Lecture Two

Table of contents

Reference

Gdwl zmny lel mshro3

Site analysis

Mind maps

Main focus —> problem, the problem is the design

AREAS OF INFORMATION THAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN AN

ARCHITECTURE PROGRAM
1. Objectives of the master plan
2. Special restrictions and limitations on design
3. Characteristics of the site ‫ٮﺔ‬#‫ر‬,‫ٮﻌﺔ ٮ‬$‫ٮ‬#‫ﻃ‬/‫ٮﺔ‬$‫ٮﻌﺔ ﻣ(ٮﺎ(ﺣ‬$‫ٮ‬#‫ﻃ‬
8 ‫ڡﻄﻌﺔ اﻻرض (ڡ‬, ‫ﻫﻞ‬
( ‫ٮ‬,‫ٮﻞ اﺳ‬#‫ڡ‬,‫ٮ‬,‫ى اﻟﻤﺴ‬
4. Site development requirements ‫ٮزام‬,‫اﻻﻟ‬/‫ٮﻜون ازاي‬$‫ﺤﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻫ‬
‫ڡﺪام‬, ‫ڡﻄﻌﺔ اﻻرض دي‬,‫ﺤﻄﻂ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻟ‬
( ‫ٮﻤ‬#
5. Functional requirements for the facility
( ‫ٮ‬,‫ڡﺎ(ڡﺔ اﻟﻤﺴ‬,K‫ٮﻌﺔ وٮ‬$‫ٮ‬#‫ﻃ‬
6. Characteristics of the occupants ‫ٮﻦ‬$‫ﺤﺪﻣ‬
7. Sepecific facilty requirements ex: infrustructure for factories msln
8. Relative location and inter-relationship of the spaces
9. Budget
10. Flexibility for future growth and changes in function
11. Priority of need among the various requirements

APPROACHES TO ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING

● Design-Based programming
● Knowledge -Based programming
● Agreement -Based programming
● Value -Based programming

PREPARTING TO PROGRAM
● PRE DEISGN SERVICES
● ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
● DISCOVERING CRUCIAL ISSUES
● PROGRAM PLANNING

PROGRAM PREPARATION
(form&contents)
● Preliminaries
 ● Executive Summary
● Values & Goals
● Design Considerations
● Project Requirements
● Budget & Costs
● Project Schedule
● Ideas

Project title+brief+site
Lecture Three: Research Method
WRITING RESEARCH PROPOSAL
1. title
2. Intro
3. Problem statement
4. Objectives of the study
5. Hypothesis to be tested
6. Study design
7. Measurement procedures
8. Ethical issues
9. Sampling
10. Analysis kf data
11. Structure of report (upgrade research outline)
12. Problem and limitations

ANALYSIS AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Steps in Analyzing a Problem
Specifying and describe the core problem
● The nature of the problem; the discrepancy between 'what is' and what you prefer the
situation to be.
● The distribution of the problem - who is affected, when, and where and
● The size and intensity of the problem - is it widespread, how severe is it, what are its
consequences?
Analyze the problem
● Identify FACTORS that may have contributed to the problem.
● Clarify the RELATIONSHIP between the problem and contributing factors.
How to ANALYZE a problem
● Write down the core problem(s) in the centre of a blackboard or flipchart
● BRAINSTORM on possible causes or factors contributing to the problem.
● IDENTIFY further contributing factors.
 ● IDENTIFY further contributing factors.
● Attempt to ORGANIZE related factors together into larger categories, and develop
your final draft of the DIAGRAM.
Decide on the FOCUS and SCOPE of the Research:
● USEFULNESS of the information. Would the information that will be collected on this
problem help solve the problem? Who would use the findings related How would the
findings be used?
● FEASIBILITY. Is it feasible to analyze all the factors related to the problem in the time
frame available for research?
● DUPLICATION. Is some of the information related to factors in the diagram already
available? What aspects of the problem need further research?

FORMULATING THE PROBLEM STATEMENT

The first major section in a research proposal is the statement of the problem.
Why is it important to state and define the problem well?
Because you will find that a clear statement of the problem:
● Is the foundation for the further development of the research proposal (research
objectives, methodology, work plan, budget, etc.).
● Makes it easier to find information and reports of similar studies from which your own
study design can benefit.
● Enables you to systematically point out why the proposed research on the problem
should be undertaken and what you hope to achieve with the study results.
What information should be included in the statement of the problem?
● A brief description of socio-economic and cultural characteristics. Include a few
illustrative statistics, if available, to help describe the context in which the problem
occurs.
● A concise description of the nature of the problem (the discrepancy between what is
and what should be) and of the size, distribution and severity of the problem (who is
affected, where, since when, and what are the consequences for those affected and
for the services). For a descriptive or evaluation study you will elaborate the different
components of the problem.
What information should be Included in the statement of the problem?
● An analysis of the major factors that may influence the problem and a discussion of
why certain factors need more investigation if the problem is to be fully understood:
● A brief description of any solutions to the problem that have been tried in the past,
how well they have worked, and why further research is needed
justitication for your study).
● A description of the type of information expected to result from the project and how
this information will be used to help solve the problem.
● If necessary, a short list of definitions of crucial concepts used in the statement of the
 ●
problem.

OBJECTIVES
1. Describe the reasons for reviewing available literature and other Information during
the preparation of a research protocol.
2. Identify the resources that are available for carrying out such a review.
3. Prepare index cards, computer entries or notes that summarize important:
information obtained from literature or interviews with key informants.
4. State the reasons for writing objectives for your research project
5. Define and describe the difference between general and specific objectives.
6. Define the characteristics of research objectives.
7. Prepare research objectives in an appropriate format for the project you are
developing.
8. Develop further research questions, and research hypotheses, appropriate for your
study.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Why is it important to review available information when preparing a research proposal?
● It prevents you from duplicating work that has been done before.
● It helps you to find out what others have learned and reported on the problem you
want to study. This may assist you in refining your statement of the problem.
● It helps you to become more familiar with the various research approaches that might
be used in your study.
● It should provide you with convincing arguments for why your particular research
project is needed.
What are the possible sources of information?
● Individuals, groups, and organizations;
● Published information (books, articles, indexes, abstract journals); and
● Unpublished information (other research proposals in related fields, reports, records,
computer data bases)
Where can we find these different sources?
● Community and District level: university library ...
● National level: central library, newspaper, tv. Shows
● International level: google scholar, amazon, science direct, conferences -
What is the strategy to gain access and obtain information in the most productive
manner?
● Identifying a key person (researcher, decision maker or community member) who is
knowledgeable on the topic and ask if he can give you a few good references or/and
the names of other people whom you could contact for further information;
 ● Looking up the names of speakers on your topic at conferences that may be useful to
contact;
● Examining the bibliographies and reference lists in key papers and books to identify
relevant references;
● Looking for references in indexes and abstract journals; which are available in
libraries either as hard copies or in computerized form.

REFERENCE
How should the reference be written?
For a Book
1. name/s of author/s, editor/s, compiler/s (surname, and initials or given name) or the
institution responsible.
2. year of publication
3. title of publication and subtitle if any (all titles must be underlined or italicized)
4. series title and individual volume if any
5. edition, if other than first
6. publisher
7. place of publication
8. page number(s) if applicable
How should the reference be written within the text?
● In the author-date (Harvard system), a textual citation generally requires only the
name of the author(s) and the year of publication (and specific page(s) if necessary)-
● This may appear at the end of a sentence, before the full stop.
● Alternatively, the author's surname may be integrated into the text, followed by the
year of publication in parentheses.
● The full reference must be listed at the end of your essay.
● It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991)
● It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel 1991, p. 94).
● Moir and Jessel (1991) have shown that it is futile to maintain that the sexes are
interchangeable.

Lecture four: FORMULATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

FORMULATION OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
– The general objective of a study states what researchers expect to achieve by the
study in general terms.
– It Is possible (and advisable) to break down a general objective into smaller, logically
connected parts. These are normally referred to as goiic objectives:
– Properly formulated, specific objectives will facilitate the development of your
research methodology and will help to orient the collection, analysis, interpretation
 and utilization of data.
The formulation of obiectives will help you to:
1. Focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials);
2. Avoid the collection of data which are not strictly necessary for understanding and
solving the problem you have identified
3. Organize the study in clearly defined parts or phases.
How to state the objectives?
Take care that the objectives of your study:
● Cover the different aspects of the problem and its contributing factors in a Coherent
way and in a logical sequence;
● Are clearly phrased in operational terms, specifying exactly what you are going to
do, where, and for what purpose;
● Are realistic considering local conditions; and
● Use action verbs that are specific enough to be evaluated
Examples of ACTION VERBS are:
-to determine, to compare, to verify, to calculate, to describe, and to establish.
-Avoid the use of vague non- action verbs such as: to appreciate, to understand, or to study.
How to formulate the title of the study?
– The title should be in line with your general objective. Make sure that it. is specific
enough to tell the reader what your study is about.
– NOT: 'A Study on Visual Analogy"
– BUT: 'Visual Analogy as a Cognitive Strategy in the Design Process'
– 'Creativity in the Design Process: Co-Evolution of Problem-Solution'
Variables
● NUMERICAL—> Continuous
—> discrete
● CATEGORIAL —> ORDINAL
—> NOMINAL

Study type
● The type of study chosen depends on:
● the type of problem;
● the knowledge already available about the problem; and
● the resources available for the study.
NON INTERVENTION: ‫ٮﻄﻠﻊ ﻣ)ٮﻬﺎ‬$ ‫ ﻣﺶ‬output
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– 8 ‫ڡﺖ (ڡ‬,‫ٮﺎ(ﺣﺪ ﻣﲏ و‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫ٮﺮ وﻣﺶ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ﺎ ﻛ‬,‫ٮهﺎش داٮ‬$‫ٮﺔ ﻣ(ڡ‬$‫ٮﻜﺸﺎ(ڡ‬,‫اﺳ‬
Exploratory: ‫ٮﺤﺚ‬#‫ى اﻟ‬
– Descriptive: ‫ٮﺎﻋﻬﺎ اﻃول‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫ٮﺤﺚ‬#‫ٮﺔ و(ٮﻄﺎق اﻟ‬$‫وﺻ(ڡ‬
– 8 ‫ٮﺮ (ڡ‬,‫ڡﺔ اﻛ‬,‫ٮﻌﻤ‬,‫ٮﻜون ﻣ‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫ٮي(ٮﻬﻢ‬# ‫ڡﺎرن‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫ﺤﻤيﻊ اﻟﺪا(ٮﺎ‬#,‫ٮﻌﺪ ٮ‬#
Comparative: ‫ٮﺤﺚ‬#‫ى اﻟ‬
> ‫ٮﺪ)ﺣﻞ )ڡ‬0‫ٮ‬$
> ‫ٮﺎع‬0‫ٮ‬$ ‫ٮﺤﺚ‬$‫ﺤﺔ اﻟ‬$‫ٮ?ٮ‬0‫ى )ٮ‬
INTERVENTION: ‫ى‬
– EXPERIMENTAL: ‫ٮﺖ‬$‫ ﺣﻄ‬input ‫ﺤﺔ‬#‫ٮ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ﻣﻦ ﻋ(ٮﺪي وﻋﻤﻠﺖ ﻣ(ٮﻪ (ٮ‬
– QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL: ‫ٮﺔ ﻣﺶ‬#‫ﺤر‬#‫ٮ‬,‫ﺤﲇ اﻟ‬ 8 ‫ﺤﻬﻮﻟﺔ (ڡ‬#‫ى ﻋ(ٮﺎﺻﺮ ﻣ‬
( ‫ٮ‬,‫ٮ‬#‫ٮﺔ و‬#‫ﺤر‬#‫ٮ‬,‫ى اﻟ‬ 8 ‫ٮﺔ (ڡ‬$‫ٮ‬#‫ﺤري‬#,‫ٮﻪ ٮ‬#‫ﺷ‬
‫ﻣ(ڡﻬﻮﻣﺔ‬
NEXT WEEK: ovjective + problem definition+ in parallel shaghalen fl data 3mtn lel mshro3 wl
areas wl site w ahm haga elsource bta3 elresearch

LECTURE FIVE : ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMMING

APPROACHES TO ARCHITECTURE PROGRAMMING
1. Design based programming
2. Knowledge based programming
3. Agreement based programming
4. Value based programming
1-DESIGN BASED PROGRAMMING
- The most frequently used programming method.
- Occurs simultaneously with the design process.
- Minimum amount of information is generated prior to initiation of the design process.
- Sometimes the client has already prepared a short program statement (client's brief).
- In most cases, a minimum amount of time and effort are expended in generating the
program, and the design proceeds forthwith (sometimes at the first meeting).
- If something was left out of the brief and not covered in the discussion, it becomes evident
in the drawings. The new information is then taken into account and a new drawing is
produced
This process is repeated until the client and architect are satisfied
- The thoroughness and accuracy of the client's brief
- The effectiveness of the architect as an interviewer
- The scope of the project
PROS
- A minimum amount of time is spent on generating programmatic information.
- Design can begin at the very first meeting of client and architect.
- There is intensive and often positive interaction between client and architect.
- The review of various design schemes may help the client recognize new ways to
accomplish their objectives.
- Both client and architect can claim the design solution as their own
CONS
- If the client's brief is flawed, it may be difficult to overcome with design.
- If the client already has a plan, the architect may have difficulty adjusting to the limited
aesthetic possibilities.
- The client may assume authority to make all decisions, including aesthetic and technical
ones.
- The process may become reactionary and adversarial rather than creative.
- In these cases, the process can be time consuming and costly for the architect.
Design based programming
‫ٮﺮة وﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ٮﺔ ﻋﲇ اﻃراف ﻛ‬$‫ٮﻜون ﻻزم ﻣﺮﺿ‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫ٮﺮة(ﻋﺸﺎن‬$‫ﻌ‬g‫ٮﺔ ﺻ‬$‫ﻣﺸﺎريﻊ ﺳﻜ(ٮ‬/‫ٮﻼ‬$‫ٮﺮة )(ڡ‬$‫ﻌ‬g‫ٮﻖ ﻋﲇ ﻣﺸﺎريﻊ ﺻ‬#‫ٮﻄ‬,$ ‫ٮ‬
‫ٮﺎ ﻛﻤﻌﻤﺎري‬$‫ٮﺔ ﻟ‬$‫ٮﻜﻮ(ٮﺶ ﻣﺮﺿ‬,‫ﻣ‬
2-KNOWLEDGE BASED PROGRAMMING
- In the 1960's a group of social and behavioral scientists began to have an impact on
architectural programming, with special interest in the built environment.
- Architects, interior designers, and other design professionals began to interact with social
scientists in the common concern that many buildings and other designed environments did
not work particularly well for the people they were meant to serve.
- Utilizing research methods, techniques, and tools developed by social and behavioral
scientists to study human attitudes
- These programming efforts have been of great benefit when considering facility needs for
large, complex building types such as prisons, hospitals..., where the architect may not have
a very good conception of the values, goals, and needs of persons in various divisions of the
organization.
- Interview key personnel, observe people, review literature...
PROS
- Brings to bear all currently available knowledge on the design problem.
- Develops new knowledge using the systematic methods of the sciences.
- Provides all of the information needed to design each space. Ex) space program sheet
- ‫ٮﺔ‬$‫اﻟﻌ(ٮﺎﺻﺮ اﻻﺳﺎﺳ‬/‫ٮﻠﻬﺎ‬$‫ٮ(ڡﺎﺻ‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫ٮ(ٮﺔ‬$‫ﺣﺎت ﻣﻌ‬#‫ٮﺎ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ٮﻪ اﺣ‬$‫ﻟكﻞ (ڡراغ ﻟ‬
- Especially useful on large, complex or innovative projects, when no one has a clear grasp of
the project requirements.
( ‫ٮ‬,‫ٮﺎج اﺳ‬,‫ﻣﺶ ﻣﺤ‬knowledge base ‫ٮﺮ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ٮﻦ ﻛ‬$‫ﺤﺪﻣ‬
‫ﺤﺪم ال‬ 8 ‫(ڡ‬
( ‫ٮ‬,‫ٮﺮة وﻻ ﻣﺴ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ﺶ (ڡرا(ﻋﺎت ﻛ‬$ ‫ٮﺮة ﻻن ﻣﻌ(ٮﺪٮ‬$‫ﻌ‬g‫ى ﻣﺸﺎريﻊ ﺻ‬
‫ٮﺬ‬$‫ٮﻌ‬#‫ڡﺖ ﻋﲇ اﻟﻤﺪي اﻟ‬,‫ٮيﺎ(ﺣﺪ و‬#‫و‬
CONS
- Can be yike consuming and costly for typical building projects
3-Agreement Based Programming
* This approach to programming relies on the knowledge of several key individuals in the
client's organization to generate the required programming information.
8 ‫ٮﻂ اﻟﻌﻤرا(ٮ‬$‫ﺤﻄ‬
‫ﺎ‬,‫ﺤﻤﻊ ﻣ(ٮﻬﻢ داٮ‬#‫ٮ‬# ‫ى‬ ( ‫ٮ‬,‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟ‬/‫ٮﺌﺔ‬$‫ٮﻞ ﻫ‬K‫ٮﺌﺔ ﻣ‬$‫ى ﻫ‬ 8 ‫ٮﺮ (ڡ‬,‫ﺤﺼﺺ اﻛ‬
8 ‫ٮﺎع‬,‫ٮ‬# ‫(ٮﺖ‬$ ‫ى ان اﻟكﻼٮ‬ ( ‫ﻣ(ٮ‬
( ‫ٮ‬,‫ڡﻌﺪ ﻣﻊ ﻣ‬,‫ٮ‬# WORK SESSIONS ‫ٮﻌﺪدة (ڡﻼزم (ٮﻮﺻﻞ‬,‫ﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺸروع ﻣ‬#‫ٮﺎ‬$‫ٮ‬,‫ﻻن اﺣ‬
‫ٮﻌﻤﻞ وورﻛﺸﻮب‬# ‫ٮﻦ‬$‫ﺤﺼﺼ‬
‫(ڡﺎق‬,‫ﻻٮ‬
* Key participants are officers of the organization who are appointed to a planning or
building committee to generate the needed programmatic information, to hire the architect,
and possibly to monitor construction.
* The programmer works with this committee to arrive at an acceptable set of design
requirements.
The programmer serves as a knowledgeable coordinator to assemble the program, collect
available data, and seek additional information from committee members and local bodies.

(PROBLEM SEEKING MATRIX)

PROS
* Ensures that information is obtained for every area in which the architect has design
concerns - the "whole problem."
* Having a representative group develop the program information during work sessions is
efficient and economical.
* Visually displaying the programming information during the work sessions helps the
participants to understand and influence the program.
* The client, users, and architect agree on the nature and scope of the problem before
design commences.
* the costs of orogramming changes during…??
8 ‫ٮﺎﻟﻤﺸكﻼت كﻠﻬﺎ (ڡ‬# ‫ٮﺮﻣﺞ ﻣﻠﻢ‬#‫اﻟﻤ‬
* ‫ٮ(ٮﺞ ف (ٮﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻠول ﻣﻦ اول ﻣﺮة‬,‫ٮ‬$‫ى اول ﻣ‬
 8 ‫ٮﺎﻟﻤﺸكﻼت كﻠﻬﺎ (ڡ‬# ‫ٮﺮﻣﺞ ﻣﻠﻢ‬#‫اﻟﻤ‬
* ‫ٮ(ٮﺞ ف (ٮﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻠول ﻣﻦ اول ﻣﺮة‬,‫ٮ‬$‫ى اول ﻣ‬
CONS
* The pre-fixed value categories in the matrix may be too limiting for some projects.
* Important information may be missed by using on-site work sessions as the primary
information gathering method.
* Limiting clients and users to programmatic concepts is frustrating when they have design
ideas that they want to express and include in the program.
* Not including detailed information on individual spaces may result in inappropriate
schematic design decisions.
* The problem statement requires the designer to be actively involved in the programming
process.
4-VALUE BASED PROGRAMMING
In the thoroughness of pre-design analysis, Wright, Kahn, and others avoid the pitfalls of
design-based programming and accomplish something more akin to, but less formal than,
the knowledge-based approach.
‫ٮﻪ‬,‫ٮﻤ‬$‫ڡ‬,‫ڡﻊ اﻟﻤﲀن و‬,‫ٮوري (ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮ‬,‫ٮﺴ‬$‫ٮﻪ ﻫ‬$‫ﺖ ﻟ‬$ ‫ٮﻪ اﻟﺴﺎٮ‬,‫ٮﻤ‬$‫ڡ‬, ‫ٮﻌﺔ ﻣﲀن اﻟﻤﺸروع او‬$‫ٮ‬#‫ى ﻃ‬
8 ‫ٮراع‬#
"Value-based programming tries to incorporate the best aspects and avoid the worst
problems of all of the prior programming approaches."
SIMILARITIES WITH OTHER APPROACHES
1. Introduces an examination of the fundamental nature of the design problem into the
earliest stages of architectural programming.
2. Adopts the systematic procedures used in knowledge-based programming whenever
they are needed to ensure that the information obtained during programming is reliable and
valid.
3. Recognizes the importance of obtaining agreement with the client, users, and
community in open work session environments.
VALUE vs AGREEMENT BASED PROGRAMMING
1. Letting the most important values or issues set the tone of the programming effort, while
making certain that recurring value areas are not inadvertently omitted.
2. Encouraging the clients and users to set forth both their programmatic and design ideas
for the project so that the designer will have benefit of their unique perspectives.
3. Being operated in such a way as to completely define the architectural problem whether
or not the designer is a participant in the programming process.
4. Include design development information presented on space program sheets in order to
help the designer make informed schematic design decisions.