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Z Transform

Definition:1
Lef {f (n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, ±1, ±2, · · · .Then the Z-transform is defined as

∞
X
Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n , [z → a complex number]
n=−∞
= F (z)

This is called two sided or bilateral Z-transform.

Definition:2

∞
X
Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n , [z → a complex number]
n=0
= F (z)

ne t
This is called one sided or unilateral Z-transform.

n g .
i
1. Find

(a) Z[an ]

e e r
Solution:

i n
ng
Given f (n) = an

E
∞
X
f (n)z −n

y
Z[f (n)] =

as
n=0
X∞
Z[an ] an z −n

E
=

w . =
n=0
X∞
(az −1 )n

w w =

=
n=0
1 + az −1 + (az −1 )2 + (az −1 )3 + · · ·

(1 − az −1 )−1 if |az −1 | < 1

1 a
= a if | | < 1
1− z
z
z
= if |z| > |a|
z−a

Note:

z
If a = 1, Z[1] = if |z| > 1
z−1
z
If a = −1, Z[−1] = if |z| > 1
z+1

i. Find Z[1]

ii. Find Z[−1]

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 n
−1
iii. Find
3
(b) Z[n]
Solution:
Given f (n) = n

∞
X
Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n
n=0
X∞
Z[n] = nz −n
n=0
= 0 + 1 · z −1 + 2 · z −2 + 3 · z −3 + · · ·
1 1 1
= + 2 + 3 3 + ···
z  z2 z 
1 1 1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + ···
z z z
 −2
1 1
=
z

1−

1 z−1
z
−2
if |z| > 1

ne t
=
z
1

z
z2


n g .
=

=
z (z − 1)2
z

e ri if |z| > 1
(z − 1)2

i n e
ng
 
1
(c) Z
n
Solution:

y E 1

as
Given f (n) =
n

w . E Z[f (n)] =
∞
X

n=0
∞
f (n)z −n

w
 
1 X 1 −n
Z = z
n n

w =
n=1

= z −1 +
z −2
2
+

− log 1 − z −1
z −3

3
+ ···

if |z| > 1
 
1
= − log 1 −
z
 
z−1
= − log
z
z
= loge if |z| > 1
z−1

 
1
(d) Z
n!
Solution:

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1
Given f (n) =
n!

∞
X
Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n
n=0
  ∞
1 X 1 −n
Z = z
n n=0
n!
z −1 z −2 z −3
= 1+ + + + ···
1! 2! 3!
−1
= ez
1
= ez

 
1
(e) Z
(n + 1)!
Solution:
1
Given f (n) =
(n + 1)!

ne t
.
X
Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n
 
1
n=0
∞
1

i n g
r
X
Z = z −n
n (n + 1)!

=
1
n=0

n
+
z
+
−1
z
+
z
e
−2
e −3
+ ···

ng
= z i
1!
z −1
1!
2!
+
z −2
2!
3!
+
z −3
3!
4!
+ ···


E
h −1 i
z
= z e −1

as y h 1
= z ez − 1
i

(f) Z
an


n!


w . E
w
Solution:
an

w Given f (n) =
n!

Z[f (n)] =
∞
X
f (n)z −n
n=0
∞
an an −n
  X
Z = z
n n=0
n!
∞
X (az −1 )n
=
n=0
n!
az −1 (az −1 )2 (az −1 )3
= 1+ + + + ···
1! 2! 3!
−1
= eaz
a
= ez

i. Find Z[nan ]

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Property:Differentiation in Z-Domain

d d
2. Prove that Z[nf (n)] = −z Z[f (n)] = −z F (z).
dz dz
Solution:

∞
X
W.K.T F (z) = Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n
n=0
∞
d d X
F (z) = f (n)z −n
dz dz n=0
∞
X
= f (n)(−n)z −n−1
n=0
∞
X 1
= − nf (n)z −n
n=0
z
∞
d X
−z nf (n)z −n

t
F (z) =
dz

e
n=0

n
d

.
Z[nf (n)] = −z F (z)
dz

(a) Find Z[n2 ]

i n g
Solution:

e e r
Z[n2 ]
i n
Z[n × n]

ng
=
d
= −z Z[n]

s y E = −z
dz
d z
dz (z − 1)2

.E a = −z



(z − 1)2 (1) − z2(z − 1)(1)
(z − 1)4
(z − 1)(z − 1 − 2z



w w =

=
−z

−z

(z − 1)4
−z − 1


w =
2
z +z
(z − 1)3

(z − 1)3

z 3 + 4z 2 + z
Show that Z[n3 ] =
(z − 1)4
(b) Find Z[nan ]
Solution:

d
Z[nan ] = −z Z[an ]
dz
d z
= −z
dz z − a
(z − a)(1) − z(1)
= −z
(z − a)2
az
=
(z − a)2

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(c) Find Z[(n + 1)(n + 2)]

Solution:

Z[(n + 1)(n + 2)] = Z[n2 + 3n + 2]

= Z[n2 ] + 3Z[n] + 2Z[1]

z2 + z z z
= +3 +2
(z − 1)3 (z − 1)2 z−1
z 2 + z + 3z(z − 1) + 2z(z − 1)2
=
(z − 1)3
z + z + 3z − 3z + 2z(z 2 − 2z + 1)
2 2
=
(z − 1)3
z + z + 3z − 3z + 2z 3 − 4z 2 + 2z
2 2
=
(z − 1)3
3
2z
=
(z − 1)3

(d) Find Z[n(n − 1)(n − 2)]

ne t
Solution:

n g .
Z[n(n − 1)(n − 2)] = Z[n3 − 3n2 + 2n]

e ri
= Z[n3 ] − 3Z[n2 ] + 2Z[n]

=
i n
z 3 + 4z 2 + z
− 3
z2 + z
e +2
z

ng
(z − 1) 4 (z − 1) 3 (z − 1)2
z + 4z + z − 3(z + z)(z − 1) + 2z(z − 1)2
3 2 2
=

y E (z − 1)4
z + 4z + z + (−3z 2 − 3z)(z − 1) + 2z(z 2 − 2z + 1)
3 2

as
=
(z − 1)4
z + 4z + z − 3z − 3z 2 + 3z 2 + 3z + 2z 3 − 4z 2 + 2z
3 2 3

w . E =

=
6z
(z − 1)4
(z − 1)4

w w
3. Find Z[an cos nθ] and Z[an sin nθ]
Solution:

W.K.T eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ

and einθ = cos nθ + i sin nθ

z
Also Z[an ] =
z−a
z
⇒ Z[(aeiθ )n ] =
z − aeiθ
z
⇒ Z[an cos nθ + ian sin nθ] =
z − a(cos θ + i sin θ)
z
⇒ Z[an cos nθ] + iZ[an sin nθ] =
(z − a cos θ) − ia sin θ
z (z − a cos θ) + ia sin θ
=
(z − a cos θ) − ia sin θ (z − a cos θ) + ia sin θ

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z[(z − a cos θ) + ia sin θ]

=
(z − a cos θ)2 + a2 sin2 θ
z(z − a cos θ) + iza sin θ
=
z 2 − 2za cos θ + a2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ
z(z − a cos θ) + iza sin θ
=
z 2 − 2za cos θ + a2
z(z − a cos θ) za sin θ
= +i 2 ......(1)
z 2 − 2za cos θ + a2 z − 2za cos θ + a2
z(z − a cos θ) za sin θ
Similarly Z[an cos nθ] − iZ[an sin nθ] = 2 2
−i 2 ......(2)
z − 2za cos θ + a z − 2za cos θ + a2

2z(z − a cos θ)
(1) + (2) ⇒ 2Z[an cos nθ] =
z 2 − 2za cos θ + a2
z(z − a cos θ)
⇒ Z[an cos nθ] = 2
z − 2za cos θ + a2
2za sin θ
(1) − (2) ⇒ 2Z[an sin nθ] = 2
z − 2za cos θ + a2
⇒ Z[an sin nθ] = 2
za sin θ
z − 2za cos θ + a2

ne t
Note:

n g .
Find Z[2n cos
nπ
2
]

e ri
W.K.T Z[an cos nθ]

i n =
e
z(z − a cos θ)
z 2 − 2za cos θ + a2

ng
π
put a = 2 and θ =
2
π

s y E n π
Z[2 cos n ]
2
=
z(z − 2 cos
2
π
)

z 2 − 2z(2) cos + 4
2

.E a Z[2n cos
nπ
2
] =
z2
z2 + 4

w w
Find Z[2n sin
nπ
2
]

w
4. Find Z[cos nθ] and Z[sin nθ]
Hint:Put a = 1

z(z − cos θ)
Ans : Z[cos nθ] =
z 2 − 2z cos θ + 1
z sin θ
Z[sin nθ] =
z 2 − 2z cos θ + 1

nπ nπ
Find Z[cos ] and Z[sin ]
2 2
Note:1

1. Z[e−at f (t)] = Z[f (t)]z→zeaT

2. Z[an f (t)] = Z[f (t)]z→ az

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Note:2
Find Z[nan ]
Solution:

Z[nan ] = Z[n]z→ az
z
= z
(z − 1)2 z→ a
z
= a
z 2
−1
a
z
= a
 2
z−a
a
z a2
=
a (z − a)2
=
az
(z − a)2

ne t
Try Z[an cos nθ] and Z[an sin nθ]

n g .
e ri
Find Z[e−at sin bt]

i n e
ng
W.K.T Z[e−at f (t)] = Z[f (t)]z→zeaT

y E Z[e−at sin bt] = Z[sin bt]z→zeaT

as
= Z[sin bnT ]z→zeaT
z sin bT

E
=

w . =
z 2 − 2z cos bT + 1 z→zeaT

2
z e 2aT
zeaT sin bT
− 2zeaT cos bT + 1

w w
5. Find the Z-transform of
Solution:
1
(n + 1)(n + 2)

1 A B
Let = +
(n + 1)(n + 2) n+1 n+2
1 = A(n + 2) + B(n + 1)

Put z = −1 Put z = −2
⇒1=A ⇒ 1 = −B ⇒ B = −1

1 1 1
= −
(n + 1)(n + 2) n+1 n+2

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1 1 1
Z = Z −Z ......(1)
(n + 1)(n + 2) n+1 n+2
  ∞
1 X 1
Now Z = z −n
n+1 n=0
n + 1
z −1 z −2 z −3
1+ = + + + ···
 −12 −2
3
−3
4
z −4

z z z
= z + + + + ···
1 2 3 4
−1


= −z log 1 − z if |z| > 1
 
1
= −z log 1 −
z
 
z−1
= −z log
z
z
= z loge if |z| > 1
z−1
  ∞
1 X 1
Also Z = z −n
n+2 n=0
n + 2

=
1 z −1
+
2  3
+
z −2
4
+
z −3
5
+ ···

ne t
−2
z −3 z −4

.

2 z
+ ···

g
= z + +
2 3 4

= 2

z − log 1 − z −1

z −1
−
1


ri n if |z| > 1

=

−z 2 log 1 −
1

+z
e e
in
z
 
z−1
=

n g
−z 2 log

z

+z

E
z
= z 2 loge +z if |z| > 1

Sub in (1)
a s y z−1

w . E Z

1
(n + 1)(n + 2)

= z loge
z−1
z
+ z 2 loge

z
z−1

+z

w w  
= (z − z 2 ) loge

z
z−1

+z

2n + 3
Find Z
(n + 1)(n + 2)  
z
Ans: (z + z 2 ) loge −z
z−1

6. Prove that Z[f (n + 1)] = z[F (z) − f (0)][Second Shifting Theorem]

Solution:

∞
X
F (z) = Z[f (n)] = f (n)z −n
n=0
X∞
Z[f (n + 1)] = f (n + 1)z −n
n=0
X∞
= f (n + 1)z −n z −1 z
n=0

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∞
X
= z f (n + 1)z −(n+1)
n=0

Put n + 1 = m,
if n = 0 ⇒ m = 1
if n = ∞ ⇒ m = ∞

∞
X
we get, Z[f (n + 1)] = z f (m)z m
m=1
X∞
= z f (m)z m + zf (0)z −0 − zf (0)z −0
m=1
" ∞ #
X
m −0
= z f (m)z + f (0)z − zf (0)
m=1
∞
X
= z f (m)z m − zf (0)
m=0
= zF (z) − zf (0)

ne t
Note:

n g .
If Z[f (n)] = f (z) then find Z[f (n − k)] and Z[f (n + k)]

Initial and Final value Theorem:

e ri
7. State and prove the Initial and final value theorem.

i n e
ng
Solution:
Initial value theorem:

y E
as
If Z[f (n)] = f (z) then f (0) = lim F (z)
z→∞

w . EW.K.T F (z) = Z[f (n)] =

∞
X

n=0
f (n)z −n

w w = f (0) + f (1)z −1 + f (2)z −2 + f (3)z −3 + · · ·

= f (0) +
f (1) f (2) f (3)
 z
lim F (z) = lim f (0) +
+ 2 + 3 + ···
z z
f (1) f (2) f (3)
+ 2 + 3 + ···


z→∞ z→∞ z z z
= f (0)

Final value theorem:

If Z[f (n)] = f (z) then lim f (n) = lim (z − 1)F (z)
n→∞ z→1

W.K.T Z[f (n + 1)] = z[F (z) − f (0)]

= zF (z) − zf (0)

Z[f (n + 1)] − F (z) = zF (z) − zf (0) − F (z)

Z[f (n + 1)] − Z[f (n)] = (z − 1)F (z) − zf (0)

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Z[f (n + 1) − f (n)] = (z − 1)F (z) − zf (0)

∞
X
[f (n + 1) − f (n)]z−n = (z − 1)F (z) − zf (0)
n=0
lim (z − 1)F (z) − f (0) = lim [f (1) − f (0) + f (2) − f (1) + f (3) − f (2) + · · · + f (n + 1) − f (n)]
z→1 n→∞

= lim [f (n) − f (0)]

n→∞

lim (z − 1)F (z) − f (0) = lim [f (n) − f (0)]

z→1 n→∞

lim (z − 1)F (z) = lim f (n)

z→1 n→∞

Convolution Theorem

Note:
an+1 − 1
1. 1 + a + a2 + a3 + . . . + an = ifa > 1
a−1
n+1
1−a
2. 1 + a + a2 + a3 + . . . + an = ifa < 1

t
1−a
z2
e
 

n
−1
8. Using Convolution theorem, find the Z
Solution:
(z − a)(z − b)

n g .
Z −1

z2
(z − a)(z − b)

= Z −1

z
z−a

Z −1


e
z
r
z−bi

= an ∗ bn
n

i n e
ng
X
= ar bn−r
r=0

E
n  r
X a
= bn

a s y =
r=0

bn 1 + +
b
a  a 2  a 3
+ + ... +
 a n 

.E
b b b b
  n+1
a

−1

w w = bn  b a


b
−1



w
 n+1
a − bn+1


= bn 
 bn+1 
a−b 

 n+1 b n+1 
n a −b b
= b
bn+1 a−b
an+1 − bn+1
=
a−b

z2
 
Using Convolution theorem, find the Z −1
(z − 1)(z − 3)
8z 2
 
−1
9. Using Convolution theorem, find the Z
(2z − 1)(4z + 1)

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Solution:
     
2
8z z z
Z −1  = Z −1 
    −1  
       Z   
1 1  1   −1 
2 z− 4 z+ z− z−
2 4 2 4
 n  n
1 −1
= ∗
2 4
n
X −1  1 n−r
 r
=
r=0
4 2
 n X n  r  −r
1 −1 1
=
2 r=0
4 2
 n X n  r
1 −1
= 2r
2 r=0
4
 n X n  r
1 −1
= 2̇
2 r=0
4
n 

t
 n X r
1 −1
=
2
 n "
r=0
2
2  3
. ne n #

g
 
1 −1 −1 −1 −1
= 1+ + + + ... +
2
 
2
−1
2
n+1 

ri n2 2

=
 n  1 −
1
2



n

2
−1
 


e e
i
1−
 
2

ng
  n+1 
−1
 n  1 −

E
1 2 
=
 

y 2

 3 


as
2
 n    n 
2 1 −1 −1

w . E =

=
3 2
 n 
2 1
3 2
1−

1+
2

1 −1
2

2
2
n 

w w =
 n
2 1
3 2
+
3

1 −1
4
n

8z 2
 
−1
Using Convolution theorem, find the Z
(2z − 1)(4z − 1)

14z 2
 
−1
Using Convolution theorem, find the Z
(7z − 1)(2z − 1)

z2
 
10. Find Z −1 using convolution theorem.
(z − a)2
Solution:

z2
     
−1 −1 z −1 z
Z = Z Z
(z − a)2 z−a z−a
= an ∗ an

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n
X
= ar an−r
r=0
n
X
= an
r=0
n
X
= an 1
r=0
= an [1 + 1 + 1 + · · · + 1]

= (n + 1)an

z3
 
−1
11. Find Z using convolution theorem.
(z − 4)3
Solution:

z3 z2
     
z
Z −1 = Z −1 Z −1
(z − 4)3 (z − 4)2 z−4
(n + 1)4n ∗ 4n

t
=

e
Xn
(r + 1)4r 4n−r

n
=

=
r=0
Xn
(r + 1)4n

n g .
r=0

4n
n
X

e ri
e
= (r + 1)

n
r=0

= i
= an [1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + (n + 1)]

ng
(n + 1)(n + 2) n
2
4

y E
as
z3
 
−1
12. Find Z
(z − 2)2 (z − 3)
Solution:

w
−1
. E

z3

−1

z2

−1

z


w
Z = Z Z
(z − 2)2 (z − 3) (z − 2)2 z−3

w =

=
(n + 1)2n ∗ 3n
Xn
(r + 1)2r 3n−r
r=0
n  r
n
X 2
= 3 (r + 1)
r=0
3
"    2  3  n #
n 2 2 2 2
= 3 1+2 +3 +4 + . . . + (n + 1)
3 3 3 3
2
Let S = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + . . . + nxn−1 + (n + 1)xn , where x =
3
xS = x + 2x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 + . . . + nxn + (n + 1)xn+1

(1 − x)S = (1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn ) − (n + 1)xn+1
1 − xn+1
= − (n + 1)xn+1
1−x
1 − xn+1 (n + 1)xn+1
∴S = −
(1 − x)2 1−x

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2 1
Put x = ⇒1−x=
3 3
 n+1  n+1
2 2
1− (n + 1)
3 3
∴S =  2 −  
2 2
3 3
"  n+1 #  n+1
2 2
= 9 1− − 3(n + 1)
3 3
 n+1  n+1
2 2
= 9− − 3(n + 1)
3 3
 n+1
2
= 9− [9 + 3n + 3]
3
 n+1
2
= 9− [12 + 3n]
3
 n+1
2
= 9 − 3(n + 4)
3

ne t
.
"  n+1 #
z3
 
−1 n 2
Z = 3 9 − 3(n + 4)
(z − 2)2 (z − 3) 3

i n
 n+1
2 g
r
n n+1
= 9·3 −3 (n + 4)

n
3 n+2

e e3
− (n + 4)2 n+1

Method of Partial fraction

ng i
Note:
y E
. E T ype1 :as f (x)
(x − a)(x − b)
=
A
+
x−a x−b
B

w w T ype2 :
f (x)
(x − a)2 (x − b)
=
A
+
B
x − a (x − a)2
+
C
x−b

w
f (x) A Bx + C
T ype3 : = +
(x − a)(x2 − bx − c) x − a x2 − bx − c

 
−1 10z
13. Find Z
z 2 − 3z + 2
Solution:

10z
Let F (z) =
z 2 − 3z + 2
F (z) 10
⇒ =
z (z − 1)(z − 2)
10 A B
Let = +
(z − 1)(z − 2) z−1 z−2
10 = A(z − 2) + B(z − 1)

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Put z = 1 Put z = 2
⇒ 10 = −A ⇒ 10 = B
A = −10

10 −10 10
= +
(z − 1)(z − 2) z−1 z−2
F (z) −10 10
= +
z z−1 z−2
z z
F (z) = −10 + 10
z−1 z−2
   
z z
f (n) = −10Z −1 + 10Z −1
z−1 z−2
= −10(1)n + 10 · 2n

t
 
z

e
−1
Evaluate Z
z 2 + 7z + 10

2z 2 + 3z
g . n
Find the inverse Z-transform of
(z + 2)(z − 4)

ri n
14. Find Z −1

z 3


n e e
i
(z − 1)2 (z − 2)

ng
Solution:

y E Let F (z) =
z3
(z − 1)2 (z − 2)

as
F (z) z2
⇒ =
z (z − 1)2 (z − 2)

w . E Let
z2
(z − 1)2 (z − 2)
z2
=
A
+
B
z − 1 (z − 1)2
+
C
z−2
= A(z − 1)(z − 2) + B(z − 2) + C(z − 1)2

w w
Put z = 1 Put z = 2 Eq.coeff of z 2
⇒ 1 = −B ⇒4=C 1=A+C ⇒A=1−C
B = −1 ⇒A=1−4
⇒ A = −3

z2 −3 −1 4
= + +
(z − 1)2 (z − 2) z − 1 (z − 1)2 z−2
F (z) −3 −1 4
= + +
z z − 1 (z − 1)2 z−2
z z z
F (z) = −3 − +4
z − 1 (z − 1)2 z−2

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z z z
f (n) = −3Z −1 − Z −1 + 4Z −1
z−1 (z − 1)2 z−2
= −3(1)n − n + 4 · 2n

 
−1 z
Find Z
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)

z(z 2 − z + 2)
 
Find Z −1
(z − 1)2 (z + 1)

z2
 
−1
15. Find Z by the method of partial fraction.
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
Solution:

z2
Let F (z) =
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
F (z) z
⇒

z
z
=
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
A Bz + C

ne t
.
Let = + 2
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4) z+2 z +4
z = A(z 2 + 4) + (Bz + C)(z + 2)

i n g
Put z = −2 Put z = 0

e e r Eq.coeff of z 2
⇒ −2 = 8A
1
⇒ 0 = 4A + 2C
−1
i n 0 = A + B ⇒ B = −A
1

ng
A=− ⇒ 2C = −4 B=
4 4 4
1

E
⇒C=
2

as y
w . E z
(z + 2)(z 2 + 4)
=
−1
4 + 4
z+2
1
z+
z2 + 4
1
2

w w F (z)
z
F (z)
=

=
−

−
1 1
+
1 z
+
1 1
4 z + 2 4 z2 + 4 2 z2 + 4
1 z
+
1 z2
+
1 z
4 z − (−2) 4 z + 4 2 z 2 + 4
2

z2
     
1 z 1 1 −1 2z
f (n) = − Z −1 + Z −1 2 + Z
4 z − (−2) 4 z + 22 4 z 2 + 22
1 1 nπ 1 n nπ
= − (−2)n + 2n cos + 2 sin
4 4 2 4 2

z 3 + 3z
 
Find Z −1
(z − 1)2 (z 2 + 1)

Residue Method

Note:
Simple Pole:

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{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a = lim (z − a)F (z)z n−1

z→a
Pole of order n:
1 ∂ n−1
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a = lim (z − a)n F (z)z n−1
(n − 1)! z→a ∂z n−1
z 2 − 3z
 
16. Find Z −1 using residue method.
(z + 2)(z − 5)
Solution

z 2 − 3z
F (z) =
(z + 2)(z − 5)
z(z − 3)
z n−1 F (z) = z n−1
(z + 2)(z − 5)
z n (z − 3)
=
(z + 2)(z − 5)
Eq the domininator to zero

(z + 2)(z − 5) = 0

z = 5, −2

ne t
The poles are simple,z = 5, −2

W.K.T {ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a =

n
lim (z − a)F (z)z n−1
g .
z→a

e ri
When z = 5

i n e
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=5 =
g lim (z − 5)
z n (z − 3)

En
z→5 (z + 2)(z − 5)
5n (2)
=

a s y =
2 n
7
5
7

When z = −2

w . E
w w {ResF (z)z n−1 }z=−2 =

=
lim (z + 2)
z→5

(−2)n (−5)
z n (z − 3)
(z + 2)(z − 5)

−7
5
= (−2)n
7

∴ f (n) = Sum of the Residues

2 n 5
= 5 + (−2)n
7 7

2z 2 + 3z + 12
17. If U (z) = ,find the values of u2 and u3
(z − 1)4

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Solution

2z 2 + 3z + 12
U (z) =
(z − 1)4
2z 2 + 3z + 12
z n−1 U (z) = z n−1
(z − 1)4
Eq the domininator to zero

(z − 1)4 = 0

z = 1, 1, 1, 1

The poles are order 4,z = 1

1 ∂ n−1
W.K.T {ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a = lim (z − a)n F (z)z n−1
(n − 1)! z→a ∂z n−1

When z = 1

{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=1 =

1 ∂3z
lim 3 (z − 1)4 z n−1
3! z→1 ∂z
2z 2 + 3z + 12
(z − 1)4

ne t
=
1
6 z→1 ∂z
1
∂3z
lim 3 [2z n+1 + 3z n + 12z n−1 ]
∂2z
n g .
=
6 z→1 ∂z
1 ∂z

e ri
lim 2 [2(n + 1)z n + 3nz n−1 + 12(n − 1)z n−2 ]

[2(n + 1)nz n−1 + 3n(n − 1)z n−2 + 12(n − 1)(n − 2)z n−3 ]
=

=
6
1
lim
z→1 ∂z

i n e
lim [2(n + 1)n(n − 1)z n−2 + 3n(n − 1)(n − 2)z n−3 + 12(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)z n−4 ]

ng
6 z→1
1
= [2(n + 1)n(n − 1) + 3n(n − 1)(n − 2) + 12(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)]

E
6

∴ f (n) =
as y
Sum of the Residues

w . E =
1
6
[2(n + 1)n(n − 1) + 3n(n − 1)(n − 2) + 12(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)]

w w Put n=2, u2 =
1
6
1
[2 · 3 · 2 · 1] = 2

Put n=3, u3 = [2 · 4 · 3 · 2 + 3 · 3 · 2 · 1] = 11
6

2z 2 + 5z + 14
If U (z) = ,find the values of u2 and u3
(z − 1)4

 
−1 z(z + 1)
Find Z
(z − 1)3

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Formation of Differential Equation

18. Form a differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants yn = a + b3n

Solution:

yn = a + b3n

yn+1 = a + b3n+1

= a + 3b3n

yn+2 = a + b3n+2

= a + 9b3n

Eliminating a and b3n ,

yn
1
yn+1
1
yn+2
1 = 0

ne t
1 3 9

n g .
yn [9 − 3] − yn+1 [9 − 1] + yn+2 [3 − 1]

6yn − 8yn+1 + 2yn+2

e ri =

=
0

i n
yn+2 − 4yn+1 + 3yn
e = 0

ng
19. Form a differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants yn = (A + Bn)2n

E
Solution:

as y
w . E yn

yn+1
= A2n + Bn2n

= A2n+1 + B(n + 1)2n+1

w w yn+2
= 2A2n + 2B(n + 1)2n

= A2n+2 + B(n + 2)2n+2

= 4A2n + 4B(n + 2)2n

Eliminating a and b3n ,

yn yn+1 yn+2
1 2 4 = 0

n 2(n + 1) 4(n + 2)
yn [8(n + 2) − 8(n + 1)] − yn+1 [4(n + 2) − 4n] + yn+2 [2(n + 1) − 2n] = 0

8yn − 8yn+1 + 2yn+2 = 0

yn+2 − 4yn+1 + 4yn = 0

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Form a differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants yn = a − b3n

Form a differential equation by eliminating arbitrary constants yn = an + b2n

Solving Linear Differential equation

Formula:

Z[yn ] = F (z)

Z[yn+1 ] = zF (z) − zy(0)

Z[yn+2 ] = z 2 F (z) − z 2 y(0) − zy(1)

= z 3 F (z) − z 3 y(0) − z 2 y(1) − zy(2)

t
Z[yn+3 ]

20. Using Z-transform solve un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = 4n given that u0 = 0, u1 = 1.

. ne
Solution:

i n g
Given un+2 − 5un+1 + 6un = 4n
Applying Z-transforms on both side,
e e r
i n
ng
Z[un+2 ] − 5Z[un+1 ] + 6Z[un ] = Z[4n ]

E
z
z 2 F (z) − z 2 u(0) − zu(1) − 5[zF (z) − zu(0)] + 6F (z) =

as y
Given u0 = 0, u1 = 1 F (z)[z 2 − 5z + 6] − z =
z−4
z
z−4
z

w . E F (z)(z − 2)(z − 3) =

=
z−4
+z
z + z 2 − 4z
z−4

w w F (z) =

=
z 2 − 3z
(z − 4)(z − 2)(z − 3)
z(z − 3)
(z − 4)(z − 2)(z − 3)
z
=
(z − 4)(z − 2)
By Residue Method,
z
z n−1 F (z) = z n−1
(z − 4)(z − 2)
z n (z − 3)
=
(z − 4)(z − 2)
Eq the domininator to zero

(z − 4)(z − 2) = 0

z = 2, 4

The poles are simple,z = 2, 4

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W.K.T {ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a = lim (z − a)F (z)z n−1

z→a

When z = 2

z n (z − 2)
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=2 = lim (z − 2)
z→2 (z − 4)(z − 2)
n
2
=
−2
= −(2n−1 )

When z = 4

z n (z − 4)
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=4 = lim (z − 4)
z→4 (z − 4)(z − 2)
n
4
=
2
= 22n−1

ne t
∴ un = Sum of the Residues

n g .
= −(2n−1 ) + 22n−1

e ri
i n e
Solve the differential equation y(n + 3) − 3y(n + 1) + 2y(n) = 0 given that y(0) = 4, y(1) = 0 and y(2) = 8.

ng
8 4
Ans:y(n) = n + · (−2)n
3 3

y E
as
Solve the differential equation un+2 + 3un+1 + 2un = 0 given that u0 = 1, u1 = 2

w . E
Ans:un = 4(−1)n − 3(−2)n

w w
Solve the differential equation yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3yn = 2n given that y0 = 0, y1 = 1
2 1
Ans:yn = − (−3)n + · (−1)n +
5 3
1
15
· (2)n

Solve the differential equation y(n) + 3y(n − 1) − 4y(n − 2) = 0, n ≥ 2 given that y(0) = 3, y(1) = −2
Hint:Changing n to n + 2
Ans:y(n) = (−4)n + 2

Solve the differential equation y(n + 3) − 3y(n + 1) + 2y(n) = 0 with y(0) = 4, y(1) = 0 and y(2) = 8
8 4
Ans:y(n) = + (−2)n
3 3

21. Solve yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn = 2n given that y0 = y1 = 0 using Z-transform

Solution:

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Given yn+2 + 6yn+1 + 9yn = 2n

Applying Z-transforms on both side,

Z[yn+2 ] + 6Z[yn+1 ] + 9Z[yn ] = Z[2n ]

z
z 2 F (z) − z 2 y(0) − zy(1) + 6[zF (z) − zy(0)] + 9F (z) =
z−2
z
Given y0 = y1 = 0 F (z)[z 2 + 6z + 9] =
z−2
z
F (z)(z + 3)2 =
z−2
z
F (z) =
(z − 2)(z + 3)2
By Residue Method,
z
z n−1 F (z) = z n−1
(z − 2)(z + 3)2
zn
=
(z − 2)(z + 3)2
Eq the domininator to zero

(z − 2)(z + 3)2 = 0

ne t
z

n
= 2, −3, −3
g .
The poles are simple,z = 2

e ri
The poles are order 2,z = −3, 4

i n
W.K.T {ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a e = lim (z − a)F (z)z n−1

ng
z→a

When z = 2

y E
as
z n (z − 2)
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=2 = lim (z − 2)
z→2 (z − 2)(z + 3)2

w . E =
n
2
25

w w
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=a =
1
lim
∂ n−1
(n − 1)! z→a ∂z n−1
(z − a)n F (z)z n−1 When z = −3

1 ∂z zn
{ResF (z)z n−1 }z=−3 = lim (z + 3)2
(1)! z→−3 ∂z (z − 2)(z + 3)2
n
∂z z
= lim [ ]
z→−3 ∂z z − 2
(z − 2)nz n−1 − z n (1)
= lim [ ]
z→−3 (z − 2)2
−5n(−3)n−1 − (−3)n
=
25
(−3)n
−5n − (−3)n
= −3
25
1 1
= n(−3)n − (−3)n
15 25

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∴ un = Sum of the Residues

2n 1 1
= + n(−3)n − (−3)n
25 15 25

Solve by Z-transform un+2 − 2un+1 + un = 2n with u0 = 2 and u1 = 1.

Ans:un = 2n + 1 − 2n

Solve the equation yn+2 − 3yn+1 + 2yn = 2n with y0 = y1 = 0

Ans:yn = 1 + n2n−1 − 2n

Solve the differential equation y(k + 2) − 4y(k + 1) + 4y(k) = 0 with y(0) = 1, y(1) = 0
Ans:y(n) = 2k − k · 2k

Solve the equation yn+2 + 4yn+1 − 5yn = 24n − 8 with y0 = 3, y1 = −5

ne t
Ans:yn = (−5)n + 2n2 − 4n + 2[use partial fraction method]

22. Solve the differential equation y(k + 2) + y(k) = 1 with y(0) = y(1) = 0
n g .
Solution:

e ri
Given y(n + 2) + y(n) = 0
Applying Z-transforms on both side,
i n e
E ng
Z[yn+2 ] + Z[yn ] = Z[1]

a s y
z 2 F (z) − z 2 y(0) − zy(1) + F (z) =
z
z−1
z

.E
Given y0 = y1 = 0 F (z)[z 2 + 1] =
z−1
z

w w By Partial fraction Method,

F (z) =
(z − 1)(z 2 + 1)

w Let
1
⇒
F (z)
z

(z − 1)(z 2 + 1)
=

=
A
z−1
1
(z − 1)(z 2 + 1)

+ 2
Bz + C
z +1
1 = A(z 2 + 1) + (Bz + C)(z − 1)

Put z = 1 Put z = 0 Eq.coeff of z 2

⇒ 1 = 2A 1=A−C ⇒C =A−1 0 = A + B ⇒ B = −A
1 1 1
A= ⇒C = −1 B=−
2 2 2
1
⇒C=−
2

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1 −1 −1
1 z+
∴ = 2 + 2 2
(z − 1)(z 2 + 1) z−1 z2 + 1
F (z) 1 1 1 z 1 1
= − +
z 2 z − 1 2 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1
   2   
1 −1 z 1 −1 z 1 −1 z
F (z) = Z − Z − Z
2 z−1 2 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1
2
1 z 1 z 1 z
y(n) = − −
2 z − 1 2 z + 1 2 z2 + 1
2

1h nπ nπ i
= 1 − cos − sin
2 2 2 
1 kπ kπ
∴ y(k) = 1 − cos − sin
2 2 2

ne t
n g .
e ri
i n e
E ng
as y
w . E
w w

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