Virtual University of Pakistan Fall 2024

Department of Mathematics Assignment 1

Due Date: NOV. 22, 2024
Section: Dr Imran Talib
Marks 30

MTH501: Linear Algebra

Question 1: Find the LU decomposition of the following matrix A of order 3 × 3:
 
4 −2 1
A= 3
 6 −1
2 1 8

Answer to Question 1

Given the matrix A of order 3 × 3:

 
4 −2 1
A = 3 6 −1
2 1 8

Part A: 1. Find the LU decomposition of the matrix A, where A = LU . Here, L is a lower triangular
matrix, and U is an upper triangular matrix.
2. Show all the steps involved in the LU decomposition, including the calculation of the multipliers
used to transform A into an upper triangular matrix.
Part B: 1. Verify your result by multiplying the matrices L and U to check if they give the original
matrix A.

1
Solution
Part A: LU Decomposition
We begin by applying Gaussian elimination to transform the matrix A into an upper triangular
matrix U , while keeping track of the multipliers to construct the matrix L.
 
4 −2 1
A = 3 6 −1
2 1 8

Step 1: Eliminate entries below the pivot in the first column

For row 2, the multiplier is:

A21 3
l21 = = = 0.75
A11 4
For row 3, the multiplier is:

A31 2
l31 = = = 0.5
A11 4
Now, perform the row operations:
- Row 2: R2 → R2 − l21 R1 - Row 3: R3 → R3 − l31 R1
The matrix becomes:
 
4 −2 1
A = 0 7.5 −2.75
0 2 7.5

Thus, the lower triangular matrix L is:

 
1 0 0
L = 0.75 1 0
0.5 0 1

Step 2: Eliminate entries below the pivot in the second column

For row 3, the multiplier is:

A32 2
l32 = = ≈ 0.2667
A22 7.5
Now, perform the row operation:
- Row 3: R3 → R3 − l32 R2
The matrix becomes:
 
4 −2 1
A = 0 7.5 −2.75
0 0 7.4

Thus, the matrix U is:

2
  
4 −2 1
U = 0 7.5 −1.75
0 0 7.967

The lower triangular matrix L is updated to:

 
1 0 0
L = 0.75 1 0
0.5 0.2667 1

Thus, the LU decomposition of matrix A is:

   
1 0 0 4 −2 1
L = 0.75 1 0 , U = 0 7.5 −1.75
0.5 0.2667 1 0 0 7.967

Part B: Verification
To verify the LU decomposition, multiply the matrices L and U to check if we recover the original
matrix A:
  
1 0 0 4 −2 1
L · U = 0.75 1 0 0 7.5 −1.75
0.5 0.2667 1 0 0 7.967

Performing the multiplication:

 
4 −2 1
L · U = 3 6 −1
2 1 8

This is indeed the original matrix A, confirming that the LU decomposition is correct.

Question 2: Using the LU decomposition of the coefficientmatrix

 A as computed in Question 1, solve the
3
following system of linear equations Ax = b, where b = 5.
7

4x − 2y + z = 3
3x + 6y − z = 5
2x + y + 8z = 7.

Answer to Question 2

Solving the System Ax = b

 
3
We are given b = 5 and need to solve the system Ax = b using the LU decomposition. From
7
A = LU , we have the system:

LU x = b

3
 Let y = U x, so the system becomes:

Ly = b
Ux = y

We solve these two systems step by step.

Step 1: Solve Ly = b
The system is:
    
1 0 0 y1 3
0.75 1 0 y2  = 5
0.5 0.2667 1 y3 7

Solve this system by forward substitution:

1. y1 = 3
2. 0.75y1 + y2 = 5 0.75 · 3 + y2 = 5 y2 = 5 − 2.25 = 2.75
3. 0.5y1 + 0.2667y2 + y3 = 7 0.5 · 3 + 0.2667 · 2.75 + y3 = 7 y3 = 7 − 1.5 − 0.7333 = 4.7667.
 
3
Thus, y =  2.75 .
4.7667

Step 2: Solve U x = y
Now, solve the system:
    
4 −2 1 x1 3
0 7.5 −1.75 x2  =  2.75 
0 0 7.967 x3 4.7667

Solve this system by backward substitution:

x1 = 0.853555927475593
x2 = 0.506277126917713
x3 = 0.598330543933054

Question 3: Define a linear transformation T : R2 → R2 by

    
0 −1 x1 −x2
T (x) = = .
1 0 x2 x1
   
4 2
Find the images under T of u = and v = .
1 3

Answer to Question 3

We are given the linear transformation

    
0 −1 x1 −x2
T (x) = = .
1 0 x2 x1

4
    
4 2
To find the images of u = and v = , we proceed as follows:
1 3

 
4
1. Image of u: Substituting u = into T :
1
  
0 −1 4
T (u) = .
1 0 1

Performing the matrix multiplication:

   
0 · 4 + (−1) · 1 −1
T (u) = = .
1·4+0·1 4

Thus, the image of u is:  

−1
T (u) = .
4

 
2
2. Image of v: Substituting v = into T :
3
  
0 −1 2
T (v) = .
1 0 3

Performing the matrix multiplication:

   
0 · 2 + (−1) · 3 −3
T (v) = = .
1·2+0·3 2

Thus, the image of v is:  

−3
T (v) = .
2

Final Results: The images under T are:

   
−1 −3
T (u) = , T (v) = .
4 2