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Phy 301 Lecture 3 2

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13 views13 pages

Phy 301 Lecture 3 2

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talal.saadaa
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS II

COMPLEX ALGEBRA
LECTURE - 3
Derivative of a complex function - Cauchy
Riemann conditions - Analytic functions
Derivative of a complex function-a

• A complex function f(z) is said to have a


derivative continuous at a point z0 if and
only if the limit ;
f ( z0 + !z ) # f ( z0 )
lim
!z"0 !z
I) Exists
II) Is finite
III) Does not depend on the direction of
approaching z
Derivative of a complex function-b

• We use the following notation


f ( z0 + !z ) # f ( z0 ) df
lim = = f ' (z0 )
!z"0 !z dz z = z0

• As we have mentioned we can approach a complex


number with different ways. The only condition is
the length of Δz to tend to zero. This means that
Arg(Δz) is not defined. The limit must be
independent of the Arg(Δz).
Derivative of a complex function-c

ArgΔz=π/2 ArgΔz=π/4

ArgΔz=0
z

• Example: Check if the following function is


differentiable
z ! z*
f (z) = z +
2
Derivative of a complex function-d
• When the derivative of two functions f and g
exist at a point the following rules apply.
d
dz
( f ( z ) + g ( z ) ) = f '
( z ) + g '
(z)

d
dz
( f ( z ) ! g ( z )) = f ' ( z ) ! g(z) + f ( z ) ! g ' (z)

d f (z)
" % f ( z ) ! g(z) ( f ( z ) ! g (z)
' '

$ ' =
dz # g ( z ) & g 2 (z)
d df dg
f (g(z)) = !
dz dg dz
Cauchy-Riemann conditions-1

• Let a complex function f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y). If the


derivative of this function exists at a certain point z.

!u !v !u !v
= , ="
!x !y !y !x
• These are the famous Cauchy-Riemann conditions.
The conditions imply also that
!u !v !v !u
f (z) =
'
+i = "i
!x !x !y !y
Cauchy-Riemann conditions-2

• Cauchy-Riemann conditions are necessary but not sufficient.


In this case we have the following theorem:
• If the function f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) has the following
properties in the vicinity of a point z0=(x0,y0):
1. u(x,y) and v(x,y) have continuous partial derivatives at z0.
!u !v !u !v
2. = , ="
!x ( x0 , y0 ) !y ( x0 , y0 ) !y ( x0 , y0 ) !x ( x0 , y0 )

• Then the derivative of f at z0=(x0,y0) exists.


Cauchy-Riemann conditions in polar
coordinates
• The previous theorem can be also expressed through
the polar form when z0 ! 0
• If the function f(z) = u(r,θ)+iv(r,θ) has the following
properties:
1. u(r,θ) and v(r,θ) have continuous partial derivatives
at (r0,θ0).
!u 1 !v 1 !u !v
2. = , =#
!r r !" r !" !r

• Then the derivative of f at z=(r0,θ0) exists and can be


written as: ' !i"
$ #u #v '
f (z0 ) = e 0
& +i )
% #r ( r0 ," 0 ) #r ( r0 ," 0 ) (
Analytic functions-a

• A function f(z) is called analytic in a region of the


complex plane if it is single-valued and differentiable
at any point in this region.
• If this region is the entire complex value then the
function is called entire.
• If the function is analytic around a point z0 then the
point is a regular one. Otherwise is called singular
point.
• Example of analytic function are the polynomial
functions.
Analytic functions-b

• If two functions are analytic in a region D


then their sum and product are analytic
functions in this region. Also their ratio is
analytic provided that the denominator is
different than zero in the entire region D.
• The composition of two analytic functions is
also an analytic function.
• It can be proved also that if a function is
analytic in a region D and its derivative is
zero in the entire region then the function is
constant in this region.
Harmonic functions-1

• If a function f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is analytic, then:


a) Cauchy-Riemann conditions imply that
ur 2 ur 2
! u=! v=0
"2u "2u "2 v "2 v
+ 2 = 0 and + 2 =0
"x 2
"y "x 2
"y

This is Laplace equation. One of the most important


equations in physics (electrostatics, ideal fluid flow
etc). Functions that obey this equation are called
harmonic.
Harmonic functions-2

b) The curves u(x,y)=const. and v(x,y)=const. are


orthogonal, that means:
ur ur
Where !u " !v = 0
ur "u "u ur "v "v
!u = x+ y, !v = x + y
"x "y "x "y

Where x and y are the unit vectors along x and y axes


Harmonic functions-3

• If two functions u and v are harmonic in a


region D and their partial derivatives satisfy
the Cauchy-Riemann equations then v is
called the harmonic conjugate of u.
• The following theorems do hold:
• A) If the function f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is
analytic in a region D, the functions u and v
are harmonic in D.
• B) A function f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is analytic
in a region D, if and only if, v is the harmonic
conjugate of u.

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