
It is a metamorphic rock that forms when limestone is subjected to the heat and
pressure of metamorphism. It is composed primarily of the
mineral calcite (CaCO3) and usually contains other minerals, such as clay minerals,
micas, quartz, pyrite, iron oxides, and graphite.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS-
These are formed from the solidification of molten rock material. Examples of these
rocks are diabase, diorite, gabbro, granite, pegmatite, and
peridotite.
MANTLE CONVECTION-
It is the very slow creeping motion of Earth's solid silicate mantle caused by
convection currents carrying heat from the interior to the planet's
surface.
RADIOACTIVITY-
It refers to the particles which are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear
instability. Because the nucleus experiences the intense conflict
between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not be surprising that there
are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some
kind of radiation.
CONVECTION-
It is a transfer of heat related to the movement that occurs within a fluid due to the
rising of hotter materials paired with the sinking of colder
materials. This occurs because hotter materials have less density than colder ones.
CONDUCTION-
It is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between
neighboring atoms or molecules. It occurs more readily in
solids and liquids, where the particles are closer to together, than in gases, where
particles are further apart.
SHOCK METAMORPHISM-
It is also called impact metamorphism, occurs when high heat and pressures
generated during an impact deform the underlying rock layers.
It can lead to planar deformation features, high-pressure polymorphs, and shatter
cones, all of which provide evidence supporting a bolide
impact.
ELS REVIEWER
Theories Behind the Origin of the
Universe
1. The Big Bang Theory – The
most accepted
theory about the origin of the
universe; postulates
that 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe
expanded from a tiny, dense and
hot mass to its
present size and much cooler
state.
 Georges Lemaitre –
considered as the
first proponent of the Big Bang
Theory in 1927.
 Edwin Hubble – confirmed
Lemaitre’s theory that the
universe is
expanding; He also demonstrated
that the universe was much larger
than previously thought.
Evidences
 Redshift – the light spectrum
in the
universe is shifting to the red
color.
 Relative abundance – the
prediction
of the Big Bang with regard to the
number of light elements in space
is
correlated with the evidences
(74%
Hydrogen, 24% Helium, 2% other
elements)
 Cosmic microwave
background –
there are evidences of
microwaves
which are the energy left after
recombination of elements.
2. Pulsating/Oscillating Universe
Theory –
discusses that the universe is
expanding and will
contract once all the energy after
the Big Bang
is used up; This theory, proposed
by Richard
Tolman (1934), can be described
as the
combination of the Big Bang and
the Big
Crunch.
 The Big Crunch occurs when
the
universe expands and eventually
reverse, then collapses causing a
singularity or the formation of
another Big Bang.
 The Oscillating Universe
Theory
suggests that once the universe
reverses and attains the point of
singularity, another universe will
be
born.
3. Steady State Theory – proposed
by Fred Hoyle,
Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi in
1948; it
suggests that the universe has
always been there
and will always be present.
 It also conveys that the
universe always looks
the same in any time or space but
continuously
expands while simultaneously
creating matter,
maintaining the density of the
universe, hence,
the name Steady State.
 Solar System - is located in
the Milky Way galaxya
huge disc and spiral-shaped
aggregation of about at
least 100 billion stars and other
bodies; Its spiral arms
rotate around a globular cluster or
bulge of many,
many stars, at the center of which
lies a supermassive
blackhole; The solar system
revolves around the
galactic center once in about 240
million years.
 The Milky Way is part of the
so-called Local Group
of galaxies, which in turn is part
of the Virgo
supercluster of galaxies.
 Much of the mass of the Solar
System is concentrated
at the center (Sun) while angular
momentum is held
by the outer planets.
 Orbits of the planets elliptical
and are on the same
plane.
 All planets revolve around the
sun.
 The periods of revolution of
the planets increase
with increasing distance from the
Sun; the
innermost planet moves fastest,
the outermost, the
slowest.
 All planets are located at
regular intervals from the
Sun.
Theories of Solar System
1. Encounter Hypothesis - In this
scenario, a
rogue star passes close to the Sun
about 5
billion years ago.
2. Nebular Hypothesis - the whole
Solar System
starts as a large cloud of gas that
contracts
under self-gravity.
3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - It
incorporates many
of the components of the nebular
hypothesis, but
adds some new aspects from
modern knowledge
of fluids and states of matter.
4. Condensation Theory – Once
the solar nebula
has formed and begun to cool,
dust acts as
condensation nuclei around which
matter starts to
gather.
Uniqueness of Earth, Being the
only planet in the
Solar System With Properties to
Support Life
 Atmosphere, Temperature,
Water,
Sunlight and Photosynthesis, The
right
moon, The right sun, The right
core, The
right neighbors
 Earth is the third planet from
the sun and the only
planet in the solar system that
can sustain life.
Pictures taken from space
describe Earth as “The Blue
Marble” since what we mostly see
is the vast oceans
of Earth that has a far larger area
than the land.
1. Hydrosphere – the water
portion of Earth
2. Atmosphere – the gaseous
envelope of the Earth
ELS REVIEWER
Theories Behind the Origin of the
Universe
1. The Big Bang Theory – The
most accepted
theory about the origin of the
universe; postulates
that 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe
expanded from a tiny, dense and
hot mass to its
present size and much cooler
state.
 Georges Lemaitre –
considered as the
first proponent of the Big Bang
Theory in 1927.
 Edwin Hubble – confirmed
Lemaitre’s theory that the
universe is
expanding; He also demonstrated
that the universe was much larger
than previously thought.
Evidences
 Redshift – the light spectrum
in the
universe is shifting to the red
color.
 Relative abundance – the
prediction
of the Big Bang with regard to the
number of light elements in space
is
correlated with the evidences
(74%
Hydrogen, 24% Helium, 2% other
elements)
 Cosmic microwave
background –
there are evidences of
microwaves
which are the energy left after
recombination of elements.
2. Pulsating/Oscillating Universe
Theory –
discusses that the universe is
expanding and will
contract once all the energy after
the Big Bang
is used up; This theory, proposed
by Richard
Tolman (1934), can be described
as the
combination of the Big Bang and
the Big
Crunch.
 The Big Crunch occurs when
the
universe expands and eventually
reverse, then collapses causing a
singularity or the formation of
another Big Bang.
 The Oscillating Universe
Theory
suggests that once the universe
reverses and attains the point of
singularity, another universe will
be
born.
3. Steady State Theory – proposed
by Fred Hoyle,
Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi in
1948; it
suggests that the universe has
always been there
and will always be present.
 It also conveys that the
universe always looks
the same in any time or space but
continuously
expands while simultaneously
creating matter,
maintaining the density of the
universe, hence,
the name Steady State.
 Solar System - is located in
the Milky Way galaxya
huge disc and spiral-shaped
aggregation of about at
least 100 billion stars and other
bodies; Its spiral arms
rotate around a globular cluster or
bulge of many,
many stars, at the center of which
lies a supermassive
blackhole; The solar system
revolves around the
galactic center once in about 240
million years.
 The Milky Way is part of the
so-called Local Group
of galaxies, which in turn is part
of the Virgo
supercluster of galaxies.
 Much of the mass of the Solar
System is concentrated
at the center (Sun) while angular
momentum is held
by the outer planets.
 Orbits of the planets elliptical
and are on the same
plane.
 All planets revolve around the
sun.
 The periods of revolution of
the planets increase
with increasing distance from the
Sun; the
innermost planet moves fastest,
the outermost, the
slowest.
 All planets are located at
regular intervals from the
Sun.
Theories of Solar System
1. Encounter Hypothesis - In this
scenario, a
rogue star passes close to the Sun
about 5
billion years ago.
2. Nebular Hypothesis - the whole
Solar System
starts as a large cloud of gas that
contracts
under self-gravity.
3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - It
incorporates many
of the components of the nebular
hypothesis, but
adds some new aspects from
modern knowledge
of fluids and states of matter.
4. Condensation Theory – Once
the solar nebula
has formed and begun to cool,
dust acts as
condensation nuclei around which
matter starts to
gather.
Uniqueness of Earth, Being the
only planet in the
Solar System With Properties to
Support Life
 Atmosphere, Temperature,
Water,
Sunlight and Photosynthesis, The
right
moon, The right sun, The right
core, The
right neighbors
 Earth is the third planet from
the sun and the only
planet in the solar system that
can sustain life.
Pictures taken from space
describe Earth as “The Blue
Marble” since what we mostly see
is the vast oceans
of Earth that has a far larger area
than the land.
1. Hydrosphere – the water
portion of Earth
2. Atmosphere – the gaseous
envelope of the Earth
ELS REVIEWER
Theories Behind the Origin of the
Universe
1. The Big Bang Theory – The
most accepted
theory about the origin of the
universe; postulates
that 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe
expanded from a tiny, dense and
hot mass to its
present size and much cooler
state.
 Georges Lemaitre –
considered as the
first proponent of the Big Bang
Theory in 1927.
 Edwin Hubble – confirmed
Lemaitre’s theory that the
universe is
expanding; He also demonstrated
that the universe was much larger
than previously thought.
Evidences
 Redshift – the light spectrum
in the
universe is shifting to the red
color.
 Relative abundance – the
prediction
of the Big Bang with regard to the
number of light elements in space
is
correlated with the evidences
(74%
Hydrogen, 24% Helium, 2% other
elements)
 Cosmic microwave
background –
there are evidences of
microwaves
which are the energy left after
recombination of elements.
2. Pulsating/Oscillating Universe
Theory –
discusses that the universe is
expanding and will
contract once all the energy after
the Big Bang
is used up; This theory, proposed
by Richard
Tolman (1934), can be described
as the
combination of the Big Bang and
the Big
Crunch.
 The Big Crunch occurs when
the
universe expands and eventually
reverse, then collapses causing a
singularity or the formation of
another Big Bang.
 The Oscillating Universe
Theory
suggests that once the universe
reverses and attains the point of
singularity, another universe will
be
born.
3. Steady State Theory – proposed
by Fred Hoyle,
Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi in
1948; it
suggests that the universe has
always been there
and will always be present.
 It also conveys that the
universe always looks
the same in any time or space but
continuously
expands while simultaneously
creating matter,
maintaining the density of the
universe, hence,
the name Steady State.
 Solar System - is located in
the Milky Way galaxya
huge disc and spiral-shaped
aggregation of about at
least 100 billion stars and other
bodies; Its spiral arms
rotate around a globular cluster or
bulge of many,
many stars, at the center of which
lies a supermassive
blackhole; The solar system
revolves around the
galactic center once in about 240
million years.
 The Milky Way is part of the
so-called Local Group
of galaxies, which in turn is part
of the Virgo
supercluster of galaxies.
 Much of the mass of the Solar
System is concentrated
at the center (Sun) while angular
momentum is held
by the outer planets.
 Orbits of the planets elliptical
and are on the same
plane.
 All planets revolve around the
sun.
 The periods of revolution of
the planets increase
with increasing distance from the
Sun; the
innermost planet moves fastest,
the outermost, the
slowest.
 All planets are located at
regular intervals from the
Sun.
Theories of Solar System
1. Encounter Hypothesis - In this
scenario, a
rogue star passes close to the Sun
about 5
billion years ago.
2. Nebular Hypothesis - the whole
Solar System
starts as a large cloud of gas that
contracts
under self-gravity.
3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - It
incorporates many
of the components of the nebular
hypothesis, but
adds some new aspects from
modern knowledge
of fluids and states of matter.
4. Condensation Theory – Once
the solar nebula
has formed and begun to cool,
dust acts as
condensation nuclei around which
matter starts to
gather.
Uniqueness of Earth, Being the
only planet in the
Solar System With Properties to
Support Life
 Atmosphere, Temperature,
Water,
Sunlight and Photosynthesis, The
right
moon, The right sun, The right
core, The
right neighbors
 Earth is the third planet from
the sun and the only
planet in the solar system that
can sustain life.
Pictures taken from space
describe Earth as “The Blue
Marble” since what we mostly see
is the vast oceans
of Earth that has a far larger area
than the lan
ELS REVIEWER
Theories Behind the Origin of the
Universe
1. The Big Bang Theory – The
most accepted
theory about the origin of the
universe; postulates
that 13.8 billion years ago, the
universe
expanded from a tiny, dense and
hot mass to its
present size and much cooler
state.
 Georges Lemaitre –
considered as the
first proponent of the Big Bang
Theory in 1927.
 Edwin Hubble – confirmed
Lemaitre’s theory that the
universe is
expanding; He also demonstrated
that the universe was much larger
than previously thought.
Evidences
 Redshift – the light spectrum
in the
universe is shifting to the red
color.
 Relative abundance – the
prediction
of the Big Bang with regard to the
number of light elements in space
is
correlated with the evidences
(74%
Hydrogen, 24% Helium, 2% other
elements)
 Cosmic microwave
background –
there are evidences of
microwaves
which are the energy left after
recombination of elements.
2. Pulsating/Oscillating Universe
Theory –
discusses that the universe is
expanding and will
contract once all the energy after
the Big Bang
is used up; This theory, proposed
by Richard
Tolman (1934), can be described
as the
combination of the Big Bang and
the Big
Crunch.
 The Big Crunch occurs when
the
universe expands and eventually
reverse, then collapses causing a
singularity or the formation of
another Big Bang.
 The Oscillating Universe
Theory
suggests that once the universe
reverses and attains the point of
singularity, another universe will
be
born.
3. Steady State Theory – proposed
by Fred Hoyle,
Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi in
1948; it
suggests that the universe has
always been there
and will always be present.
 It also conveys that the
universe always looks
the same in any time or space but
continuously
expands while simultaneously
creating matter,
maintaining the density of the
universe, hence,
the name Steady State.
 Solar System - is located in
the Milky Way galaxya
huge disc and spiral-shaped
aggregation of about at
least 100 billion stars and other
bodies; Its spiral arms
rotate around a globular cluster or
bulge of many,
many stars, at the center of which
lies a supermassive
blackhole; The solar system
revolves around the
galactic center once in about 240
million years.
 The Milky Way is part of the
so-called Local Group
of galaxies, which in turn is part
of the Virgo
supercluster of galaxies.
 Much of the mass of the Solar
System is concentrated
at the center (Sun) while angular
momentum is held
by the outer planets.
 Orbits of the planets elliptical
and are on the same
plane.
 All planets revolve around the
sun.
 The periods of revolution of
the planets increase
with increasing distance from the
Sun; the
innermost planet moves fastest,
the outermost, the
slowest.
 All planets are located at
regular intervals from the
Sun.
Theories of Solar System
1. Encounter Hypothesis - In this
scenario, a
rogue star passes close to the Sun
about 5
billion years ago.
2. Nebular Hypothesis - the whole
Solar System
starts as a large cloud of gas that
contracts
under self-gravity.
3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - It
incorporates many
of the components of the nebular
hypothesis, but
adds some new aspects from
modern knowledge
of fluids and states of matter.
4. Condensation Theory – Once
the solar nebula
has formed and begun to cool,
dust acts as
condensation nuclei around which
matter starts to
gather.
Uniqueness of Earth, Being the
only planet in the
Solar System With Properties to
Support Life
 Atmosphere, Temperature,
Water,
Sunlight and Photosynthesis, The
right
moon, The right sun, The right
core, The
right neighbors
 Earth is the third planet from
the sun and the only
planet in the solar system that
can sustain life.
Pictures taken from space
describe Earth as “The Blue
Marble” since what we mostly see
is the vast oceans
of Earth that has a far larger area
than the lan
ELS REVIEWER

Theories Behind the Origin of the Universe

1. The Big Bang Theory-The most accepted theory about the origin of the universe, postulates that 13.8 billion
years ago, the universe expanded from a tiny, dense and hot mass to its present size and much cooler state

Georges Lemaitre considered as the first proponent of the Big Bang Theory in 1927.

Edwin Hubble - confirmed Lemaitre's theory that the universe is expanding. He also demonstrated that the
universe was much larger than previously thought.

Evidences

Redshift - the light spectrum in the universe is shifting to the red color

Relative abundance-the prediction of the Big Bang with regard to the number of light elements in space is
correlated with the evidences (74% Hydrogen, 240% Helium, 200 other elements)

Cosmic microwave background- there are evidences of microwaves which are the energy left after
recombination of elements.

2. Pulsating Oscillating Universe Theory - discusses that the universe is expanding and will contract once all the
energy after the Big Bang is used up. This theory, proposed by Richard Tolman (1934), can be described as the
combination of the Big Bang and the Big Crunch

➤ The Big Crunch occurs when the universe expands and eventually reverse, then collapses causing a singularity
or the formation of another Big Bang.

The Oscillating Universe Theory suggests that once the universe reverses and attains the point of singularity,
another universe will be born.

3. Steady State Theory-proposed by Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, Herman Bondi in 1948; it suggests that the
universe has always been there and will always be present.

It also conveys that the universe always looks the same in any time or space but continuously expands while
simultaneously creating matter, maintaining the density of the universe, hence, the name Steady State

Solar System is located in the Milky Way galaxy-a huge disc and spiral-shaped aggregation of about at least 100
billion stars and other bodies. Its spiral arms rotate around a globular cluster or bulge of many. many stars, at
the center of which lies a supermassive blackhole, The solar system revolves around the galactic center once in
about 240 million years.

The Milky Way is part of the so-called Local Group of galaxies, which in turn is part of the Virgo supercluster of
galaxies

Much of the mass of the Solar System is concentrated at the center (Sun) while angular momentum is held by
the outer planets

Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane.

All planets revolve around the sun

The periods of revolution of the planets increase with increasing distance from the Sun; the innermost planet
moves fastest, the outermost, the slowest.

All planets are located at regular intervals from the Sun

Theories of Solar System

1. Encounter Hypothesis - In this scenario, a rogue star passes close to the Sun about 5 billion years ago.

2. Nebular Hypothesis - the whole Solar System starts as a large cloud of gas that contracts under self-
gravity.

3. Protoplanet Hypothesis - It incorporates many of the components of the nebular hypothesis, but adds some
new aspects from modern knowledge of fluids and states of matter.

4. Condensation TheoryOnce the solar nebula has formed and begun to cool, dust acts as condensation nuclei
around which matter starts to gather

Uniqueness of Earth, Being the only planet in the Solar System With Properties to Support Life

➤ Atmosphere, Temperature, Water, Sunlight and Photosynthesis, The right moon, The right sun, The right core,
The right neighbors

Earth is the third planet from the sun and the only planet in the solar system that can sustain life. Pictures taken
from space describe Earth as "The Blue Marble" since what we mostly see is the vast oceans of Earth that has a
far larger area than the land

1 Hydrosphere-the water portion of Earth

2. Atmosphere-the gaseous envelope of the Earth

3. Geosphere/Lithosphere-the solid component of the Earth.

4. Biosphere-the living component of Earth.

Layers of Atmosphere Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere

Structure of the Earth

Crust-is the layer that you live on so it is the most widely studied and understood. It is made up of the lightest
matter.
Mantle - the largest layer of the Earth. It is made up of hot, dense rock. The rock in the mantle flowe like asphalt
because of the temperature differences found in the mantle.

Outer Core-is liquid, it is made up of iron and is very dense.

Inner Core-has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to
move. It is solid

Lithosphere it is the solid, outerpart of the Earth It includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and crust, the
outermost layers of Earth's structure

Astenosphere it is a layer of solid rock that has so much pressure at heat the rocks can flow like a liquid

Igneous Rock-most abundant, primary rocks, soure is magma or lava

Sedimentary Rock-thin veener in Oceanic and Continental Crusts; secondary rocks.

Metamorphic Rock-proportion is similar to that of Igneous Rock, change of forms of Igneous and Sedimentary
due to Temperature, Pressure and Chemical Fluids
Magma- molten rock below the earth’s surface

Lava-molten rock that erupts onto the Earth's surface through a volcano or crack (fissure)

How are rocks melted? Heating, Depressurization, Increased water content, Increased silica content

Where do rocks melt? Subduction zones, Felsic and Intermediate, Mantle plumes (hot spots)

Cooling Rates of Magma

Quick cooling - fine grains

Slow cooling-coarse grains

Different magmas have different viscosities. Viscosity is the property of a substance to internally resist
flow

The higher the viscosity, the more resistance to flow

Igneous Textures

Glassy-instantaneous cooling. Example: Obsidian

Aphanitic fine grain size; result of quick cooling. Example: Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite

Phaneritic-coarse grain size, visible grains, result of slow cooling Example: Granite, Diorite, Gabbro

Porphyritic-mixture of grain sizes caused by mixed cooling history, slow cooling first, followed by a
period of somewhat faster cooling

Vesicular contains tiny holes called vesicles which formed due to gas bubbles in the lava or magma.
Very porous. May resemble a sponge Commonly low density, may float on water.

Pyroclastic or Fragmental-pieces of rock and ash come out of a volcano and get welded together by
heat

Tuff-made of volcanic ash

➤ Volcanic breccia contains fragments of fine-grained igneous rocks that are larger than ash

Volcanic Rocks (Extrusive Rocks) - lava or magma flows; pyroclastic flows, form at the earth's surface
as lava cools

Intermediate Rocks (Hypabyssal Rocks)

Plutonic Rocks (Intrusive Rocks) - dykes, sills, batholiths, laccoliths, etc, form deep underground where
magma cools slowly.

Felsic-Granite, Poor in Iron, Magnesium and Calcium but Rich in Silica

Mafic-Hot, Non-viscous, Dry,

POINTERS TO REVIEW IN P.E 11Physical fitness is
defined as a state of good health as a result of exercise and
propernutrition. The key to achieve physical fitness for health
reasons is to give emphasis onhealth-related fitness components
when doing work out.

A person who is free from illnesses and can do physical or sports
activities andstill has an extra energy to do more activities is
considered to be
physically fit
.
Components of Fitness
1.
Health Related Components -
physical fitness those components that contribute to thedevelopment of
health and functional capacity of the body

Participating in regular health-related fitness helps you control your
weight, preventsdiseases and illness, improves mood, boosts energy and
promotes better sleep.
Health Related Fitness Components1 . B o d y C o m p o s i t i o n
–
The combination of all the tissues that make up the body
2.
such as bones, muscles, organs and body fat.
Metric Formula -
-- BMI = Weight (kg) / Height (square meter)
3. Cardiovascular Endurance –
The ability of the heart, lungs, blood vessels, andblood to work efficiently
and to supply the body with oxygen
.4. Flexibility –
The ability to use your joints fully through a wide range of motion.
5. Muscular Endurance –
The ability to use muscles for a long period of time withouttiring or having
fatigue
.6. Muscular Strength –
The ability of the muscles to lift a heavy weight or exert a lot offorce
one time.
Skills Related Fitness Components
– The ability of the body to improve and maintainhigh level of
performance and to win a specific sport. 1. Agility – The ability to
change body positions quickly and keep the body under
controlwhen moving.2 . B a l a n c e – T h e a b i l i t y t o k e e p t h e
b o d y i n a s t e a d y p o s i t i o n w h i l e s t a n d i n g a n d moving.3.
Coordination – The ability of the body parts to work
together when you perform anactivity.4. Power – The ability to
combine strength with speed while moving.5. Reaction Time – The
ability to move quickly once a signal to start moving is received.6.
Speed – The ability to move all or a part of the body quickly.
Four Domains of Physical Activity:
1.
Occupational
– These are the activities you do at your work
p l a c e . L i f t i n g computers and books, going your friend’s desk
or preparing lunch at the pantry.2.
Domestic
– These are the activities you do at home. Washing clothes
and dishes,gardening, carpentry, baking or cleaning the house