GOOGLE AIML INTERNSHIP REPORT
GOOGLE AIML INTERNSHIP REPORT
GOOGLE AIML INTERNSHIP REPORT
on
Pedestrian Signal Analysis System
During
IV Year I Semester Summer
Submitted to
The Department of Computer Science and Engineering-IOT In
partial fulfillment of the academic requirements of Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University
For
The award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Computer Science and Engineering-IOT By
Yenaganti vignesh
(22315A6902)
This is to certify that this Summer Industry Internship – II Report on “Artifical Intellience and
Machine”, submitted by yenaganti vignesh (22315A6902) in the year 2024 in partial fulfillment of the
academic requirements of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering-IOT , is a bonafide work in industry
internship that has been carried out during IV B Tech CSE-IOT I Semester Summer, will be
evaluated in IV B Tech CSE-IOT I Semester , under our guidance. This report has not been
submitted to any other institute or university for the award of any degree.
External Examiner
Date:-
DECLARATION
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY for partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of technology in COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-INTERNET OF
THINGS.
It is declared to the best of our knowledge that the work reported does not form part of any dissertation
submitted to any other University or Institute for award of any degree
YENAGANTI VIGNESH
22315A6902
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to all the people behind the screen who helped me to transform an
idea into a real application.
I would like to thank my Project co-ordinator Mrs. C. Swetha for his technical guidance, constant
encouragement and support in carrying out my project at college.
I profoundly thank Dr. T. Venkat Narayana Rao, Head of the Department of Computer Science &
Engineering –IOT who has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to my work.
I would like to express my heart-felt gratitude to my parents without whom I would not have been
privileged to achieve and fulfill my dreams. I am grateful to our principal, Dr. T. Ch. Siva Reddy, who
most ably run the institution and has had the major hand in enabling me to do my project.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would be great but
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their constant guidance and
encouragement crowns all the efforts with success. In this context, I would like thank all the other staff
members, both teaching and non-teaching, who have extended their timely help and eased my task.
YENAGANTI VIGNESH
22315A6906
INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE
INDEX
Page No
1. INTRODUCTION 7-8
1.1 Project Introduction 7
1.2 Scope 7
1.3 Project Overview 8
1.4 Objectives 9
2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 10
2.1 Performance Requirements 10
2.2 Software Requirements 11-12
2.3 Hardware Requirements 13-16
3. SYSTEM DESIGN 16
3.1 System Architecture 17
4.MODULES 18-19
5. IMPLEMENTATION AND RESULTS 20
5.1 Language / Technology Used 21-22
5.2 Sample Code 23-28
5.3 Results (Accuracy) / Output Screens 29-30
6. TESTING 31
6.1 Types of Testing 32
6.2 Test Cases 32
7. CONCLUSION 33
8. FUTURE SCOPE 34
9. REFERENCES 35
1. INTRODUCTION
The Pedestrian Signal Analysis System is a mammoth project for research and
development that will focus on designing, developing, implementing, and evaluating
state-of-the-art traffic signal control. The project will kick off by first installing a
network of sensors and cameras at different urban intersections to collect huge data
regarding vehicle and pedestrian movements. These data collection points will
afterwards provide the raw inputs which are necessary in order to develop predictive
models which can be effectively used to forecast both traffic and pedestrian flows.
Other aspects include developing adaptive signal control algorithms capable of
adjusting timings with signals dynamically according to real-time data inputs. This
goes much beyond the mere technical implementation, requiring close cooperation
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with municipal traffic authorities, city planners, and technology providers aimed at
ensuring the practicality, scalability, and compatibility of the system with existing
infrastructures. The system will be tested for effectiveness over a wide range of urban
locations, embracing geographical and demographic diversity
It will also involve much work on the data analysis and model fine-tuning that
includes real-time monitoring of system performance, data collection pertaining to
both the traffic flow and pedestrian movements, and using this data to fine-tune the
predictive models and adaptive control algorithms. In improving these models, the
project is expected to refine the accuracy and effectiveness of the signal control
system continuously. This is also the loop in which data is collected, analyzed, and the
model updated with the constant changes in urban development and traffic patterns.
Another aspect of the scope of the project involves public engagement and education.
Here, the project sensitizes local communities to the new benefits of the traffic signal
system and solicits responses from road users on what they would like done as the
system is implemented. This feedback will be invaluable in identifying potential
issues and areas for improvement. Public engagement also helps to create project
champions, whereby it ensures
1.3 Project Overview
The Pedestrian Signal Analysis System project is one that seeks to better provisions
for urban traffic management through the implementation of advanced data analytics
and adaptive signal control technologies. The project starts with a comprehensive
requirements analysis and further selection to identify the sites where the first
deployment would take place, bearing in mind the fact that a large number of
pedestrians and vehicles pass through these intersections. Thereafter, a network of
sensors and cameras will be deployed at these junctions to collect real-time data on
traffic volumes and pedestrian movements. This information will be relayed to a
central processing unit, in which information will be processed using machine
learning algorithms to draw predictive models of the intensity of the flow of traffic
and pedestrian activities.
. The project, in essence, aims to show the potentialities and advantages that one can
obtain by integrating real-time data analytics with adaptive signal control in building
an urban traffic management system that is more effective and safe.
8
Project Overview Other than the crucial importance of establishing robust data
infrastructures that allow for real-time collection, the project also includes the
establishment of secure, reliable communication networks that can easily and
efficiently relay data from the point of origin to the central processing unit. This will
also be followed by data storage and management systems that are capable of dealing
with very high volumes of data at any one given time, all done without compromising
on the integrity and security of the data.
The Pedestrian Signal Analysis System project ultimately aims at developing and
implementing a dynamic traffic signal control system that properly improves the
efficiency and safety of urban traffic management. It comprises of specific objectives:
reducing pedestrian-vehicle interaction lag time at intersections by dynamic
adjustment of control signal timings based on real-time pedestrian volume
measurements. The overall aim of the project is to make streets safer, enhance overall
road safety, reduce the occurrence of vehicular congestion, and increase traffic flow
with ease without an accident resulting from pedestrians and vehicles at intersections.
The other main focus is to create a solution that is very scalable and can adapt to
different dynamic urban environments with varying traffic situations and
infrastructures.
The project should be expected to encourage and support collaboration and innovation
in urban traffic management from a new outlook. This project brings together experts
in the field from various disciplines in an effort to contribute respective ideas and
approaches that would elleviate the complex challenges in traffic management. By the
same token, the collaborative approach will help create a strong network of
stakeholders able to support the development and implementation of the system.
Besides contributing toward the levels of continuous improvement, the project shall
focus on fostering a level of innovation in culture that would put the system abreast
and at the topmost order of any technological frontier in traffic management.
Lastly, the project furnishes a contribution to larger societal goals pertinent to
sustainability and conservation of the environment. The system helps to cut
emissions, hence contributing to cleaner air, among other advantages, by reducing
congestion and enhancing free traffic mobility. Besides, the system can spearhead
safer interactions
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2 SYSTEM ANALYSIS
Introduction
The performance requirements of the Pedestrian Signal Analysis System are quite
simple and delineate effectiveness and efficiency for the optimization of traffic flow,
enhance safety, and support urban mobility. The section identifies performance
criteria to be met by the system.
Other key performance requirements on PSAS relate to the optimization of the traffic flow at
junctions, avoiding congestion, reducing any vehicle's or pedestrian's waiting time in crossing
the road, and generally improving efficiency at intersections. Some performance measures in
optimizing traffic flow include the following:
● The system shall reduce the average wait time of vehicles and pedestrians by some
percentage, say 20%, relative to conventional signal systems.
● Increased capacity of the intersection: It will measure an increased number of vehicles
and pedestrians which can pass an intersection without danger during the peak and
off-peak hours.
● Better Coordination: This would be the degree to which a system coordinates traffic
signals in intersections that provide green waves with reduced stops and delays.
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2.1.2 Safety and Efficiency of Pedestrian Crossing
Introduction
This section will outline the requirements and functionalities for the software
components of the PSAS software requirements, which can only probably allow the
system to collect data on traffic and pedestrians, process it, analyze it, and manage
it. It, therefore, calls for specific software requirements necessary for the execution
of the objectives of the system in this section.
This will involve sensor data collection and processing. On this front, there will be a
requirement for a robust software system that will pick real-time information from
sensors and cameras from intersections, collect it, and process the data. This shall
have the following features:
● Sensor Integration: Software integration with all types of sensors, which can
capture data with respect to vehicle and pedestrian movement .
● Aggregation of multisensor data streams into a common format for analysis
and modeling.
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Real-Time Processing The software shall provide for real-time processing so that it
can allow the detection of data patterns, computation of traffic flows, and generation
of predictive analytics that support adaptive signal control.
12
● Backup and Recovery: Automate mechanisms of backup and recovery procedures to
be adopted in maintaining data integrity and guaranteeing continuity in case of
failures of hardware or disasters.
Introduction
The PSAS hardware specifications detail the aspects of physical infrastructure that
support software components, data acquisition sensors, and communication
networks with computing resources. This section explains specific hardware
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requirements imperative to be in place in order to meet the performance and
operational expectations from the system.
This would mean that some central processing unit would be required to bind
together data collected by the many sensors and cameras, process them, and then
analyze them. Hardware needed in this regard would include the following:
● Servers or Cloud Infrastructure: These give high-performance servers or
cloud-based computing resources for the processing of huge amounts of data
in real-time and running analytics.
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● Processing Power: The analyzer shall be equipped with a multi-core
processor that will provide appropriate processing power and memory to
execute algorithms in real-time, as well as predictive analytics.
● Storage Capacity: All historization data from PSAS and logs of operation
shall be stored within multi-level storage facilities such as SSD or RAID
arrays.
Communication Network
This dependable communication network contributes a lot in sending data in real-
time from the sensors and cameras into the central processing unit that makes the
system connect. Hardware needed:
● Network Infrastructure: Wired and wireless communication networks shall
be used in its implementation which will help in transferring data like
Ethernet, fibre optic, Wi-Fi, and cellular.
● Bandwidth and Latency: Enough bandwidth should be made available to be
available with very low latency for carrying real-time data from the sensors
to the central processing unit; no delays or line breaks.
● Redundancy and Resilience: Redundant paths of communications and
mechanisms of failover to ensure connectivity and continuity in the transfer
of data in case of network failures.
For system performance and analysis of data making live changes, user interface
devices would be required at the respective workstations of the Traffic Managers
who are constantly monitoring and City Planners.
Hardware to be required will be:
● Workstations or Terminals: A desktop computer or a Laptop or some
dedicated terminals with graphical user interface elements which give access
to PSAS dashboards and control panels.
● Touchscreen Display: Touch-enabled display or monitor, to be used for
visualizing real-time traffic and signal status and performance metrics in the
control centers.
15
● Peripheral Devices: Input devices, printers, other peripheral devices for
providing input to PSAS software, generating reports.
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3 SYSTEM DESIGN
The provided system architecture diagram illustrates the key components and their interactions
within the Pedestrian Signal Analysis System:
● Pedestrian Sensors: These sensors detect pedestrian presence and count, sending data to
the Signal Timing Algorithm through the Communication Network.
● Signal Timing Algorithm: This processing component calculates the optimal signal
timing based on real-time pedestrian data and sends the timing data to the Signal
Controller.
● Signal Controller: This controller changes the pedestrian signal state (e.g., "walk", "don't
walk") based on the timing data received from the Signal Timing Algorithm.
● System Monitor: This component continuously monitors the system's health and reports
statuses to ensure the system operates smoothly.
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4. MODULES
NUMPY
Numpy is a highly versatile and efficient array-processing library that provides a variety of tools
for working with multidimensional arrays. Its primary use case is in scientific computing with
Python, and it offers a range of essential features thatmake it a fundamental package for data
analysis.
One of Numpy's most significant features is its powerful N-dimensional array manipulation
capabilities. This functionality allows users to easily manipulate and operate on large datasets
with ease, making it an ideal tool for data analysis tasks that involve working with multi-
dimensional arrays.
Numpy also offers sophisticated broadcasting capabilities, which allows for more efficient
computation and manipulation of arrays. Broadcasting is the process of performing operations
on arrays of different shapes and sizes, and Numpy'sbroadcasting capabilities allow users to do
this with ease.
In addition to its array manipulation features, Numpy also provides tools for integrating codes
from different languages like C/C++ and Fortran. This is especially useful for scientific
computing tasks that require the use of external libraries or modules.
Numpy also offers a variety of mathematical functions, including useful linear algebra, Fourier
transform, and random number capabilities. These features make it a highly versatile tool for a
wide range of scientific computing tasks.
Furthermore, it can be used as a highly efficient and flexible container for storing and
manipulating non-specific data. Users can define arbitrary data types using Numpy, allowing for
seamless and rapid integration with a wide variety of databases.
Overall, Numpy is a highly valuable tool for scientific computing and data analysis tasks,
offering a wide range of features and capabilities that enable users to work with large datasets
with ease and efficiency.
OPENCV
OpenCV also called Open Source Computer Vision Library which is a powerful, versatile open
source library primarily focused on real time computer vision and image processing. It is
implemented in C++ but has bindings to many other languages such as Python, Java, and
MATLAB. The numerous functionalities of OpenCV range from image processing, video
capturing to machine learning and deep learning capabilities. In this specific application,
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OpenCV is used for video capturing, frame reading or preprocessing of images, detection of
objects and visual annotation.
Key Features and Functions in This Application:
Video Capture:
Initialization: cv2.VideoCapture initializes the video capture from either a webcam or a video
file. In this application cap = cv2.VideoCapture(‘videoo.mp4’) will open a video file named
‘videoo.mp4’.
Frame Reading: Processing each frame for object detection involves using cap.read() to read
frames from the video stream within a loop.
Blob Conversion: Transforming units into blobs using cv2.dnn.blobFromImage, since it is
necessary to use frames in the format required for deep learning models. It resizes an image,
normalizes pixel values and reshapes it accordingly with YOLO model input requirements.
Without this step it would not be possible that the model processes the image data accurately.
Time
The time module in Python is an essential library that provides a range of functions for handling
time-related tasks. Though not explicitly used in the provided code, its inclusion can
significantly enhance the functionality and performance of applications, particularly those
dealing with real-time data processing and time-sensitive operations.
It facilitates seamless fusion with popular data science libraries like Pandas and Matplotlib,
streamlining the process of visualizing and sharing insights. Its user-friendly interface enhances
collaboration, allowing teams to iterate rapidly and showcase their work effectively. Streamlit
thus accelerates the development cycle, making data-driven decision-making more accessible
and efficient.
In the context of the traffic monitoring system outlined in the code, the time module can be used
to enhance various aspects of the application. For instance, time-stamping each frame processed
can provide a chronological record of traffic events, helping in post-event analysis and reporting.
Calculating the duration of red light signals dynamically, based on pedestrian and vehicle counts,
can be optimized by accurately measuring processing times. Introducing delays between frame
processing can prevent the system from overloading and ensure smoother operation.
Requests
The Python Requests module significantly simplifies the task of sending HTTP requests and
managing responses smoothly. Its user-friendly interface facilitates seamless interaction with
19
web services, whether retrieving data or submitting forms. Boasting a plethora of features, such
as comprehensive support for diverse HTTP methods and authentication options, Requests
greatly eases the incorporation of web APIs into Python projects. Its popularity derives from its
easy-to-use design and extensive documentation, rendering it a preferred tool among developers
in various sectors. By eliminating intricacies, Requests enables developers to concentrate on
crafting resilient applications, thereby expediting development processes and nurturing
creativity in web-centric endeavors.
Playsound
The playsound module in Python stands out for its simplicity and ease of use, making it an ideal
choice for applications that require basic audio playback capabilities. Unlike more complex
audio libraries, playsound focuses solely on playing sound files, eliminating the need for
intricate setup or extensive code.
The playsound module is a powerful tool for adding audio capabilities to Python applications
with minimal effort. Its simplicity, coupled with its effectiveness in providing auditory feedback,
makes it an excellent choice for alert systems and other use cases where sound playback is
needed. By using playsound, developers can enhance the interactivity and responsiveness of
their applications, ensuring that critical alerts and notifications are delivered effectively to the
users.
5 IMPLEMENTATION
● Python:
Python is fairly versatile given its wide libraries, mostly making it a practical choice for
integrating YOLO and for developing the back-end algorithms.
Use: Python will be used to implement the YOLO-based object-detection models, for the
real-time processing of the video, and for its interaction with the rest of the system.
Description: SQL stands for Structured Query Language, designed to manage and query
relational databases—the most demanded process in the storage and retrieval of
structured data.
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Application: Used to store traffic data, historical records, and performance measures in a
relational database such as PostgreSQL or MySQL.
● HTML/CSS:
Description: For web pages, HTML helps to structure them, and CSS allows information
to be styled giving the presentation and layout.
Application: Design and format interface components, dashboards, and interactive
elements of the web-based system interface.
• Fine-tune the YOLO tool for object detection, model training, and deployment to
optimize the performance of YOLO models.
OpenCV: In this work, implementation tools with libraries for image and video
processing are quite required for preparing input data and post-processing YOLO
approaches to detection.
Apache Kafka and Apache Spark: They allow processing real-time data flows from
cameras located at each intersection, processing input data efficiently, and, in the end,
integrating the results of YOLO detection.
Redis: YOLO detection results are cached in the system, real-time updating of data for
adaptive signal control, and updates on the user interface changes.
AWS, Azure, Google Cloud Platform: They avail scalable infrastructure on deployed
YOLO models, handling immense data processing, and backhousing of the backend
services.
Docker, Kubernetes: They avail containerization and orchestration tools, offering
deployment of YOLO and all other system components in scalable and reliable
environments.
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5. System Integration and Deployment Considerations
APIs and Interfaces: The final YOLO detection results are incorporated into the backend
service by using RESTful APIs as an operational technique in order to be maintained in
seamless operation with their respective, adaptive signal control modules, and the data
visualization and management.
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5.2 SAMPLE CODE
detector.py
import cv2
import
numpy as
np import
time
import
requests
from playsound import
playsound import threading
def play_alert_sound():
playsound(ALERT_SOUND)
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T_P = pedestrian_count * adjustment_pedestrian
T_V = vehicle_count * adjustment_vehicle
return T_red
frame_count = 0
while
cap.isOpened():
ret, frame =
cap.read() if
not ret:
break
frame_count += 1
# Initialize counts
pedestrian_count = 0
vehicle_count = 0
# Process
detections for
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detection in
detections:
for obj in
detection:
scores = obj[5:]
class_id =
np.argmax(scores)
confidence = scores[class_id]
if confidence > 0.5:
# Get coordinates for the
bounding box center_x =
int(obj[0] * width) center_y =
int(obj[1] * height) w=
int(obj[2] * width) h =
int(obj[3] * height) x=
int(center_x - w / 2)
y = int(center_y - h / 2)
if len(indices) > 0:
for i in indices.flatten():
box = boxes[i] x,
y, w, h = box
class_id = class_ids[i]
label =
str(classes[class_id])
25
cv2.rectangle(frame, (x, y), (x + w, y + h), (255, 0, 0), 2)
app.py
26
from flask import Flask, render_template, jsonify,
request import threading
app = Flask(__name__)
# Shared data for pedestrian count, vehicle count, and red light
duration shared_data = { "pedestrian_count": 0,
"vehicle_count": 0,
"red_light_duration": 10
}
@app.route('/data',
methods=['GET']) def
data(): return
jsonify(shared_data)
@app.route('/increase_duration',
methods=['POST']) def increase_duration():
shared_data["red_light_duration"] +=
10 return jsonify(success=True)
def run_flask():
app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=False)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Traffic Signal Control</title>
<script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Traffic Signal Control</h1>
<p>Pedestrian Count: <span id="pedestrian-count">0</span></p>
<p>Vehicle Count: <span id="vehicle-count">0</span></p>
27
<p>Red Light Duration: <span id="red-light-duration">10</span>
seconds</p> <button id="increase-duration">Increase Duration by
10s</button>
<script>
function updateData() {
$.getJSON('/data', function(data) {
$('#pedestrian-count').text(data.pedestrian_count);
$('#vehicle-count').text(data.vehicle_count);
$('#red-light-duration').text(data.red_light_duration);
});
}
$(document).ready(function() {
updateData();
setInterval(updateData, 1000);
$('#increase-duration').click(function() {
$.post('/increase_duration', function(response) {
if (response.success) {
updateData();
}
});
});
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
PATH SCREENSHOT
28
5.3 RESULTS (ACCURACY) / OUTPUT SCREENS
29
Fig.5.3.2 Output Screenshot 2
30
Fig.5.3.3 Output Screenshot 3
System testing comprises a series of diverse tests aimed at thoroughly exercising the
computerbased system. While each test serves a distinct purpose, all are geared towards
confirming that all system elements have been effectively integrated and are performing their
designated functions. The testing process is conducted to ensure that the product precisely
fulfills its intended purpose. During the testing phase, the following objectives are pursued:
● To affirm the quality of the project.
● To identify and rectify any lingering errors from previous stages.
● To validate the software as a solution to the initial problem.
● To ensure the operational reliability of the system.
Testing Methodologies
There are many different types of testing methods or techniques used as part of the software
testing methodology. Some of the important testing methodologies are:
Unit Testing
Unit testing serves as the foundational stage of testing, typically undertaken by developers
themselves. It involves validating the functionality of individual software components at the
code level to ensure they operate as intended. In environments following test-driven
development practices, developers often create and execute these tests before handing over
the software or feature to the testing team. While unit testing can be performed manually,
automating this process expedites delivery timelines and widens test coverage. Additionally,
automated unit testing facilitates quicker debugging, as detecting and addressing issues early
on reduces the time required compared to identifying them later in the testing cycle. Test Left,
a tool designed to empower advanced testers and developers, supports the shift-left approach
by integrating the fastest test automation tool into any Integrated Development Environment
(IDE).
System Testing
System testing, categorized as a black box testing method, is employed to assess the fully
assembled and integrated system, verifying its compliance with specified requirements. This
testing process entails evaluating the software's functionality from start to finish and is
32
commonly executed by a distinct testing team separate from the development team prior to
product's deployment into production.
6.2 TESTCASES
33
7 CONCLUSION
The Pedestrian Signal Analysis System is a project of evolutionary strides toward redefining
city traffic management with state-of-the-art technologies that ensure enhanced pedestrian
safety and improve efficiency in traffic flow. It integrates real-time data acquisition and
stateof-the-art machine learning models for object detection, such as YOLO, with self-tuning
signal control mechanisms that enable dynamic response to the challenges posed by the
modern urban environment.
The PSAS improves intersection safety by detecting pedestrians and vehicles accurately and
adjusts signal timings accordingly. More than that, it is what ensures smooth traffic flow,
reduces congestion, and cuts down delays. What is more, the potential of the system to scale
and be integrated into broader smart city initiatives positions it as the cornerstone for future
urban infrastructure able to evolve with technological advancement and expand to meet
growing cities. Besides robust processing of data and user-friendly interfaces, it is the
performance-driven methodologies that ensure that this PSAS is not just any other
technological solution; rather, it represents a strategic tool for urban planners and traffic
managers all over the world.
The PSAS project concludes with the creation of a vision of innovative mobility in cities
through safety, efficiency, and adaptability, thus giving the pathway to smarter and more
livable cities. It represents a groundbreaking advancement in city traffic management,
leveraging modern technologies to redefine how urban traffic is controlled and optimized.
This project integrates real-time data acquisition with sophisticated machine learning models
for object detection, such as YOLO (You Only Look Once). YOLO's advanced capabilities
enable accurate and rapid identification of pedestrians and vehicles, ensuring that traffic
signals can be dynamically adjusted based on current conditions. The core of the PSAS lies in
its ability to enhance pedestrian safety while simultaneously improving traffic flow. By
accurately detecting pedestrians at intersections, the system adjusts signal timings to ensure
safe crossing opportunities. This dynamic response helps prevent accidents and promotes
safer environments for pedestrians.
Furthermore, by analyzing real-time data, the PSAS can optimize signal timings to smooth
traffic flow, reduce congestion, and minimize delays. This results in a more efficient use of
roadways and a reduction in overall traffic-related issues.
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8 FUTURE SCOPE
35
9 REFERENCES
[1] Redmon, J., & Farhadi, A. (2018). YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement. arXiv preprint
arXiv:1804.02767.
[2] https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.02767
[4] https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/road-traffic-injury-prevention-training-manual
[5] [2201.03176] Pedestrian Detection: Domain Generalization, CNNs, Transformers and Beyond
(arxiv.org)
[7] Sensors | Free Full-Text | Design and Implementation of a Smart Traffic Signal Control System
for Smart City Applications (mdpi.com)
[8] Sensors | Free Full-Text | Design and Implementation of a Traffic Signal Control System for
City Applications (mdpi.com)
[9] Sensors | Free Full-Text | Integration of IoT-Enabled Technologies and Artificial Intelligence
(AI) for Smart City Scenario: Recent Advancements and Future Trends (mdpi.com)
[10] https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.06740
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