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Gravity Wave

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8 views4 pages

Gravity Wave

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ซัน ซีดาน
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Gravity wave

Gravity are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media
when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium as shown in Figure 1. A stable
atmosphere always tries to restore the state of equilibrium after being disturbed, but the state
of equilibrium is not restored completely after such a disturbance. Instead the restorative force
drags the parcel back to the level of stability and beyond so that an opposing counter force
starts to bring it back to equilibrium again. This process makes the oscillate around the point of
equilibrium after it has been disturbed.

Figure 1. Gravity wave

Surface gravity wave propagate along the boundary between two media, such as fluids
of different densities, or the air-sea interface.
Form the equations of motion for x, y, z components
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1𝜕𝑃
−𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 2Ω sin ∅𝑣 − 2Ω cos ∅𝑤 + 𝐹𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 1𝜕𝑃
−𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− − 2Ω sin ∅𝑢 + 𝐹𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜌𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 1𝜕𝑃
−𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 =− + 2Ω cos ∅𝑢 − 𝑔 + 𝐹𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑤 𝜌𝜕𝑧
The equations of motion in a homogeneous (constant density) ocean by ignoring nonlinear and
mixing terms (Rossby and Ekman numbers are small), and ignoring Coriolis force. After applied
the background state (𝑈0 = 𝑉0 = 𝑊0 = 0, 𝑃0 = 𝑃0(𝑧), 𝜌0 = 𝜌), then Equations that govern
perturbation became,
𝜕𝑢 1𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜕𝑡 𝜌0 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑣 1𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜕𝑡 𝜌0 𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝑤 1𝜕𝑝
=−
𝜕𝑡 𝜌0 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 2𝑝 𝜕 2𝑝 𝜕 2𝑝
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2

With boundary conditions at the ocean bottom (𝑧 = −𝐷 , 𝑤 = 0) and at the sea level, (𝑧 =
𝜕η
0 , 𝑤 = 𝜕𝑥 , 𝑝 = 𝜌0 𝑔η)

Assume a wave from in x & y direction,


η = η0 cos(𝑘𝑥 + 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑤𝑡)

p = p𝑖 (𝑧) cos(𝑘𝑥 + 𝑙𝑦 − 𝑤𝑡)

For long surface wave (shallow water wave), 𝜔 = ±√𝑔𝐷𝑘 and short surface wave (deep water
wave), 𝜔 = ±√𝑔𝑘
Internal gravity wave flow through the interior of the fluid, not at the surface. In ocean,
waves that propagate underwater along the thermocline. They can have extremely large
amplitude (~100 meters)
Started with 2-layer model (Figure). The 2-layer system has 2 vertical normal modes.

Figure 2. The 2-layer model

Barotropic mode represents vertically-averaged motion as show in Figure. The velocity is


C0 = √𝑔(H1 + H2 ) ~ 200𝑚/𝑠

ℎ H2
= ≤1
η 𝐷

Figure 3. Barotropic mode


Baroclinic mode represents a vertical shear flow, and vertically-integrated transport is zero as
show in Figure. This mode is internal gravity waves with

H1 H2
C0 = √𝑔 ~ 2 − 3𝑚/𝑠
(H1 + H2 )

ℎ 𝑔
= ~ − 300
η 𝑔′

Figure 4. Baroclinic mode

References
Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences University of Colorado Boulder,
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY lecture, accessed 20 February 2020,
<https://atoc.colorado.edu/~whan/ATOC5051/Lecture_Notes/ATOC5051-lecture3.pdf>
Ocean wiki, Internal wave, accessed 20 February 2020,
<https://oceanwiki.ethz.ch/doku.php?id=lecture12:internalwaves>

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