Endocrine-System

Dwarfism
Exophthalmic Goiter
What system plays an important role in all
the disorders being shown?
What about the system responsible for

making you run away from a mad dog?
Learning Objectives
1. Identify the parts of the endocrine system
2. Describe the structure, location and
functions of the organs of the endocrine
systems
3. Show appreciation of the different glands
and hormones by giving their important
functions in the body
4. Cite some responsible ways in taking care of
these glands so that the desired functions
will be accomplished to glorify God’s
creative purpose.
What is the
endocrine
system?
The endocrine system is made up of glands and the

hormones they secrete. Although the endocrine
glands are the primary hormone producers, the
brain, heart, lungs, liver, skin, thymus,
gastrointestinal mucosa, and placenta also produce
and release hormones.
What is the endocrine system?
The primary
endocrine glands are
the pituitary (the
master gland),
pineal, thyroid,
parathyroid, islets of
Langerhans,
adrenals, ovaries in
the female and testes
in the male.
The function of the endocrine system is the

production and regulation of chemical
substances called hormones.
Hormones…
A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released

in small amounts from glands, and is transported
in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells.
Hormones are chemical messengers, transferring
information and instructions from one set of cells
to another.
Hormones regulate growth,
Hormones… development, mood, tissue
Hyposecretion
function, metabolism, and
or
sexual function.
hypersecretion
of any hormone
can be harmful
to the body.
Controlling
the production
of hormones
can treat
many
hormonal
disorders in
the body.
Hormones…
The pituitary gland has 2

lobes…
The endocrine system and nervous system work

together to help maintain homeostasis… balance.
The hypothalamus is a collection of specialized
cells located in the brain, and is the primary link
between the two systems. It produces chemicals
that either stimulate or suppress hormone
secretions of the pituitary gland.
Secretions from the anterior
pituitary gland…
Growth Hormone
(GH): essential for
the growth and
development of
bones, muscles, and
other organs. It also
enhances protein
synthesis,
decreases the use of
glucose, and
promotes fat
destruction.
pituitary gland…
Adrenocorticotropin
(TRŌ pun) (ACTH):
essential for the
growth of the
adrenal cortex.
Thyroid-Stimulating
Hormone (TSH):
essential for the growth
and development of the
thyroid gland.
pituitary gland…
Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): is a
gonadotropic hormone.
It stimulates the
growth ovarian
follicles in the female
and the production of
sperm in the male.
pituitary gland… Luteinizing
Hormone (LH): is a
gonadotropic
hormone
stimulating the
development of
corpus luteum in
the female ovarian
follicles and the
The yellow corpus luteum production of
remains after ovulation; it testosterone in the
produces estrogen and male.
progesterone.
pituitary gland… Prolactin (PRL):
stimulates the
development and
growth of the
mammary glands
and milk production
during pregnancy.
The sucking motion of the

baby stimulates prolactin
secretion.
pituitary gland…
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
regulates skin pigmentation and
promotes the deposit of melanine in the
skin after exposure to sunlight
Secretions from the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland…
Antidiuretic
Hormone (ADH):
stimulates the
reabsorption of
water by the
renal tubules.
Hyposecretion
of this hormone
can result in
diabetes
insipidus.
Secretions from the posterior
lobe of the pituitary gland…
Oxytocin: stimulates
the uterus to contract
during labor, delivery,
and parturition. A
synthetic version of
this hormone, used to
induce labor, is called
Pitocin. It also
stimulates the
mammary glands to
release milk.
Secretions from the pineal
The pineal gland is pine-cone-shaped
gland… and only about 1 cm in diameter.
Melatonin: communicates
information about
environmental lighting
to various parts of the
body. Has some effect
on sleep/awake cycles
and other biological
events connected to
them, such as a lower
production of gastric
secretions at night.
Secretions from the pineal
gland…
Serotonin: a
neurotransmitter that
regulates intestinal
movements and affects
appetite, mood, sleep, anger,
and metabolism.
Secretions of the thyroid gland…
The thyroid gland plays a
vital role in metabolism
and regulates the body’s
metabolic processes.
Calcitonin: influences
bone and calcium
metabolism;
maintains a
homeostasis of
calcium in the blood
plasma
Secretions of the thyroid gland…
Thyroxine (T4) and
triodothyronine (T3):
essential to BMR – basal
metabolic rate (the rate at
which a person’s body
burns calories while at rest);
influences physical/mental
development and growth
Hyposecretion of T3 and T4 = cretinism,
myxedema, Hashimoto’s disease
Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease,

goiter, Basedow’s disease
Secretions of the parathyroid
gland…
The two pairs of
parathyroid glands are
located on the dorsal or
back side of the thyroid
gland. They secrete
parathyroid (PTH) which
plays a role in the
metabolism of phosphorus.
Too little results in
cramping; too much
results in osteoporosis or
kidney stones.
The islets of Langerhans…
The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of

cells located in the pancreas.
Secretions from the islets of
Langerhans… Beta cells secrete the
hormone insulin, which is
Alpha cells essential for the maintenance
facilitate the of normal blood sugar levels.
breakdown of Inadequate levels result in
glycogen to diabetes mellitus.
glucose. This
elevates the blood
sugar.
Delta cells suppress

the release of
glucagon and
insulin.
The adrenal glands…
The
triangular-shape
d adrenal glands
are located on
the top of each
kidney. The
inside is called
the medulla and
the outside layer
is called the
cortex.
Secretions from the
adrenal cortex…
Cortisol: regulates
carbohydrate, protein, and fat
metabolism; has an
anti-inflammatory effect;
helps the body cope during
times of stress
Hyposecretion results Corticosterone: like
in Addison’s disease; cortisol, it is a
hypersecretion steroid; influences
results in Cushing’s potassium and
disease sodium metabolism
Secretions from the adrenal
Aldosterone: essential in regulating
cortex… electrolyte and water balance by
promoting sodium and chloride
retention and potassium excretion.
Androgens: several
hormones including
testosterone; they
promote the
development of
secondary sex
characteristics in the
male.
Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…
Dopamine is used
to treat shock. It
dilates the
arteries, elevates
systolic blood
pressure,
increases cardiac
output, and
increases urinary
output.
Secretions
from the
adrenal
medulla…
Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates

systolic blood pressure, increases heart rate and
cardiac output, speeds up the release of glucose
from the liver… giving a spurt of energy, dilates
the bronchial tubes and relaxes airways, and
dilates the pupils to see more clearly. It is often
used to counteract an allergic reaction.
Secretions from the
adrenal medulla…
Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when

the body is under stress. It creates the underlying
influence in the fight or flight response. As a drug,
however, it actually triggers a drop in heart rate.
Secretions of the ovaries…
The ovaries produce
several estrogen hormones
and progesterone. These
hormones prepare the
uterus for pregnancy,
promote the development
of mammary glands, play a
role in sex drive, and
develop secondary sex
characteristics in the
female.
Estrogen is essential for the growth, development,
and maintenance of female sex organs.
Secretions of the testes…
The testes produce
the male sex
hormone called
testosterone. It is
essential for normal
growth and
development of the
male sex organs.
Testosterone is
responsible for the
erection of the
penis.
Secretions of the placenta…
During pregnancy, the
placenta serves as an
endocrine gland.
It produces
chorionic
gonadotropin
hormone,
estrogen, and
progesterone.
Secretions of the
gastrointestinal mucosa…
The mucosa
of the pyloric
area of the
stomach
secretes the
hormone
gastrin, which
stimulates the
production of
gastric acid
for digestion.
Secretions of the
gastrointestinal mucosa…
The mucosa of
the duodenum
and jejunum
secretes the
hormone
secretin, which
stimulates
pancreatic juice,
bile, and
intestinal
secretion.
Secretions of the
thymus…
The thymus gland has
two lobes, and is part
of the lymphatic
system. It is a
ductless gland, and
secretes thymosin.
This is necessary for
the Thymus’ normal
production of T cells
for the immune
system.
THE END
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GROUP ACTIVITY
Variety Show
endocrine glands
visual-spatial - thyroid gland
verbal-linguistic - parathyroid
musical-rhythmic - adrenal
logical-mathematical - pineal gland and
hypothalamus
interpersonal - pituitary
intrapersonal - pancreas
naturalistic - thymus
bodily-kinesthetic - hypothalamus

Endocrine-System

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Dwarfism

What about the system responsible for

The endocrine system is made up of glands and the

The function of the endocrine system is the

A hormone is a chemical transmitter. It is released

The pituitary gland has 2

The endocrine system and nervous system work

The sucking motion of the

Hypersecretion of T3 and T4 = Grave’s disease,

The islets of Langerhans are small clusters of

Delta cells suppress

Epinephrine is also called adrenalin. It elevates

Norepinephrine, like epinephrine, is released when

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