LECTURE-08

Polygon Filling
Topic
Covered
Polygon
Types
Inside – Outside
Test
Polygon Filling
Techniques
Algorithms
Example
What is a Polygon….?

A closed figure represented by a collection of more than 2

line segments connected end to end.
The line segments are known as “Edge” of the Polygon and make up
the Polygon boundary.
Endpoints of the edges are known as “Vertex” of the Polygon.
Types Of
Polygon
Simple Convex
Simple Concave
Non-simple :
self-intersecting

Convex Concave Self-intersecting

 CONVEX CONCAV
E
All points on the line segment All points on the line segment connecting
connecting two points of the Polygon two points of the Polygon are not inside
are also inside the Polygon. the Polygon.

All interior angles lesser than 180°. At least one interior angle is greater than < 180°
180°.
Convex
All of its lines curve outside At least one line curve is inside.

One thing you may note about a convex If you try the same thing with a concave
shape is that, no matter where you draw shape it can pass through more than
a line that passes through the shape, it two of the lines
will always pass through only two of the
lines or polygons making up the shape > 180°
Concave
 CONVEX
POLYGON:

CONCAVE
POLYGON:
Inside – Outside
Test
Even – Odd Test
Winding Number
Method

out

in
out
in
Even – Odd
Test
Also known as “Crossing Number Method”
Construct a line segment which crosses the given Polygon and then count
the number of time a line crosses the Polygon Boundary.
If the crossing number is odd then the line is inside the Polygon, else
outside.

out

Special case : when point of intersection is the vertex .

in
Even – Odd Test: Special Case
Handling
Two cases:
Case A: edges are monotonically increasing or decreasing
Case B: edges reverse direction at endpoint
In Case A, we should consider this as only ONE edge
intersection.
In Case B, we should consider this as TWO edge intersections.
 Counts one
Case A

Counts two
Case B
Winding Number
Method
Instead of just counting the number of intersections, each edge crossed is
given a direction number.
Value of the direction number is :
1, (Y <Y )
start end
-1, (Ystart > Yend)
Point is inside the Polygon if the sum of direction numbers is non-zero, else
outside.
Example

-1
1

1+(-1)+1=1 , non-zero ,point inside

Polygon Filling

Filling a Polygon is the process of coloring every pixel that comes inside
the Polygon region.
Techniques:
✔ Boundary Fill Method
✔ Flood Fill Method
✔ Scan – Line Fill Method
Boundary Fill Method

Also known as “Seed-Fill Method”

✔ Draw Polygon boundaries
✔ Fill up the seed point
✔ A Seed-Point i.e. an arbitrary interior point is taken as the initial or the
starting point.
✔ Test neighboring pixels to determine whether they correspond
the boundary
to pixel
✔ If not, paint them with the fill-color and test their neighboring pixels
(store neighbors in stack)
✔ Continue until all pixels have been tested
✔ A considerable stack is used to store pixel information.
✔ Basically, it is of two types :
1. 4-Connected Seed Fill
2. 8-Connected Seed Fill
4-Connected and 8-Connected Seed

(X-1, (X+1,
(X, Y+1) (X, Y+1)
Y+1) Y+1)

(X-1, Y) (X, Y) (X+1, Y) (X-1, Y) (X, Y) (X+1, Y)

(X+1,
(X, (X-1, Y-1) (X,
Y-
Y-1) Y-1)
1)
The 4-connected pixel technique failed to fill the area as marked in the
following figure which won’t happen with the 8-connected technique.
4 – Connected Example

Start Position
 1
2 3
 14
2
 1
2
5

1
1
8 – Connected Example

Start Position
4 1
5
2 3
 6
4
3
1
2
 7

8
4
3
1
2
 11 9
12
7 10

4
3
1
2
 11
9 10
7

4
3
1
2
 9
7 10

4
3
1
2
 9
7

4
3
1
2
 7

4
3
1
2
4
3
1
2
 1
2 3
 1
2
1
Algorithm: 4 Connected

boundaryFill(int x, int y, int fill, int

boundary) current = getPixel(x,y)
if(current < > boundary AND current < > fill)
then setPixel(x,y,fill)
boundaryFill(x+1,y,fill,boundary)
boundaryFill(x-1,y,fill,boundary)
boundaryFill(x,y+1,fill,boundary)
boundaryFill(x,y-1,fill,boundary)
end if
end
Flood Fill Method

Modified form of Boundary Fill Method.

Basic concept is just like Boundary Filling.
Fill polygon starting with a “seed” point known to be inside the polygon &
set the neighboring pixels until we encounter the boundary pixels.
Polygon is filled just like pouring water in an empty bucket.
Common example is the bucket-fill tool of MS-Paint.
Like Boundary Fill Method, it is also used in games.
Algorithm:

void floodFill(int x, int y, int fillColor, int interiorColor)

{ int color;
getPixel(x,y,color)
if (color==interiorColor) {
setPixel(x,y,fillColor);
floodFill(x+1,y,fillColor,interiorColor)
;
floodFill(x-1,y,fillColor,interiorColor);
floodFill(x,y+1,fillColor,interiorColor)
;
floodFill(x,y-1,fillColor,interiorColor);
}
Flood Fill Method:
Working
 Filling Irregular
Boundaries
∙ Boundary fill: expand and fill region until you
reach boundary color

Fill
Boundary

∙Flood fill: expand and fill region while you find color
interior

Interior Fill
 In
brief: Fill and Boundary Fill are algorithms used
•Flood
for colouring a given figure
with a chosen colour

• Flood Fill is one in which all connected pixels of a selected

colour get
replaced by a fill colour.
•Boundary Fill is very similar with the difference being the program stopping
when a given colour boundary is found.
Scan - Line Fill Method

Used in Raster Scan Devices.

The scan-line algorithm works as follows:
i. Find intersections of the scan-line with all edges
ii. Sort intersections in increasing x
iii. Fill all the pixels between pairs of intersections

Special Cases to handle:

i. Exclude horizontal edges
ii. For vertices lying on scan-line
Count twice
Scan - Line Example

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10
Scan - Line Base
Approach
10 Scan Line

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Scan - Line Draw Polygon

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
8
7
6
5
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3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
 10
9
8
7
Filling Process 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
8
7
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5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Scan - Line Filling Process

10
9
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6
5
4
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2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10
Example

Initially, each vertices of the polygon is given in the form of (x,y) and is in
an ordered array as such:
Unfilled, the polygon would look like this to the human eye:
Steps

1.In order to fill a polygon, we do not want to have to determine the type of
polygon that we are filling.
2. The basic concept of the scan-line algorithm is to draw points from edges
of odd parity to even parity on each scan-line.
3.scan-line: A scan-line is a line of constant y value.
Algorithm

1.Initializing All of the Edges: all_edges table:

The first thing that needs to be done is determine howthe

polygon's vertices are related. The all_edges table will hold this
information.
1. The minimum y value of the two vertices.
2. The maximum y value of the two vertices.
3. The x value associated with the minimum y value.
4. The slope of the edge.

The formula for the slope is as follows:

2. Global Edge Table:
GET
The global edge table will be used to keep track of the edges that are still
needed to complete the polygon.

Edges with the same minimum y values are sorted on minimum x values
as
follows:
1. Place the first edge with a slope that is not equal to zero in the global
edge table.
2. If the slope of the edge is zero, do not add that edge to the global edge
table.
 3.Initializing Parity
Parity is initially set to even. Yet now no edges has crossed.

4.Initializing the Scan-Line

• we can safely choose lowest y value in the global edge table as our initial
scan-line.
• In our example it is 10.
5. Initializing the Active Edge
Table

The active edge table will be used to keep track of the edges that are
intersected by the current scan-line. This should also contain ordered
edges.
This is initially set up as follows:
1. The global edge table is ordered on minimum y and x values, search
through the global edge table and, for each edge found having a minimum
y value equal to the current scan-line.
2. Append the edge information in the AET for the
a. Maximum y value
b. X value
c. 1/m
3.Do this until an edge is found with a minimum y value greater than the scan
line value.
The active edge table will now contain ordered edges of those edges that
are being filled as such:
Filling the Polygon

Filling the polygon involves deciding whether or not to draw pixels, adding
to and removing edges from the active edge table, and updating x values for
the next scan-line.
Starting with the initial scan-line, until the active edge table is empty, do
the following:
a. Draw all pixels from the x value of odd to the x value of even parity edge
pairs.
b. Increase the scan-line by 1.
c. Remove any edges from the active edge table for which the maximum y
value is equal to the scan_line.
a. Update the x value for each edge in the active edge table using the
formula x1 = x0 + 1/m. (This is based on the line formula and the fact
that the next scan-line equals the old scan-line plus one.)
b. Remove any edges from the global edge table for which the minimum
y value is equal to the scan-line and place them in the active edge
table.
c. Reorder the edges in the active edge table according to increasing x
value. This is done in case edges have crossed.
Scan Line 10
 The polygon is now filled as
follows:
Scan Line
11
i. Increase the scan-line by 1.
ii. Update x1 = x0 + 1/m
 The polygon is now filled as
follows:
 The polygon is now filled as
follows:
Scan Line
15
 The polygon is now filled as
follows:
 Scan Line
16
i. Next scan Line value is 16.
ii. This is equal to maximum value of y in AET. So we will remove these edges
whose maximum y value is 16 from AET.
 We then need to update the x values for all remaining
edges.
Now we can add the last edge from the global edge table to the active edge
table since its minimum y value is equal to the next scan-line. The active
edge table now look as follows (the global edge table is now empty):
 Now that we have filled the polygon, let's see what it looks like to the naked
eye:
 Scan - Line
Alogorithm
1. Set y to the smallest y coordinate that has an entry in the ET; i.e, y for the
first nonempty bucket.
2. Initialize the AET to be empty.
3. Repeat until the AET and ET are empty:
3.1 Move from ET bucket y to the AET those edges whose y_min = y
(entering edges).
3.2 Remove from the AET those entries for which y = y_max (edges not
involved in the next scanline), the sort the AET on x (made easier
because ET is presorted).
3.3 Fill in desired pixel values on scanline y by using pairs of x
coordinates from AET.
3.4 Increment y by 1 (to the coordinate of the next scanline).
3.5 For each nonvertical edge remaining in the AET, update x for the new
y.
References

Book Reference
Computer Graphics –Neetu Agarwal
Graphics Programming in C – Roger Stevens

Web Reference
www.wikipedia.org
www.tutorialspoint.com