INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGG

BESCK104A

MODULE 1

CIVIL ENGINEERING DISCIPLINES AND BUILDING SCIENCE

INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING

SURVEYING

" Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of points on above or below
the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, directions,
elevation and angle".

SCOPE:

• To prepare a map to show the relative position of the object on the surface of the earth
• To collect the field data
• To prepare a plan or a map of the area surveyed
• To analyse and calculate the field parameters
• To calculate the area and quantity of material such as earthwork
• To accurately establish the boundary of the property from the existing records
• To record the final position of the construction
• To provide permanent and temporary control points

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

Structural engineering is a branch of civil engineering that deals with the design and
construction of structures such as bridges, buildings, dams.

SCOPE:

• To with stand the stresses and pressure imposed by the load

• To calculate stability, strength and the rigidity
• To create structure with adequate safety and serviceability under the influence of
loads
• To acquire economic dimension of the design
• To carry all kinds of load applied on the structure
• To evaluate an estimate the right material for the construction
• To bring safety and durability of the structure
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GEO TECHNICAL ENGINEERING:

It is a branch of the civil engineering and it is the study of the behaviour of the soil under the
influence of loading forces and soil water interactions.

SCOPE:

• It gives the physical property of the soil and rock.

• It include the surface exploration and subsurface exploration.
• To determine the physical ,chemical and mechanical properties of the material.
• To design the earth work and retaining structures dam, canal, tunnel and
foundation.
• To determine the engineering properties of soil and soil water interactions.
• Management of soil and rock hazard such as land slides and soil liquification.
• We get the knowledge about the materials before constructions.
• It gives the knowledge about the dam construction.
• Nature of the soil material can be find out

HYDRAULIC AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

It is the application of fluid mechanics dealing with the collection storage control transport
regulation measurement and use of water.

SCOPE:

• Environmental impact assessment.

• Water supply and treatment.
• Environmental health and safety.
• Irrigation and water management.
• For the industrial purpose.
• Water resource management.
• Maintenance of storm water harvesting.
• Wastewater treatment.
• Development of dam bridges culverters and water pipelines.
• Application of fluid dynamics to water flooring in insolated environment.

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING:

It is a branch of civil engineering that involves the planning, design ,operation and
maintainance of transportation system.

SCOPE:

• It improve the export and import.

• It helps in a political development of the country.
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• It helps in the social development of the country

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 • It help in the cultural development of the country.
• It give the employment opportunity.
• It helps in the science and technology
• It helps in the development of the industry .
• It help in the transportation of goods and people.

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Environmental engineering is the branch of engineering that is concerned with protecting the
environment from the pollution by the activity of human beings.

SCOPE:

• Environmental engineering control the water pollution.

• Control air pollution.
• It helps in the recycling best disposal public health.
• To protect the soil erotion for safeguard of forest .
• Global crisis on environment can be minimized.
• It helps for social and economical development.
• Management of natural resources.
• Conservation of ecosystem

CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT

• Construction planning is the process of identifying the steps required to build the
structures.
• Project management involves the study of planning and organisation of a company
resources to move a specific task, event and duty towards the completion.

SCOPE:

• Completing the work with in specific time.

• Completing the work within specified budget.
• Evolve in the high quality workmanship.
• Preventing the wastage at site.
• Accurate flow of information.
• Project management includes the planning, initiation, execution
monitoring and closing of project.
• The main scope is success of construction engineering and it
companies.
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BASIC MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

Brick:Brick are the small rectangular block that can be used in the construction of building
especially walls.

Brick contain alumina, silica, lime, oxide of iron, magnesia.

Standard size 19x9x9 cm.

Nominal size 20x10x10cm.

• Bricks are of uniform size.

• Brick can be easily arranged.
• It is lightweight.
• Brick is made in table molded.
• Bricks are burnt in kiln.
• Bridge should be free from cracks.
• Brick adjust should be sharp and straight.
• When two bricks are struck in hand it should give ringing sound.
• Coefficient of hardness should be more than 17.

Bricks are classified into

First class brick.
2nd class brick.
3rd class brick.
4th class brick.
First class brick
• It is table moulded.
• It is in standard size.
• Bricks are burnt in kiln
• Bricks surface is smooth
• They are suitable for load bearing walls.

2nd class brick

• It is ground moulded.
• The brick surface is rough.
• Burnt in kiln.
• They are suitable for load bearing walls.

3rd class brick

• Brick is ground moulded.
• It is burnt in clamp.
• Brick having rough surface irregular edge.
• It is having dull sound.
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They are used in garden walls.

Fourth class brick
• It is irregular shape.
• It is over burnt.
• It is dark in colour.
• This brick are used as aggregate concrete in foundation.
Applications:
• Bricks can be used for constructing walls.
• In the construction of floor.
• In the construction of arches.
• In the construction of retaining walls.
• In the construction of chimneys.
• In the construction of pavement.
• Swimming pools.

CEMENT
Cement is the mixture of calcareous, argillaceous and silicious materials and it is used as
binding material.
It is the composition of lime silica alumina iron oxide gypsum.
Types of cement
1. Ordinary Portland cement.
• 33 grade OPC
• 43 grade OPC
• 53 grade OPC
2. Rapid hardening cement.
3. Extra rapid handling cement .
4. High aluminium cement.
5. Low heat cement.
6. Quick setting cement.
7. Portland puzzle on cement PPC.

Quality of cement
• Colour of cement should be uniform and should be grey colour.
• Cement should be free from hard lamps.
• Cement should faulty smooth when touched in between fingers.
• Inserted in a bag of cement it should feel cool.
• When a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water the particle should
float for sometime.

Uses:
• It give strength to the masonry.
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• It is easily workable.
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• It hardness easily it offers good resistant to moisture.

 • it is an excellent binding material.
• l it process a good plasticity.

Applications

• It is in the construction of residential buildings.

• In the construction of dams and bridges.
• Walls beam column.
• Pipes drain.
• For laying on binding masonry.
• For pointing machinery joints.
• For a plastering the surface to crack the repair.
• Roof floors.
• Marine structures.

Cement Brands Available in market

• ACC cement.
• L and T Cement
• Ambuja cement.
• Orient cement.
• Penna Suraksh.
• Birla super Birla plus cement.

MORTAR:Motor is a homogeneous paste of cement sand and water. It is used as a binding

materials.

Types of motor
Cement motor
Lime motor
Gypsum motor
Composite motor

PROPERTY
• It should provide good adhesion
• It water should be cheap
• It is easily workable
• It should have high durability
• It improve the speed of construction
• It should be water resistance.

Application
• It is used in the external plastering and internal plastering.
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• It is used for pointing work

 • It is used for a damp proof course
• It is used to fill up the space between the bar
• It is used in the construction of road
• It is used to finish the concrete work
• It is used to form a joint of the pipe.

PLAIN CONCRETE : plain cement concrete is also called as a cement concrete .it is a
mixture of cement, sand ,fine aggregate ,coarse aggregate ,water and admixture.
Property
• It has compressive strength
• It binds rapidly with steel
• It is free from corrosion
• It is a fire resistance
• It is very durable
• It have high workability
Application
• It is used in the flooring
• it is used in the footing
• it is used as a base material for the foundation
• This used in the construction of the pavement
• It is used in the construction of retaining walls
• It is used in the culvert water tank
• It is used in the pipes and blocks

REINFORCED CEMENT CONCRETE

RCC is the combination of Steel and concrete to build a structure instead of using concrete.
Plain cement concrete has low tensile strength so for improving the tensile strength of
concrete some of reinforcement is provided which will bear the tensile stresses produced in
the structure
Advantages
• RCC have high compressive strength
• RCC have high tensile strength
• Rcc have fire and weather resistances
• Structures are more durable
• RCC cheaper when compared to prestressed concrete
• Maintenance cost is low
• RCC can be prepared and moulded easily .
• RCC structure is impermable to moisturizer
• Less skilled labour
• Less deflection

APPLICATIONS
▪ It is used in the construction of columns ,beams,footings,slabs.
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▪ It is used in the storage structure like dams,tanks, tunnels.

 ▪ It is used in the tall structure and sky scrappers
▪ It is used to build heavy structures like bridges ,walls, towers, under water
structures.
▪ It is used in the construction of pipes and conduits

Prestressed concrete
Prestressed concrete is the combination of steel and concrerte in which reinforcing Steel bars
are stretched and anchored .
Advantages
• More consumption of material
• Long term durability
• It is having more lifespan
• Corrosion can be reduce
• It can resist the various load
• It can resist the shocks
Application
• It is used in the construction of building
• It is used in the construction of parking structure
• Is used in the construction of storage tank
• Is used in the construction of railway track
• In the construction of sewer telephone, electrical lines
• In the concrete pavement

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PCC AND RCC

RCC PCC
Load carrying capacity is more Load carrying capacity is less
Shock resistances is more Shock resistances is less
Rcc is more stronger pcc is less stronger
Rcc is used for heavier structures Rcc is used for small structures

Less economical More economical

It will withstand heavy stresses It will not withstand heavy stresses
It carries reinforcement bars It will not have reinforcement bars
It is srong in compression and tension It is srong in compression and weak in
tension

Structural Steel
It is the category of Steel used for making construction material in varieties of shapes.
Types of Steel
▪ Carbon steel
▪ Weathering steel
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▪ Fire resistance steel

 ▪ Mild steel
▪ Medium carbon steel
▪ High carbon steel
▪ Cast steel

Uses
• Due to its rigidity and high strength it is used in the buildings, bridges.
• It is used in the towers , storage structure.
• It is used in the Steel gates.
• Is used in the staircase.
• It is used in the Steel railings
• It is used in the lintel,beams
• It is used in the steel frame buildings.
• It is used in the trusses.

Advantages:
• It is having high strength and high durability.
• It can be easily repaired.
• It is very safe.
• It can be easily dismantled.
• Low maintenance
• Corrosion resistance.

Construction chemicals:
These are the compound that are added to concrete and motor to enhance compatibility with
a structure of building.

Example
• Admixture
• Water proofing chemicals
• concrete repair compounds
• Protective coatings
• Flooring chemicals
• Grout
• Adhesive
• accelerator
• superplasticisers

Application
It is used in the bridges, commercial buildings
It is used in the flyover
It is used in the roads and Highway
It is used in the airport building
It is also used in the flooring
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Purposes:
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• It help in Concrete hardening

 • In Protective and decorative coating
• In Concrete curing
• It Improving the quality
• It helps in Speed up the construction
• For the durability
• To Attaining high strength
• For the aesthetic purposes
• In Crack and repair injection
• In Water surface and smooth finish

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING

FOUNDATION:

It is the lower portion usually located below the ground level which transmit the load of
superstructure to substructure.

OBJECTIVES

• To distribute the total load coming on the structure on a larger area.

• To support the structures.
• To give enough stability to the structures against various disturbing
• forces, such as wind and rain.
• To prepare a level surface for concreting and masonry work.
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Types of Foundation
The two main types of foundation are :
1.Shallow foundation/Footings
2.Deep foundation

Types of Shallow foundation

• Isolated spread footing
• Combined footing
• Cantilever or strap footings
• Wall footings
• Raft or Mat foundation

Types of Deep foundation

• Pile foundation
• Pier foundation
• Types of Pile foundation :
• Friction pile
• Load bearing pile

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHALLOW FOUNDATION AND DEEP FOUNDATION

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DEEP FOUNDATION

It is placed near the surface of the earth or It is placed at a greater depth or it transports
it transports the load at shallow depth is the load to deep strata is called deep
called shallow foundation foundation

It is cheaper It is more expensive

It is rectangular or square in shape It is cylindrical in shape
It require less labour It require more skilled labours
It is easy to construct It is difficult to construct

PLINTH

• It is a part of superstructure constructed between the wall and foundation.

• It is a reinforced concrete beam.
• It is a important part of the structure which transfer the load to the foundation
ADVANTAGES

• It evenly distributes the load to the columns to the foundation evenly

• It acts a barrier or a retaining wall that keeps the concrete filled ground floor below the
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raised floor of the building

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• The plinth doesn’t allow the dampness

• It Gives strength and durability to the building
• Provides a better aesthetic appeal to the building
• It also prevents cracks in the building.
TYPES OF PLINTH
❖ Plain plinth beam
❖ Stepped plinth beam
❖ Reinforced plinth beam
❖ Cantilevered plinth beam
❖ Continuous plinth beam
❖ Inverted plinth beam

LINTEL:

Lintel is defined as a horizontal structure member which is placed across the opening
Function
• It gives support to the structure
• It support the wall about opening like doors, window, ventilator
• It provide a safe wall of the window and doors
• It can with stand the imposed load coming from the wall
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• They are also used as a decorative architecture element

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• help distribute loads, preventing damage

Types of lintel
Timber lintel
stone lintel
Reinforced brick lintel
Steel lintel
Reinforced concrete lintel

Rcc lintel
• When lintel span is smaller we use rcc lintel
• It is durable
• High strength ,rigidity,fire resistance
• It is suitable for heavy loads and larger span
• It is economic

Advantages of Timber Lintel

o Simple to construct.
o These can be employed in temporary structures.
o No requirement of Formwork.
o No curing time.

Advantages of Stone Lintels

o Stone Lintels offer an attractive look and give a nice appearance.

o Due to the easy availability of stones, these lintels are extensively used.
o They can be used in both temporary and permanent structures.
o No requirement of curing.
o No formwork is needed in such lintels.

Advantages of Brick Lintel

o Brick Lintels are widely used due to the affordability of bricks.

o These lintel beams can be used for short periods.
o The thermal coefficient of the lintel beam and the masonry is the same since they are
both constructed of the same material. As a result, thermal stress-related fractures can
be

Advantages Of Steel Lintel

o These lintels can be used for long spans.

o Steel is lightweight, making it easy to handle.
o Steel is a strong and durable building material that can be formed into any shape.
o No formwork or curing is required.

CHEJJA:-
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Chejja is a horizontal structure usually provided over opening on external walls to provide
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protection from sun and rain.

 • It is also known as sunshade.
• Thickness 100-75mm
• Projection 30,60,75cm
Chejjas are generally made of cements concrete, woods, fibres sheet-asbestos materials

Advantages:-

• It protects the house from external sunlight.

• It protects the house by providing a barrier for rain water to enter.
• It can be used to place the compressor of AC.
• It helps to protect the wooden windows from rain and sun.
• It serves as an aesthetic decoration to the building.
• It can be either cast-in-situ or precast
•
Masonry wall
Masonry walls are the most durable part of any building or structure.
It is a vertical elements which support the roof

• Load-bearing masonry wall

• reinforced masonry wall
• Hollow/Cavity masonry wall
• Composite masonry wall

Load-bearing masonry wall :A load-bearing wall is a wall commonly used in the large
buildings such as large houses,commercial bildings made up of brick,laterite and concrete
blocks.
• These wall transfer the weight to the foundation
• These load bearing are necessary on both exterior and interior
Hollow/Cavity masonry wall
• It is made with cement block
• It is used to stop dampness in the building
• It is used in the commercial building

Composite construction:

•
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It is combination of stone ,brick and concrete block

• It reduce the construction cost
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• More durable
 • Improve the appearance

Reinforced masonry wall:It is the form of composite construction where masonry unit resist
compression stress and internal reinforcement resist tensile strength

COLUMN:-

Column is a vertical structural member that carry loads mainly in compression.

Columns are classified based on the several conditions which include:

1. Based on Types of Reinforcement

2. Based on Types of Loading
3. Based on Slenderness Ratio
4. Based on Shape
5. Based on Construction Material

Based on Shape
T-Shape
V-Shape
L-Shape
Based on Construction Material
Reinforced Concrete Column
Composite Column
Steel,
Timber,
Brick Column

Based on Shape

Long columns: Short columns:

• Long columns are not as strong as • Short columns are stronger than
short columns the long columns.
• Long columns generally get • Short columns get fail due to
buckled crushing.
• Load bearing capacity of long • Load bearing capacity of long
column is less column is more
• Slenderness ratio of long column • Slenderness ratio of short column
should be greater than 45. should be less than 45.
• Radius of gyration is less. • Radius of gyration is High.
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 BEAM
Beam is a horizontal structural element that primarily resist the loads used in the roof.
Types of beam (based on end support)
Simply supported beam :
simply supported are those that have supported at the both end.

Continuous beam:
continuous beam is one that has two or more support.

Hanging Beam it is a beam that is supported at two points but one the last end it is hanging.

Cantilever beam cantilever beam the one that is free hanging at the one end fixed at in one
end

Fixed beam:it is fixed at both the end

Based on the shape

I beam
T beam
L beam
C beam

Based on the type of material

Concrete beam
Steel beam
Timber beam

Advantages
• They have higher vertical load capacity
• They are economical
• They resist the load
• They reduce the deflection of mid span
• They unit the structural together
• They distribute the load uniformly
• They have low sensitivity to vibration
•
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Slab
 • Slab it is a thin concrete flat structure mostly used for flooring purposes .
• It is square,rectangular and circular in shape .
• Slabs are also called as RCC slab
• Material used for a slab is coarse aggregate , fine aggregate, reinforcement and
cement.

Application of a slab
• In case of high rise building we go for flat slab
• Longer span of slab can be obtained
• In flat slab amount of reinforcement will be less
• Flat slab there will be speedy construction
• The Structure will be a crack free

EX: Chejja,verandah Ex :multistoreyed building 17

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Stair case: It is the structural element that is used for travelling to higher height .

Components of Staircase

Components of Staircase

1. Scotia- It is a three-sided wooden block utilized between the nosing to give it extra
strength.
2. String- A inclined part that holds or supports the steps is known as a String. The
strings are given on each side of steps, or in the focal point of steps as a help to the
means.
3. Riser- The vertical portion which is in the front is called a riser.
4. Tread- The horizontal part of the staircase which is used for placing the foot is called
run or tread.
5. Flight- A number of continuous steps between two floors or one landing to landing or
one floor to landing are called flight.
6. Step- The structural part which consists of tread and riser is called step.
7. Hand Rail- The inclined member which is for handholding or safeguard for a person
and connected from the vertical baluster which holds it up for stairs that are open
from one side.
8. Headroom- The distance between the slope lime and the adjoining of the tread to the
other floor is called headroom and it should not be less than 2.20m.
9. Landing- A horizontal part or platform which is between two risers that serve as rest
for the foot is called landing. It also provides turning for another step or another floor.
10. Nosing- The outer edge of the tread is called nosing.
11. Baluster- The vertical member provided between the steps to hold the hand drill is
called balusters.
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12. Run- The horizontal part of the staircase which is used for placing the foot is called
run or tread.
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 13. Going- The horizontal surface which is between the first and last riser. It should not
be less than 220mm.
14. Soffit- The inclined surface under a flight of stairs is called the soffit.
15. Balustrade- The combination of balusters or handrails is called balustrade.

Types of Staircase

1. Straight Stairs
The straight staircase rises from one to another floor without any turning or intermediate. It is
also called cottage stairs. The most economical way of using a straight staircase is the centre
of a building for going and returning back.

Straight Stairs

a. Turning Stairs
The turning stairs have an opening between the front and back flights. The change in
direction is directed from the centre between flights and winders. There are many types of
turning staircases as follows.

b. Quarter Turn Stairs

Quarter turn stair is that type of stair when the flight is directed or turned by 90 degrees. It is
usually provided to change its direction to the left or right.
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 Quarter Turn Stairs
This can be also achieved by starting a space landing, there are classified as follows:

• Newel Quarter Turn Staircase: these stairs have the new posts at the starting and
the end of end flight. Quarter turn may be landing or winders.

Newel Quarter Turn Staircase

• Geometrical Quarter Turn Staircase: there is no continuous handrail with no new

position on the landing.
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 Geometrical Quarter Turn Stair

2. Half Fold Stairs

Half fold stair is directed or changed to 180 degrees, these are classified into many types as
follows:-

a. Dog-legged Stairs
A dog-leg is a distribution of stairs between two floors of a building, often a domestic
building, in which a flight of stairs rises to a half-landing before turning at a right angle and
continuing upwards.
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Dog-legged Stair
b. Open New Half-turn Stairs

c. Geometrical Half-fold Stairs

3. Three Quarter Turn Stairs

This type of stair is used when the dimension of the staircase room is restricted and the
vertical distance between the two floors is sufficient.4. Bifurcated Stairs

the stair in which the width of the more on the wall which is subdivided into narrow flight at
the mid landing. This is very common in public buildings and two narrow flights start at the
entrance on centre landing.

Bifurcated Stairs

5. Circular Stairs
the stair when it is viewed from the top looks like a circular stair with a centre of curvature
and a large radius.

Circular Stairs
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6. Spiral Stairs
The spiral stair is quite similar to a circular staircase but the radius is small and the handrill of
the staircase supports the middle part.

Spiral Stairs

Spiral Stair stairs may be constructed from the following materials:

• Cast iron
• Mild steel
• Concrete
• Timber
• Precast concrete
• Cast in-situ
• Metal
• Stone
Also Read: Types of buildings

Requirements for Good Staircase

Some of the important points should be kept in mind while providing or designing stair are as
follows:

1. Location: It should be easily accessible to all the parts of the building and located
there where sufficient light and proper ventilation is available.
2. Width of stairs: The width of the stairs depending on the requirements of the
building. The average width of the residential building must be 1m and for public
buildings, it should be 1.5m to 2m
3. Length of Flight: Maximum number of steps is provided for comfortable access to
the floor by steps and the maximum number of steps is 12 and minimum of 3.
4. Pitch of stairs: The pitch of the stair must not exceed 40° and minimum of 25°
5. Landing: The width of the landing should not be less than the width of the stair.
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6. Headroom: The distance between the slope line and the adjoining of the tread to the
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other floor is called headroom and it should not be less than 2.20m.
 7. Handrails: It must be provided with the minimum height of 100 cm from the centre
of the tread.
8. Winders: the winders should be avoided or they should be provided at the lower end
of the flight.
9. Materials: the material from which the stair is constructed must be fire-resistant. The
strength must be good enough to withstand.
10. Step proportions: The ratio or proportion of the going and rise of a stair must be
ideal for comfortable access of the people while moving from one floor to the next.
:-

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