Chapter4

Data Management

Ihis chapter covers on the data collection. measures of central tendency, measures
of dispersion, and relative position. It also discuSses probability and normal distributtor.
also covers on how to use statistical tools and different data gathering techniques ana now
to analyze data.
coURSE OUTCOME: Apply different statistical tools in solving real worldproblems in making
decisions

LESSON 1: Data Collection

TIME FRAME: 2 hours CODE:

LEARNING OUTCOME(S):
At the end of lesson, you are expected to:
1. Determine the sample size from a given population
2. Perform sampling from target population
3. Use the different data gathering techniques

In the conduct of the study, the population is defined in keeping with the objective of
the study. The population is the totality of the elements (person, objects, things and
animals) in which data is to be collected. If the population is large, collection of data can be
costly and time consuming. Hence, sampling is recommended. A sample is a representative
of the population.
Example, you might take a survey of all the million senior high school students all over
the Philippines, but because Philippines is a large population, so you take a sample. That
may be athousand senior high schoolstudents in the selected region in the Philippines.

A substantial number of asample is acceptable. Sample that is too large may lead to
waste of money, time and resources, while a sample that is too small may lead to inaccurate
results. This inaccuracy is called as sampling error.
The data from the sample is used to make inference about the population. So, howlarge
should our sample be? How closely we want our results to match the entire population.
Finding a sample size can be one of the challenging tasks. It depends upon the factors
including the size of the population. There are many approaches to determine the sample
size.

1. Conduct a census.
If the population is small, say, Ns 200, conduct a survey to allthe elements in the
population. A census eliminates the sampling error.
59
 2. Use a sample size of a similar study.
Use the sample size of the study similar to the study you plan to work on. ne
disadvantage of this method is the risk of repeating any errors that were made n
calculating the sample size.
3. Use a table.
A published or online table for sample size is available, It provide the sample size for
a given criteria. You can visit this website:
https://www.research-advisors.comftools/Sample Size.htm
4. Use formula.
Many different formulas can be used depending on the available parameterS.
If the population standard deviation is known, use Conchran's Sample Size
formula.
If the population standard deviation is not known, use Slovin's formula

The purpose of the survey is to infer about the population. In most cases,
parameter, i.e. standard deviation is impossible to obtain. Slovin's formula is simpler and
don't need much of the population parameters.
To use the formula, first figure out the margin of error "e". A margin of error is
the
an interval estimate. In a confidence interval, it is the range of values below and above
sample statistic.

students that
For example, suppose we wanted to know the percentage of college
estimate will
using facebook. We could devise a sample design to ensure that our sample
of error) 95%
not differ from the true population value by more than, say, 5% (the margin
percent of the time (the confidence level).

Determining Margin of error, e

equations.
The margin of error can be defined by either of the following
statistic
Margin of error = Critical value x Standard deviation of the
Margin of error = Critical value x Standard error of the statistic
compute
If vou know the standard deviation of the statistic, use the first equation to
While, these formulas are
the margin of error. Otherwise, use the second equation. of
less. The smaller margin
available, it is customary to use amargin of error that is 5% or
leads to a smaller error.
error used, the larger the sample size but

Determining Sample Size Using Slovin's Formula

N
1=
1 + Ne?
60
Where
N= population size
n =sample size
e = margin of error

Example 1: Find n, if N= 10,000 and e = 5%=0.05.

Solution:

N 10000
1+ Ne2 1+10000(0.05)2

10000
= 385
1+25

Do worksheet 4A

Sampling Techniques

After computing for the sample size, our next concern is how to select the samples
from the population. The sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it
is drawn. Sampling is an act, process, or technique of selecting appropriate sample, or
representative of the population.
We use sampling rather than complete enumeration (census) because it is
convenient and cheaper.
Sampling techniques are classified as either probability or nonprobability.
Probability Sampling: Samples are randomly chosen. Each member of the population has an
equal chance to be selected.
Nonprobability sampling: Personal judgment plays a very important role in the selection.
Each member of the population does not have a knownchance of being included in
the sample.

Types of Probability Sampling

Simple random sampling: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being
included in the sample. It can use the table of random numbers and lottery or fish-bowl
method.
Example, suppose the store owner wants to evaluate the performance of his staff.
He writes all the names of his staff in pieces of paper, and then draws 20 members who will
be part of the survey.

61
 since, it is orten
When the population is large, this technigue is not recommended,
difficult to identify the sample.
with starting point
Systematic Sampling: It selects every kth member of the population
determine at random.Where k= N/n.
member in the list with
Example, N = 100, n = 20, so k = 5. So, select every
starting point determine at random.
be subdivided into strata.
Stratified Random sampling: This is used if the population can
The samples can be randomly selected from each stratum.
municipality with a
Example, a survey to find out if families living in a certain
to sample 370families and
population of 5000 are in favor of excise tax, Suppose, vou want
respondents will be divided into income
ensure that all income groups are well represented,
groups as shown below:

Number of Percent No. of sample

Income groups
families
1000 0.2 (370) = 74
Upper class 1,000 = 0.20 = 20%
5000
Middle class 1500 0.3 (370)= 111
1,500 = 0.30 =30%
5000
Lower class 2,500 2500 0.5 (370) = 185
=0.50 = 50%
5000

100% n=37O
Total N=5,000

called as proportional
This method of calculation of sample size from each stratum is
allocation.

large. It is sometimes called as

Cluster sampling: This is usually used if the population is very
groups or clusters.
area sampling. The members of the population are divided into
consumption of families
Example, we want to determine the average daily water
Malaybalay City. We can draw arandom
living in Malaybalay City. There are 46 barangays in
then a certain number families
sample of 10 barangays using simple random sampling and
from each of the 10 barangays are chosen.
Types of Nonprobability Sampling
availability. It also offers
Convenience sampling: Samples are chosen because of their
convenience to the researcher.
Filipino. You select
Example, suppose you want to know the average income of the
the sample mobile phones.

62
Purposive sampling:It is selecting the sample on the basis of pre-determined criteria set by
the researcher. The sample is selected based on the obiective or purpose of the study.
Example, the research is about the life of teenager who are already a mother. Or
course, only teenage parentswill be the respondents.

Quota Sampling: This is the equivalent of stratified random sampling. The only difference is
that the selection of the samples in each stratum is not random.
Example, a survey is conducted to determine the most popular noon time show,
each field researcher is assigned to acertain area and given a quota of 300 viewers.

Snowball or Network Sampling: This is used if the desired sample is difficult to find or
locate. This relies to areferral, that is why,it is sometimes known as referral sampling.
Example, if one is interested with drug users, alcoholics or HIV positive. The
researcher asks referrals from the participants to locate potential samples.

Do worksheet 4B

WORKSHEET 4A

Name: Date:
Class Schedule: Instructor:

A. Solve the sample size, using Slovin's formula

1. N= 20,000 and e= 5% n=

2. N = 20,000 and e = 3% n =

3. N=20,000 and e= 1% n =

4. What happened to the sample size if e is reduced?

5. Does the number of sample help in reducing errors in the study? Why?

B. Describe a situation in which it would be appropriate to use random sampling, a

convenience, and cluster sampling.

63
 C. Below is the distribution of the students in a particular college. Atraining will be
conducted outside the campus, and the budget is good for 400 students only.
Compute the number of students per program that can go to the training.

Program Number of Percent No. of sample

students
Math 435

English 689
IT 557
Social Science 1,200
Total 2,881

WORKSHEET 4B

Name: Date:
Class Schedule: Instructor:

Plan a study to be conducted. Select one (1) topic from the following:
a. Average family size among Motorela drivers.
b. Monthly allowance and expenditures of students in BukSU.
C. High School GPAof freshmen students in BukSU.
d. Average hour daily spent in facebook by students.
e. Opinion of students about same sex marriage.

Topic :

Title:

Target Population:

Approximate "N":

Choose the margin of error, e that you will use:

Compute sample size, n:

planning to use:
Discuss who will be your sample and the technique you are
64
Data Gathering Techniques

Characteristics measured from the person obiect or thing is called as variable. Tne
values of the observations under a specific variable is called as data. Data
can be classiiled
as qualitative and quantitative,
Qualitative data are expressed in non-numee u
categories, kinds, brands or names., Quantitative data areexpressed in numbers.
There are many ways in collecting data, here are the
following:
Direct method
Observation - the researcher sees the situation directly to gather data.
Researcher may use video tape or audio tape.
Interview- in-person or by telephone.
Indirect method
Questionnaire -a printed list of questions is used with or without the presence
of the researcher. It can be mailed or handed personally.
Registration method
This method gathers data from legal documents imposed by law. Data are
sometimes obtained in published or unpublished document. Age, sex and other information
can be found in Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), number of registered cars can be
obtained from Land Transportation Office (LTO), etc.

Statistical Instruments

In gathering data, the researcher should develop instruments such as questionnaire,

interview guides or rating scales.

Types of questionnaire
Structured or closed format. The questions requires one answer only.
Examples:
1. Are you in favor of k-12 curriculum?
Yes No

2. Which of the following brand of cellphone do you like most?

Samsung Nokia
Cherry Mobile Oppo

Unstructured or open format. The questions can have different answers. There are no
limits as to the responses of respondents.
Examples:
of bullying?
1. What do youthink are the reasons
2. Why did you choose this course?

65
 Rating Scale. It is often used to ask respondents to rate. One common exampie e
likert-scale.
Examples:
1. The quality of education nowadays is improving.
Strongly disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Disagree

OUTPUT OF THE WEEK

selected topic listed in

Form a group of four (4). Each group will submit a title from the
Worksheet 4B due on

Instructions:
1. Write a brief rationale for choosing the topic.
Why did you choose the topic?
What is its importance?
Who willbenefit from it?
number.
2. ldentify the target population and itsactual
3. Compute the number of sample.
techniques.
4. ldentify the sampling and data gathering

66
LESSON 2: Measure of Central tendency
TIME FRAME: 1.5 hours
At the end of lesson, you are
expected to:
1. Summarize and Describe the data using Measure of
Central Tendency
2. Determine when Mean, Median or Mode is appropriate to use in a given data
3. Compute descriptive measures
using Excel
4. Write findings and draw conclusions using
descriptive measures
Giving a numerical values to the important features of a person is one way of describing
its physical appearance, such as weight, age or body statistics.
Data collected in a study can be organize by tables andgraphs. It can also be summarize
by a single value, such as the descriptive measures.
The most common descriptive measures are the Measure of Central Tendency and
Measure of Dispersion.
The Measure of central Tendency or averages are measurements that tells us where the
middle of data lies. This includes the Mean, Median and Mode.

The Mean

The arithmetic mean, or simplythe mean, is defined as the sum of the set of the
observations that is divided by the number of that particular set of observations. The
biggest disadvantage of this descriptive measure is that it can't be used in the case of
qualitative data and it is also affected by extreme values.

(population mean) (sample mean)

Example 1: Consider the ages of the respondents. Solve for the mean.
8,9, 11,5, 12, 17, 7, 23, 39, 15

Solution:
8+9+ 11+5 + 12 +17+7+ 23+ 39+ 15 =14.6
10

Findings:
old.
The oldest respondent is 39 years old, while the youngest is 7 years
14.6 years old.
The average age of the respondents is
Can you give another findings?
Example 2: The students were asked about their weekly allowance (in pesos).
1000 800 750 700 500 500 1000
500 250 750

of the students?
What is the average weekly allowance

67
 = S00+ 250 + 750 + 1000 + 800 + 750+ 700 + 500+ 500+1000
= 675
10

The average weekly allowance of the students is 675

pesos.

Example 3: Another group of students were asked about their weekly allowance (in
pesos).
500 250 750 1000 800 750 700 500 50,000 10,000

What is the average weekly allowance of the students?

500 + 250 + 750 + 1000+ 800 + 750+ 700 + 500+ 50000 10000
10
= 6525

The average weekly allowance of the students is 6525 pesos.

Challenge questions:
1. In example 2, does the average weekly allowance of the students which is 675 pesos
describe or represent the allowance of students?
2.. In example 3, does the average weekly allowance of the students which is 6525
pesos describe or represent the allowance of students?
3. Does the averages in the examples lies in the middle of the data set?
4. What can yousay about the results?

The Weighted Mean

Consider the proper weights assigned to the observed values according to
their relative importance.

x,(w;)+ x, (w;) + *..x,(wa)

68
 Example:

riia tne mean grade point average (GPA) of Juan,

table below. presented in a trequency

Table 3a: Grade in 4 subjects

Subject Grade Unit

Statistics 4.0
English 2.0
Physics 1.5
P.E.
1.0

Using the formula;

x4(w;) +x,(w,)+ .x (w,) 4.0(3) + 2.0(3) + 1.5(5) + 1.0(2) = 2.0
W tw; t " .Wn 3+3+5+2

Enumerate the findings of the result:

The Median

It is a middle value of a set of observation arranged in increasing or decreasing order of

magnitude. It is a value of the variable which divides the data under consideration into two
equal parts. It is not affected by the presence of abnormally large or abnormally small
observations.

If n is odd Median =*
2
where x is the total number of observation

If n is even Median 2

The population median can be obtained by replacing the n by N.

Properties of the Median

of the score fall and above
1. The score or class in a distribution, below which 50%
which another 50% lie.
values
2. Not affected by extreme or deviant
are outliers or extreme values
3. Appropriate to use when there
4. Use when the data are ordinal

69
Example 1:The students were asked about their weekly allowance (in pes0S).
500 250 750 1000 50,000 10,000
800 750 700 500

What is the average weekly allowance of the

students?
Solution: Arrange the data in an array.
250 500 500 700 750 750 800 1000 10,000 50,000

Median is in the middle value of the set of data. so, if n= 10/2 =5. The median is
located in the average of the 5h and 6th data.
750 + 750
median= -=750
2

The average weekly allowance of the students is 750 pesos.

Example 2:10 students were asked about their favorite subject.

English Science Science Math English Math Logic English Filipino Filipino

Challenge questions:
1. What is the most liked subject by the students?
2. What can youused the mean? The median? When can we use median?
3. HoW are we going to summarize the data?

The Mode

It is the value inthe set that occurs most often. Aset of data can be bimodal,
trimodal or multi modal. It is also possible to have a set of data with no mode.

Properties of Mode
1. It is the quick approximation of the average.
2. It is the most unreliable amongthe three measures of central tendency because its
value is undefined in some observations

3. It exists in both quantitative and qualitative data.

70
Fxample: 10students were asked about their favorite subject.
English Science Science Math English Math LLogic English Filipino iipino

Solution:

Favorite subject Frequency

English 3

Science 2

Math 2

Logic 1H
N
Filipino

The mode is Englisth.

The most favorite subject of the students is English.

Do worksheet 4C

71
 WORKSHEET 4B
Name: Date:
Class Schedule: Instructor:

A. Two groups of students were asked to encode a story, then the time (in minutes)
they spent in encoding were monitored, as follows:
A 9 10 12 10 10 10
B 11 12 12 10

1. Find the Mean, Median and Mode.

2. Which group performed better? Why?
3. Which measure of central tendency should be used? Why?

B. Mark, ascholar in a certain University receives his grade for the second semester.
Subject Unit Grade

Statistics 3 2.75

English 3 1.75

2.0
Chemistry
Rizal Life and Work 3 1.25

3 3.0
Geometry

2.25? Why?
1. Willhe still be qualified as a scholar, if the cut-off grade is

2. Which measure of central

tendency should be used? Why?

72
IESSON 3: Measure of Dispersion

TIME FRAME: 1.5 hours

CODE:
At the end of lesson, you are expected to:
1 Summarize and Describe the
data using Measure of Dispersion
2 Solve the different
measure dispersion
of
3. Compute measure of dispersion using Excel
A Write findings and draw conclusions using
Measure of Dispersion.

In the previous lesson, we have learned about the measurement which lies in the center
of the data set. In this topic, we willcontinue to learn about descriptive measure but this is
focus on how spread out or varied are the data from the center of the distribution.
Consider the two (2) data sets:

A: 100 65 75 85 95 Mean = 84
B 84 86 85 82 83 Mean = 84

The average grade of both class is 84. We can say, that the two classes have equal
performance. But the average does not tell us how spread out the scores are. Figure 1,
shows how spread out the data are.

Figure 1. How far apart arethe scores?

A
B
80 85 90 95 100
65 70 75
Data

Which class' score is:

More variable or spread out?
Clustered closely around the mean?
describes how spread out
dispersion/variation/spreadis a measure that
Measure of known as measures of
dispersion or measures of spread.
or
scattered a set of data. It is also

73
 In this lesson, we are going to consider only three measures, namely: The Range and
The Standard deviation.

Howtointerpret the measure of dispersion?

A
smallvalue of measure of dispersion (closer to 0) would indicate that the data are

Clustered around the mean

More homogenous
Less variable
More consistent

The Range
and the
It is defined as the difference between the largest score in the set of data
smallest score in the set of data, Highest score-lowest score

Example 1: What is the range of the following data:

4 8 1 6 6 2 93 6 9
range is 9 -1=8
The highest score is 9; the lowest Score is 1; the
often used because of its instability
Although the range is easy to compute, it is not
lowest data.
since it depends only tothe highest and
Example 2:
have the same range:
# Two very different sets of data can
79
1 1 1 1 9 vs 13 5

The Standard Deviation

measure of how spread out numbers is. It is the square

The Standard Deviation is a
root of the variance.

S =
E(-)²-a=
n-1 N
1

where,
standard deviation
O population
S = sample standard deviation
X= data
P= population mean
74
 }=sample mean
n= number of scores in sample.
N= population size

Example: Find the standard deviation of the 2 classes.

85 95 Mean = 84
A: 100 65 75
84 86 85 82 83 Mean = 84
B:

For class A:

X x (x-) (r-)2
100 84 16 256
65 84 -19 361
75 84 81
85 84 1 1
95 84 11 121

)(-)= 820

For class B:

X (x-) (x-)?
84 84
86 84 2
85 84 1 1
84 -2 4
82
83 84 -1 1

(*-)²= 10

For class A:

E(r-)? 820
= 14.32
S
n-1 4

For class B:

E(r-)2 10 = 1.58
S =
n-1 4

75
 Table 5 shows the summaryof the result:
Class Mean Range Standard
deviation
A 84 35 14.32

B 84 4 1.58

What can you say about the results?

Notice that computation is manageable if there are few cases. If there is a bulk of
data, a calculator or a computer is necessary. Below is a guide in using excel in the
computation of the standard deviation.

cAEE LA VOUI

a Coy
STDEV,SA)

B -sTOEVN2 85

A B
2 100 84 A

65 86 2 100 84

75 65 86

85 82 4 75 85
6 95 83 85 82
95 83
7 =STDEV.S(A2:A6)
7 14.31782|=STDEV.S(B2:B6)

Excel Application
Using the Excel, find the descriptive statistics of the monthly income of 10
employees.

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76
Encode the data in excel Click File, then Option click Add
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Add-Ins
Addns av ble: Roakl Fzcel

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Analysis ToolPak
Provides data analysis tools for statistical and
engineering analysis

Check Analysis ToolPak, then OK click Data in the toolbar,you can see the Data
Analysis in the upper right portion of the
worksheet

Click the Data Analysis, a box (data Analysis) will pop-up. Click Descriptive Statistics.
?

Sign i

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Data Tools Qutline Analys1s

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77
 Descriptive Statistics box willappear, then highlight the data in the column for the input
range. Check the summary statistics.

HOME NSERT PAGE LAYOUT FORMULAS DATA REVIEW VIEW

nFrcm Access
AConneticns &1 3ACIhar This is the result:
From\eb Bel Propeties Respoly
Frnm Oth Exstinn
U Sort Filter Tert to Flesh Remove
BFrom Ted SourceS Cennections All. Edit Links T Advanced Columns FIN Dupicates Valida
Get External Data Connetions Sert & Flte

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Input
OK
1 35000 Input Range: SAS1:SAS1O
Cancel
Grouped By: Columns
45000 Hele
Elabes in Frst Row
19100
Output options
4 22000 OQutput Range
New Worksheet y:
5 28000 ONew Workbook
Sumnay statistas
49000 Contidence Lyei for MRan

21500 CKth L¡rgest

Kth Smailest: 1

8 45000
9 29000
10 30000

Column1

Mean 32360
Standard Error 3399.941176
Median 29500
Mode 45000
Standard Deviation 10751.55803
Sample Variance 115596000
Kurtosis -1.323590825
Skewness 0.425396135
Range 29900
Minimum 19100
Maximum 49000
Sum 323600
Count 10

Give your findings and analysis based on the result.

78
 WORKSHEET 4D

Name: Date:
Class Schedule: Instructor:

Ten (10) employees of 4L Company were in a business trip. The following is the summary of
their expenses.

Employee Board and Lodging Transportation Total expenses

(in pesos) (in pesos) (in pesos)
1 12, 765 19, 675
2 16, 020 13, 800
23, 820 14, 490
4 18, 360 16, 330
5 27, 060 15, 700
6 15, 078 12, 600
7 10,500 21,349
9, 330 16, 348
9, 476 5, 233
10 25, 543 32, 458

Mean Range Standard deviation

Transportation
Board & Lodging
Total

1. What set of data is more variable? The transportation? Or Board & Lodging? Why?

2. Which is more expensive? The transportation? Or Board &Lodging? Why?

3. In measuring the variability of data, which do you prefer? Range or standard

deviation?
OUTPUTOF THE WEEK

Continue the planned study from the previous output with the existing grouping and do the
following:
1. Formulate statements of the problem.
2. Draft your instrument
3. Conduct a survey using the approved instrument.
4. Tabulate the data gathered in excel.
5. Organize, summary and present the data using the different descriptive measures.
6. Draw your findings and analysis based on the result.
Submit the output on

80
 RUBRIC FOR THE FIRST WEEK OUTPUT

Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary

1 2 3

Does not give

any information Givesvery little Gives too much Presents a
Rationale
about what to information information
(10%) about the
concise lead
expect in the (more like a in to the study
study study summary)

Exact number
Exact number of Exact number Exact number of
of target
target population of target target population is
is not stated; population is population is
Target stated;
number of stated; number stated; number
Population number of
samples is of samples is of samples is samples is
incorrectly incorrectly incorrectly
correctly
computed computed computed
computed

Sampling and Sampling and

Sampling and
data gathering data gathering
Sampling and data gathering
techniques are techniques
Sampling and datagathering techniques are
appropriate to are
data gathering techniques are appropriate to
the topic and appropriate to
techniques not appropriate the topic but
explained but the topic and
tothe topic not clearly with fevw are clearly
explained inaccuracies explained

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 RUBRIC FOR THE SECOND WEEK OUTPUT

Beginning Developing Accomplished Exemplary

1 3 4

Statements of the Poses three or

Poses one Poses two
Problem Consist of questions more questions.
|descriptive descriptive. Almost
that does not relate Allthe questions
(15%) question related to all the questions are are related to the
to the topic
the topic. related to the topic.
topic.

Methods-data
Does not describe Descriptions are Descriptions
description & Descriptions include
individuals or confusing, lacking include correct
statistical correct methods but
variables and the of detail and methods and are
methods lack detail or are
statistical methods include incorrect adequately
methods
confusing detailed
used
(30%)
Results are Results are complete
Results are totally
Results (30%) Results are missing. incomplete with with some
accurate.
minor inaccuracies inaccuracies.

Presents an
Conclusion Presents an illogical Presents a logical Presents a logical
findings and illogical explanation for explanation for
explanation for
explanation for
Analysis |findings and is |findings and is findings and is
findings but is
(30%) incomplete.
complete.
incomplete. complete.

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