Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

Table of Contents

Problem Solving Skills Using C Programming .................................................... 1

Advanced C Programming ................................................................................. 6
Problem Solving using Basic Data Structures .................................................. 10
Basic Design and Analysis of Algorithms ......................................................... 14
Advanced Data Structures ............................................................................... 18
Advanced Design and Analysis of Algorithms ................................................. 23

Problem Solving Using C Programming

Course Objective

The course provides exposure to problem-solving through programming with C, equipping students with
industry-relevant skills. It focuses on fundamental and advanced C programming concepts, emphasizing
computational thinking, algorithmic design, and real-world application development. The hands-on lab
sessions will help students practice and master the skills necessary for technical roles in the industry.

Course Outcomes

Upon completing this course, students will:

1. Understand industry applications of computational problem-solving using C programming.

2. Develop algorithms and implement them efficiently with C.
3. Use data structures effectively to optimize program performance.
4. Write modular, maintainable, and reusable code using functions, pointers, and structures.
5. Apply C programming to solve real-world problems in domains like system programming,
embedded systems, and application development.
6. Prepare for technical interviews and coding challenges by practicing on relevant platforms and
through project-based learning.

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Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

Syllabus Units and Timeline

Unit 1: Introduction to Problem-Solving and Programming Concepts

Week 1-2

 Introduction to Programming: Importance in the industry, role of programming in various

domains like AI, IoT, and embedded systems.
 Programming Paradigms: Procedural vs Object-Oriented vs Functional programming.
 Programming Design Methodologies: Structured, modular, top-down design.
 Performance Considerations: Big-O notation, time and space complexity analysis.
 Algorithm Development: Writing algorithms for real-world problems and translating them into
flowcharts and pseudocode.

Unit 2: Introduction to C Programming

Week 3-4

 Overview of C Language: History, features, and role of C in modern development.

 Variables, Data Types, and Constants: Best practices in declaring variables, choosing correct
data types, and using constants.
 Input/Output Operations: Formatted I/O using scanf(), printf(), gets(), puts(), and file I/O basics.
 Operators and Expressions: Arithmetic, relational, logical, and bitwise operators; operator
precedence.

Unit 3: Control Structures and Functions

Week 5-7

 Control Statements: Conditional statements (if, if-else, switch), loops (while, do-while, for), and
control flow (break, continue, goto).
 Functions in C: Writing reusable functions, parameter passing (by value and reference),
recursive functions, and inline functions.
 Advanced Topics: Tail recursion optimization, inlining for performance, memory management.

Unit 4: Data Structures: Arrays, Strings, and Pointers

Week 8-10

 Arrays: One-dimensional and multi-dimensional arrays, array manipulations, and memory

layout.
 Strings: String handling, manipulation using inbuilt functions (strlen, strcmp, strcpy), and user-
defined operations.
 Pointers: Pointer arithmetic, pointers and arrays, dynamic memory allocation (malloc, calloc,
free), and using pointers in function calls.

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 Industry Applications: Using pointers for system-level programming and memory management
in embedded systems.

Unit 5: Structures, Unions, and File Handling

Week 11-12

 Structures and Unions: Defining and using structures, self-referential structures, bit-fields,
unions for memory-efficient storage.
 File Handling in C: Reading/writing files, working with binary files, and file pointers.
 Application: Building a basic file-based system (e.g., student management or inventory system).

Unit 6: Advanced C Topics and Industry Trends

Week 13-14

 Dynamic Data Structures: Implementing linked lists, stacks, and queues using pointers.
 Error Handling and Debugging: Common mistakes in C programming, handling errors gracefully,
debugging with gdb.
 Optimization Techniques: Efficient memory management and code optimization.
 Trends: Application of C in low-level system programming, IoT, microcontroller programming,
and game development.

Reference Books

1. C Programming Language by Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Ritchie – Prentice Hall (latest
edition)
2. Programming in ANSI C by E. Balagurusamy – McGraw Hill (latest edition)
3. Head First C by David Griffiths and Dawn Griffiths – O'Reilly Media
4. Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets by Peter van der Linden – Pearson

Digital Learning Resources

Introduction to C Programming

 Digital Learning Resources:

o edX: Introduction to Computer Science using C
o Coursera: C Programming for Beginners
o Udemy: C Programming For Beginners

Data Types, Operators, and Expressions

 Digital Learning Resources:

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o GeeksforGeeks: Data Types in C

o Codecademy: Learn C
o TutorialsPoint: C Operators

Control Structures (Conditional Statements and Loops)

 Digital Learning Resources:

o Programiz: Control Flow Statements
o SoloLearn: Loops in C
o Udemy: Master the Basics of C Programming

Functions and Recursion

 Digital Learning Resources:

o Coursera: Functions in C Programming
o GeeksforGeeks: Recursion in C
o Udacity: Functions and Recursion

Arrays and Strings

 Digital Learning Resources:

o Codecademy: Arrays in C
o GeeksforGeeks: Strings in C
o edX: Arrays in C

Pointers and Dynamic Memory Allocation

 Digital Learning Resources:

o GeeksforGeeks: Pointers in C
o Udemy: C Programming Pointers
o Programiz: Dynamic Memory Allocation in C

Structures and Unions

 Digital Learning Resources:

o GeeksforGeeks: Structures in C
o TutorialsPoint: C Union
o Udemy: Master C Structures

File Handling in C

 Digital Learning Resources:

o Programiz: File Handling in C
o Udemy: File Handling in C
o GeeksforGeeks: File I/O in C

Error Handling in C

 Digital Learning Resources:

o TutorialsPoint: Error Handling in C

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o Udemy: C Programming Error Handling

o GeeksforGeeks: Error Handling in C

1. Coursera: C Programming with Linux – An excellent course series for learning C and applying it
in Linux environments.
2. edX: Introduction to C Programming – Beginner-friendly with hands-on coding challenges.
3. YouTube Channel: freeCodeCamp – Free tutorials on C programming.
4. GeeksforGeeks C Programming Tutorials – In-depth C tutorials with coding examples.

Practice Portals

1. HackerRank – 10 Days of C Programming challenges.

2. LeetCode – Practice data structures and algorithms in C.
3. Codeforces – Competitive programming contests involving C.
4. CodeChef – Monthly coding challenges in C.

Proposed Projects

1. Library Management System: A file-based system to manage books and users with search,
borrow, and return functionality.
2. Mini Shell Program: Simulate a basic command-line interface with C, accepting commands like
ls, cd, mkdir, etc.
3. Student Record System: Implement dynamic memory management for managing student
records using structures.
4. Basic TCP/IP Client-Server Application: Using sockets in C to build simple chat or file transfer
applications.

Hackathon and Coding Competitions

1. Google Code Jam: Annual coding competition with several rounds, suitable for C programmers.
2. TCS CodeVita: A global coding competition organized by Tata Consultancy Services, featuring
problems in C.
3. Hackerrank Week of Code: Regular events with challenges focused on various languages,
including C.
4. Codeforces Rounds: Regular competitive programming contests that involve data structure and
algorithm problems suitable for C

Designed by Senthilkanna JN, CEO, SVCT

Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

Problem Solving Using Advanced C Programming

Course Objective:

This course is designed to provide advanced C programming skills that are aligned with modern industry
demands. The emphasis is on algorithmic problem-solving, memory management, recursion, dynamic
data structures, file handling, and efficient code practices. The students will gain practical exposure to
solving real-world problems using C and will be prepared for competitive programming environments,
technical interviews, and application development.

Course Outcomes:

Upon completion of this course, students will:

1. Understand and implement functional hierarchical code organization.

2. Efficiently manage complex data structures based on real-world problem domains.
3. Develop high-performance solutions with recursive algorithms and dynamic memory
management.
4. Apply defensive programming principles for error handling and debugging.
5. Work with file systems, command-line arguments, and manipulate data at the bit level.
6. Utilize industry-standard tools for version control and collaborative coding.

Unit 1: Advanced Recursion Techniques (Week 1-2)

 Topics:
o Review of Basic Recursion.
o Types of Recursion: Tail, Non-tail, Nested, and Indirect Recursion.
o Memoization vs Dynamic Programming: How to optimize recursive functions.
o Recurrence Relations: Time and space complexity analysis using recurrence relations.
o New: Practical applications of recursion in industry scenarios such as Divide and
Conquer algorithms (e.g., Merge Sort, Quick Sort), Backtracking (e.g., N-Queens, Sudoku
Solver).
 Suggested Reading:
o “Introduction to Algorithms” by Thomas H. Cormen et al.
o “The Algorithm Design Manual” by Steven S. Skiena.
 Digital Learning Resources:
o Coursera: Algorithms Specialization

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o MIT OpenCourseWare: Introduction to Algorithms

Unit 2: Data Structures and Memory Management (Week 3-5)

 Topics:
o New: Dynamic Data Structures: Advanced Linked Lists (Doubly linked lists, Circular
linked lists).
o Dynamic Memory Allocation: Efficient use of malloc(), calloc(), realloc(), free().
o New: Memory Leaks and Valgrind for memory profiling and debugging.
o Implementing Stacks, Queues, and Trees using pointers and recursion.
o New: Red-Black Trees, Heaps, and Graph representations.
o Defensive Programming: Error handling and fault-tolerant memory management.
 Suggested Reading:
o “Data Structures Using C” by Reema Thareja.
o “Effective C: An Introduction to Professional C Programming” by Robert C. Seacord.
 Digital Learning Resources:
o edX: C Programming: Data Structures and Algorithms
o Udemy: Mastering Data Structures & Algorithms using C and C++

Unit 3: File Management & Advanced Input/Output (Week 6-7)

 Topics:
o Reading/Writing Files in Different Modes (Text and Binary).
o Random File Access, Command-line arguments, and environmental variables.
o New: Persistent storage solutions for real-world applications (e.g., storing data in binary
form for speed).
o Multi-threaded file I/O for performance improvements in large-scale applications.
o Error Handling: Catching file handling errors and using defensive programming.
 Suggested Reading:
o “Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment” by W. Richard Stevens.
 Digital Learning Resources:
o Pluralsight: Advanced C Programming

Unit 4: Bitwise Manipulation and System Programming (Week 8-9)

 Topics:
o Bitwise Operators: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, Shift operations.

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o Application of bit manipulation in optimization and cryptography.

o New: Systems Programming Techniques: Working with hardware registers, bitfields, and
system-level optimization.
o New: Use of bit manipulation in real-world applications such as checksum calculation,
compression algorithms, and cryptographic protocols.
 Suggested Reading:
o “Hacker’s Delight” by Henry S. Warren, Jr.
 Digital Learning Resources:
o MIT OCW: System Programming in C

Unit 5: Competitive Programming Techniques (Week 10-12)

 Topics:
o Solving complex problems using algorithms and C programming.
o New: Introduction to competitive programming platforms: Problem-solving on
HackerRank, Codeforces, and LeetCode.
o Advanced Sorting and Searching Algorithms: Radix Sort, Quick Select.
o Optimizing code for time and space complexity, applying bitwise hacks.
o New: Simulating real-world problems (e.g., task scheduling, resource allocation).
 Suggested Reading:
o “Cracking the Coding Interview” by Gayle Laakmann McDowell.
 Practice Portals:
o HackerRank: C Practice Problems
o LeetCode: C Programming Challenges

Unit 6: Industry Projects & Real-World Applications (Week 13-14)

 Project Ideas:
o Project 1: Build a file compression tool using Huffman encoding (File Management + Bit
Manipulation).
o Project 2: Implement a small-scale database system with search and sort capabilities
using advanced data structures like B-Trees.
o Project 3: Develop a simulation for a CPU scheduling algorithm using recursion and
dynamic memory management.
o Project 4: Build a network packet analyzer using system-level file access and bitwise
operations.

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Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

Hackathon and Coding Competitions:

 Hackathons:
o CodeChef SnackDown: International coding competition.
o Google Kickstart: Competitive programming competition for students.
 Coding Competitions:
o ACM-ICPC: The International Collegiate Programming Contest.
o Google Code Jam: Annual coding competition by Google.

Reference Books:

1. “The C Programming Language” by Kernighan and Ritchie (2nd Edition)

2. “C Programming: A Modern Approach” by K. N. King
3. “Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C” by Mark Allen Weiss

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Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

Problem Solving Using Basic Data Structures

Course Objectives

The updated course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of basic data structures
and algorithms, focusing on their real-world applications in solving modern industry problems. The
course will also cover performance optimization techniques, problem-solving strategies, and the
efficient use of memory and computational resources, preparing students for coding interviews and
technical assessments.

Course Outcomes

Upon completing this course, students will:

 Understand the abstraction of data and the role of data structures in efficient problem-solving.
 Apply linear and nonlinear data structures in practical programming and algorithm design.
 Master internal and external search and sorting techniques with real-world scenarios.
 Develop strong problem-solving skills using data structures, optimizing for space and time
complexity.
 Gain hands-on experience in using industry-relevant tools and platforms for problem-solving.

Unit 1: Linked Lists & Stacks

Topics:

 Linked Lists:
o Singly Linked List: Definition, Node Creation, Traversal, Insertion, Deletion.
o Doubly Linked List: Node Creation, Traversal, Insertion, Deletion.
o Circular Linked List: Implementation, Insertion, Deletion.
 Stack:
o Definition, Stack Operations: Push, Pop, Peek, isEmpty(), isFull().
o Applications: Balancing of Symbols, Infix to Postfix/Prefix Conversion.
o Advanced Applications: Stock Span Problem, Histogram Problem.
o Stack Implementation using Array and Linked List.

Scheduling: 2 weeks

Digital Resources:

 Linked Lists - GeeksforGeeks

 Stacks - Coursera Data Structures

Practice Portals: HackerRank, LeetCode

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Project Idea: Implement a text editor's undo/redo functionality using stacks and linked lists.

Unit 2: Queues & Heaps

Topics:

 Queues:
o Introduction, Operations: Enqueue, Dequeue.
o Variants: Priority Queue, Deque, Circular Queue.
o Applications: CPU Scheduling, Printer Queue Simulation.
o Queue Implementation using Stack, LRU Cache Implementation.
 Heaps:
o Binary Heap: Max and Min Heap, Insertion, Deletion, Heap Sort.
o Application of Binary Heaps: Priority Scheduling, Dijkstra’s Algorithm.

Scheduling: 2 weeks

Digital Resources:

 Queues - Educative.io
 Heaps - MIT OpenCourseWare

Practice Portals: Codeforces, TopCoder

Project Idea: Develop a job scheduling system using priority queues.

Unit 3: Trees

Topics:

 Binary Trees:
o Definition, Types of Binary Trees (Full, Complete, Perfect, Balanced), Traversal
Techniques: Inorder, Preorder, Postorder, LevelOrder.
o Binary Search Trees: Insertion, Deletion.
 Applications of Binary Trees: Huffman Coding, Expression Trees.

Scheduling: 3 weeks

Digital Resources:

 Binary Trees - Coursera

 Tree Traversals - YouTube

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Practice Portals: InterviewBit, HackerRank

Project Idea: Design an expression evaluator using a binary tree for mathematical operations.

Unit 4: Advanced Trees & Hashing

Topics:

 AVL Trees: Balancing Operations, Rotations (Left, Right), Insertion, Deletion.

 Red-Black Trees: Properties, Insertion, Deletion.
 Hashing Techniques: Hash Tables, Linear Probing, Separate Chaining, Collision Handling.

Scheduling: 3 weeks

Digital Resources:

 Red-Black Trees - Khan Academy

 Hashing - Udemy

Practice Portals: CodeChef, LeetCode

Project Idea: Build a spell checker using hash tables and dictionary words.

Unit 5: Graphs

Topics:

 Graphs: Representation (Adjacency Matrix/List), Graph Traversals (BFS, DFS).

 Algorithms: Minimum Spanning Tree (Kruskal, Prim), Shortest Path Algorithms (Dijkstra,
Warshall).
 Applications: Social Network Analysis, Shortest Path in Maps.

Scheduling: 3 weeks

Digital Resources:

 Graphs - edX
 Graph Algorithms - YouTube

Practice Portals: LeetCode, HackerEarth

Project Idea: Implement a navigation system using graph data structures.

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Reference Books:

1. “Data Structures and Algorithms Made Easy” by Narasimha Karumanchi (2016)

2. “Introduction to Algorithms” by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest,
Clifford Stein (2022)
3. “Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C” by Mark Allen Weiss (2021)

Digital Learning Resources:

1. Coursera – Data Structures Specialization (Coursera Link)

2. MIT OpenCourseWare – Introduction to Algorithms (MIT OCW Link)
3. YouTube Channel – FreeCodeCamp Data Structures and Algorithms (YouTube Link)

Practice Portals:

1. HackerRank (HackerRank Link)

2. LeetCode (LeetCode Link)
3. Codeforces (Codeforces Link)

Proposed Projects:

1. Job Scheduler using Heaps and Queues.

2. Build a Simple Web Crawler using Graph Traversal.
3. LRU Cache Implementation in Python/Java.
4. Design a Ticketing System with Priority Queues.

Hackathons and Competitions:

 Google Code Jam

 Facebook Hacker Cup
 Codeforces Contests
 HackerRank Week of Code

Designed by Senthilkanna JN, CEO, SVCT

Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

Basic Design and Analysis of Algorithms

Course Objectives:

This course equips students with foundational and advanced algorithmic techniques while emphasizing
their real-world application in solving complex computational problems. The updated syllabus integrates
cutting-edge trends, algorithm optimization for modern architectures, and hands-on industry practices
to prepare students for competitive programming and technical interviews.

Course Outcomes:

Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

 Analyze and optimize the asymptotic performance of algorithms in real-world applications.

 Design, implement, and prove the correctness of algorithms.
 Demonstrate deep familiarity with foundational and modern algorithms.
 Apply algorithmic paradigms to solve problems from scratch.
 Optimize solutions for efficiency in terms of both time and space complexity.
 Tackle real-world coding interviews, competitive programming challenges, and project-based
learning.

UNIT 1: Introduction to Algorithms & Complexity Analysis (Weeks 1-2)

Topics:

 Basics of Algorithms & their characteristics.

 Time and Space Complexity: Asymptotic notations (O, Ω, Θ), best, worst, and average case.
 Advanced Asymptotic Analysis: little-o, little-ω notations, amortized analysis.
 Recurrences and Loop Analysis: Master Theorem, solving recurrences (Substitution, Recursion
Tree), loop invariants.
 NP-completeness: Introduction, NP-Hard problems, Cook-Levin theorem.
 Practical Optimization: Cache-efficiency, Big-O for real-world systems, tuning for modern
processors.

Additional Topic:

 Modern Challenges in Algorithm Efficiency: Parallelism, multi-threading in algorithms, and

impact on time complexity.

Online Resources:

 MIT OpenCourseWare - Introduction to Algorithms

 Coursera - Algorithms Specialization by Stanford

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UNIT 2: Searching, Sorting, and Selection Algorithms (Weeks 3-4)

Topics:

 Search Techniques: Binary Search, Interpolation Search, Ternary Search, Exponential Search.
 Sorting Algorithms: QuickSort, Merge Sort, Heap Sort, Radix Sort, Counting Sort, and their
practical use-cases.
 Advanced Sorting Topics: TimSort (used in Python), Hybrid algorithms, external sorting (disk-
based systems).
 Selection Algorithms: Median-of-medians, Randomized Selection.

Additional Topic:

 Distributed and External Sorting: Sorting for large datasets (MapReduce paradigm).
 Real-World Data Management: Techniques for sorting/searching in big data applications.

Online Resources:

 GeeksforGeeks - Sorting and Searching Tutorials

 Udacity - Data Structures & Algorithms Nanodegree

UNIT 3: Backtracking & Greedy Algorithms (Weeks 5-6)

Topics:

 Backtracking Overview: Recursive problem-solving, N-Queens, Sudoku, Subset Sum.

 Greedy Algorithm Design: Coin Change Problem, Activity Selection, Huffman Encoding, Greedy
approach to Dijkstra’s Algorithm.

Additional Topic:

 Greedy vs. Dynamic Programming: Comparative analysis of problem-solving approaches.

 Real-World Applications: How backtracking and greedy algorithms power industry-relevant
tools (e.g., game development, compilers).

Online Resources:

 HackerRank - Backtracking Problems

 Coursera - Data Structures & Algorithm Specialization

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Sri Venkateswaraa College of Technology (SVCT)

UNIT 4: Dynamic Programming & Branch and Bound (Weeks 7-8)

Topics:

 Dynamic Programming: Fibonacci, Longest Common Subsequence, Matrix Chain Multiplication,

Knapsack Problems.
 Memoization and Tabulation Techniques: When to use each and their trade-offs.
 Branch and Bound Method: Solving NP-Hard problems using 0/1 Knapsack, Traveling Salesman
Problem, Job Scheduling.

Additional Topic:

 Dynamic Programming in Practice: Modern applications such as optimizing AI models, dynamic

decision-making.
 Parallelization in DP: Using DP in a multi-threaded environment.

Online Resources:

 GeeksforGeeks - Dynamic Programming Examples

 Leetcode - Dynamic Programming Practice

UNIT 5: Advanced Topics: Divide and Conquer, Approximation Algorithms (Weeks 9-10)

Topics:

 Divide and Conquer: QuickSort, MergeSort, Strassen’s Matrix Multiplication, Closest Pair of
Points.
 Approximation Algorithms: Polynomial-Time Approximation Schemes, Knapsack
Approximation, Traveling Salesman Approximation.
 Graph Algorithms: Advanced concepts in Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, A*, and Johnson’s Algorithm.

Additional Topic:

 Graph Algorithms in Industry: Network routing, shortest path problems in logistics, graph
processing frameworks (e.g., GraphX, Pregel).
 Quantum Algorithms (Intro): Understanding how quantum computing will affect traditional
algorithms in the near future.

Online Resources:

 MIT OpenCourseWare - Advanced Algorithms

 Coursera - Graph Algorithms by Stanford

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Projects & Hands-on Learning

1. Project 1: Implement a file compression tool using Huffman encoding and compare it with
industry standards.
2. Project 2: Design a custom routing algorithm to optimize delivery services for a fictional logistics
company.
3. Project 3: Solve real-world problems like Knapsack or Traveling Salesman and visualize the
solution using a graphical tool.
4. Project 4: Build a platform to test sorting algorithms on large datasets and analyze their
performance with various constraints.

Hackathons & Coding Competitions:

1. Google Kick Start: A global coding competition focused on algorithmic challenges.

2. Codeforces & AtCoder Contests: Regular competitions to test your competitive programming
skills.
3. ICPC (International Collegiate Programming Contest): A prestigious annual algorithmic
competition.

Suggested Reference Books:

1. "Introduction to Algorithms" by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and

Clifford Stein (Latest Edition).
2. "Algorithms Unlocked" by Thomas H. Cormen.
3. "The Algorithm Design Manual" by Steven S. Skiena.
4. "Algorithmic Puzzles" by Anany Levitin.

Practice Portals:

 LeetCode: Leetcode Algorithms Practice

 Codeforces: Codeforces Competitions
 HackerRank: HackerRank Algorithm Practice
 GeeksforGeeks: GFG Algorithm Practice

Proposed Schedule:

 Week 1-2: Introduction to Algorithmic Thinking & Complexity Analysis

 Week 3-4: Sorting, Searching, and Selection Algorithms
 Week 5-6: Backtracking and Greedy Algorithms

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 Week 7-8: Dynamic Programming & Branch and Bound

 Week 9-10: Divide and Conquer, Approximation Algorithms, and Graphs

Advanced Data Structures

COURSE OBJECTIVES: The objective of this course is to equip students with advanced data structures,
focusing on their real-world applications, optimization techniques, and practical implementation in
solving complex problems, reflecting the skills and tools currently in demand by industries such as
software development, AI/ML, and cybersecurity.

COURSE OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this course, students will be able to:

 Understand and apply advanced data structures in solving industry-relevant problems.

 Implement efficient algorithms for problem-solving with optimized time and space complexities.
 Analyze and implement both linear and non-linear data structures in real-world scenarios.
 Demonstrate proficiency in coding competitions and technical interviews.

COURSE OUTLINE AND SCHEDULE:

Unit 1: Advanced Tree Structures (Weeks 1-2)

 Segment Trees:
o Sum of Range: Representation, Implementation for Sum Range Query, Minimum Range
Query.
o Lazy Propagation: Concept and Implementation.
o Persistent Segment Trees: Introduction and practical applications.
 Fenwick Tree (Binary Indexed Tree):
o Range Queries and Point Updates: Representation and Implementation.

Learning Outcome: Students will be able to apply advanced tree structures like segment trees and
Fenwick trees in range query problems, often encountered in competitive programming and industry-
grade applications.

Unit 2: Tries, Suffix Arrays, and Advanced String Algorithms (Weeks 3-4)

 Trie:

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o Representation, Insert/Search/Delete operations, Longest Prefix Matching, and Efficient

text searching applications.
 Suffix Arrays and Suffix Trees:
o Linear-time construction, Kasai's Algorithm for LCP array, Generalized Suffix Tree,
Longest Repeated/Longest Common Substring.
 Applications in Information Retrieval Systems: How these structures power search engines,
auto-complete, and spell-check systems.

Learning Outcome: Mastering string manipulation and search techniques critical in fields like database
indexing, search engines, and bioinformatics.

Unit 3: Self-Balancing Trees and Multi-Level Indexing (Weeks 5-6)

 Splay Tree:
o Operations (Insert, Search, Delete), Amortized Time Analysis, Applications in Cache
Management.
 AVL Tree vs Red-Black Tree:
o Comparison, Insertion/Deletion with Rotations, Applications in Memory Management.
 B-Trees and B+ Trees:
o Multi-Level Indexing in Databases and File Systems, Disk-based Tree Data Structures.

Learning Outcome: Understand and implement dynamic tree-based structures used in real-world
applications like file systems and databases.

Unit 4: Graph Algorithms I – Connectivity, Traversals, and Spanning Trees (Weeks 7-8)

 Graph Representation: Adjacency Matrix, Adjacency List, Edge List.

 Graph Traversals: BFS, DFS, Topological Sorting, Bipartite Graph, Applications in task scheduling.
 Spanning Trees:
o Kruskal's, Prim’s, Boruvka’s Algorithms, Steiner Tree.

Learning Outcome: Ability to handle graph-related problems like traversals and tree extraction in
network analysis and circuit design.

Unit 5: Graph Algorithms II – Shortest Paths, Network Flows (Weeks 9-10)

 Cycle Detection: Detect cycles in Directed/Undirected graphs.

 Shortest Path Algorithms:
o Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, Floyd-Warshall, Johnson's Algorithm.
 Network Flow Algorithms:

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o Ford-Fulkerson, Dinic’s Algorithm, Maximum Bipartite Matching, Karger’s Min-Cut

Algorithm.

Learning Outcome: Students will gain proficiency in solving shortest-path problems and network flow
optimization, essential in routing, logistics, and telecommunication networks.

PRACTICAL PROJECTS:

1. Real-Time File Compression Tool: Implement a tool using Huffman coding, Trie, and Suffix Trees
to compress files.
2. Route Optimization in Logistics: Develop a graph-based application for optimizing delivery
routes using Dijkstra’s and Bellman-Ford algorithms.
3. Content Filtering System: Build a text-based content filtering engine using Suffix Arrays and
Tries.

REFERENCE BOOKS (Updated):

1. "Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++" by Mark A. Weiss (2022 Edition).
2. "Introduction to Algorithms" by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest,
Clifford Stein (4th Edition, 2022).
3. "The Algorithm Design Manual" by Steven Skiena (2020 Edition).
4. "Competitive Programming 4" by Steven Halim and Felix Halim (2021 Edition).

DIGITAL LEARNING RESOURCES:

1. Coursera: Data Structures and Algorithm Specialization by UC San Diego.

2. MIT OpenCourseWare: Advanced Data Structures.
3. Udemy: Mastering Data Structures & Algorithms.

PRACTICE PLATFORMS:

LeetCode:
LeetCode offers a wide range of problems focused on advanced data structures like trees, graphs, and
dynamic programming. The platform frequently updates its problem sets, making it a popular choice for
coding interview preparation.

 URL: LeetCode Advanced Data Structures

 Recommended Practice: Participate in the LeetCode Weekly Contests to apply concepts in real-
time coding challenges.

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HackerRank:
HackerRank is known for structured challenges across various data structures, including segment trees,
tries, and graphs. It is widely used by companies for coding assessments, making it essential for
interview preparation.

 URL: HackerRank Data Structures Challenges

 Recommended Practice: Explore the Data Structures track for targeted learning.

Codeforces:
Codeforces offers real-time competitive programming contests and an extensive problem archive.
Advanced data structure problems like those involving trees, dynamic programming, and graphs are
frequently featured.

 URL: Codeforces Problemset

 Recommended Practice: Join the Codeforces Global Rounds and virtual contests to challenge
yourself against tough problems involving segment trees, graph theory, and network flows.

AtCoder:
A Japanese platform known for its emphasis on problem-solving skills, AtCoder is suitable for those
looking to strengthen their grasp on complex data structures through well-crafted problems.

 URL: AtCoder Beginner to Advanced Challenges

 Recommended Practice: Participate in the AtCoder Beginner Contests (ABC) and AtCoder
Regular Contests (ARC), which often focus on real-world applications of advanced data
structures.

TopCoder:
Known for hosting tough algorithmic challenges and the prestigious TopCoder Open competition,
TopCoder is a great platform to test your data structure and algorithm skills under pressure.

 URL: TopCoder Competitive Programming

 Recommended Practice: Solve Single Round Matches (SRM) focusing on data structures like
graphs and trees.

GeeksforGeeks:
This platform provides extensive articles, tutorials, and practice problems on advanced data structures.
Its practice problems are commonly used by students for interview preparation.

 URL: GeeksforGeeks Data Structures

 Recommended Practice: Work through the Must-Do Coding Questions section, which includes
a range of problems on segment trees, tries, and more.

UPCOMING HACKATHONS AND COMPETITIONS:

1. Google Code Jam 2024: Focuses on competitive programming using advanced data structures.

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2. Codeforces Global Rounds: Frequent contests focusing on algorithmic problem-solving using

advanced techniques.
3. ICPC 2024: International collegiate programming contest featuring graph algorithms and
dynamic programming challenges.

SUGGESTED SCHEDULE:

 Week 1-2: Advanced Tree Structures.

 Week 3-4: Tries and Suffix Trees.
 Week 5-6: Self-Balancing Trees and Indexing.
 Week 7-8: Graph Algorithms I (Connectivity and Spanning Trees).
 Week 9-10: Graph Algorithms II (Shortest Paths and Network Flow).

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Advanced Design and Analysis of Algorithms

Course Objective: This advanced course is designed to provide students with deep insights into
algorithm design and analysis techniques widely used in solving complex real-world problems. It aligns
with current industry demands, focusing on the optimization and implementation of algorithms for high-
performance applications, including AI, big data, machine learning, and software engineering.

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to:

1. Analyze the performance of complex algorithms, focusing on both time and space complexity.
2. Design efficient algorithms using advanced techniques such as dynamic programming, greedy
algorithms, and approximation methods.
3. Implement algorithms in various real-world scenarios, solving practical problems in fields like
data science, networking, AI, and optimization.
4. Optimize solutions for large-scale data problems, considering industry requirements such as
scalability and efficiency.
5. Participate in competitive programming contests and hackathons, showcasing strong
algorithmic problem-solving skills.
6. Synthesize new algorithms for emerging technological needs in areas like machine learning,
blockchain, and cybersecurity.

UNIT 1: Advanced Greedy Algorithms and Applications

Topics:

 Activity Selection Problem: Efficiently selecting activities given a time constraint.

 Kruskal's & Prim's Minimum Spanning Tree Algorithms: Applications in network design.
 Huffman Coding: Data compression techniques and their applications in modern file formats.
 Dijkstra's Shortest Path Algorithm: Application in map routing and GPS systems.
 Job Sequencing with Deadlines: Practical applications in project scheduling and cloud
computing.
 Fractional Knapsack Problem: Optimization of resource allocation under constraints.
 Approximation Algorithms for NP-Hard Problems: Techniques to find near-optimal solutions for
intractable problems (e.g., Traveling Salesman Problem, Vertex Cover Problem).
 Real-World Applications: Case studies from logistics, networking, and scheduling industries.

Schedule: 2 weeks

Digital Learning Resources:

 Coursera: Greedy Algorithms on Coursera

 MIT OpenCourseWare: Greedy Algorithms Lecture

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 YouTube: Greedy Algorithms by Abdul Bari

UNIT 2: Advanced Dynamic Programming I

Topics:

 Overlapping Subproblems and Optimal Substructure: Key principles behind dynamic

programming.
 Longest Increasing Subsequence & Longest Common Subsequence: Applications in sequence
analysis (bioinformatics, version control systems).
 Edit Distance: Applications in spell checking and natural language processing (NLP).
 Minimum Cost Path Problem: Real-world applications in graph traversal and navigation
systems.
 Matrix Chain Multiplication: Computational geometry and multi-stage decision problems.
 0/1 Knapsack Problem: Practical use cases in budgeting and resource allocation.
 Egg Dropping Puzzle: Exploring the relationship between testing and optimization.

Schedule: 3 weeks

Digital Learning Resources:

 Udemy: Mastering Dynamic Programming

 Coursera: Advanced Dynamic Programming on Coursera
 YouTube: Dynamic Programming Playlist by Abdul Bari

UNIT 3: Advanced Dynamic Programming II

Topics:

 Longest Palindromic Subsequence & Substring: Pattern matching in computational biology and
linguistics.
 Floyd-Warshall Algorithm: All-pairs shortest path problem, with applications in networking and
transportation.
 Bellman-Ford Algorithm: Shortest path problem in graphs with negative weights, used in
financial modeling and blockchain consensus.
 Maximum Size Square Sub-Matrix with All 1s: Image processing and data clustering
applications.
 Palindrome Partitioning: Text partitioning in NLP and data compression.
 Word Break Problem: Real-world applications in search engines and data mining.
 Backpropagation in Deep Learning: Understanding dynamic programming's role in optimizing
deep neural networks.

Schedule: 3 weeks

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Digital Learning Resources:

 Udemy: Dynamic Programming Advanced Topics

 MIT OpenCourseWare: Dynamic Programming Lecture
 Coursera: Graph Algorithms with Dynamic Programming

UNIT 4: String Algorithms and Pattern Searching

Topics:

 Naïve Pattern Searching: Simple pattern matching techniques.

 KMP Algorithm: Efficient string matching used in search engines and text editing software.
 Rabin-Karp Algorithm: Substring search for multiple patterns, used in plagiarism detection.
 Boyer-Moore Algorithm: Advanced pattern matching algorithm with real-world applications in
DNA sequencing.
 Aho-Corasick Algorithm: Multiple pattern searching, widely used in network intrusion detection
systems.
 Kasai's Algorithm and Suffix Arrays: Applications in bioinformatics and string-based databases.
 Z Algorithm: Linear time substring search, used in cybersecurity and file comparison tools.

Schedule: 2 weeks

Digital Learning Resources:

 Coursera: String Matching Algorithms

 GeeksforGeeks: Pattern Searching Tutorial
 YouTube: KMP Algorithm by Abdul Bari

UNIT 5: Graph Algorithms and Analysis of Algorithms

Topics:

 Tarjan’s Algorithm: Strongly connected components and its use in web crawling and circuit
analysis.
 Kosaraju's Algorithm: Finding strongly connected components in directed graphs.
 Ford-Fulkerson & Edmonds-Karp Algorithms: Network flow problems with applications in
telecommunications and supply chains.
 Applications of Graph Theory: Case studies on social networks (Facebook, LinkedIn) and
recommendation systems.
 QuickSort vs MergeSort vs TimSort: Comparing time complexity, space complexity, and
practical efficiency.
 Big-O Analysis: Comprehensive evaluation of algorithm efficiency.

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 Approximation and Heuristic Algorithms: Addressing problems where exact solutions are
computationally infeasible.

Schedule: 3 weeks

Digital Learning Resources:

 Coursera: Graph Algorithms Specialization

 Udemy: Graph Theory Algorithms for Competitive Programming
 MIT OpenCourseWare: Graph Algorithms Lecture

Proposed Practical Projects:

1. Optimal Route Planning for Logistics and Delivery Systems: Design algorithms for route
optimization using Dijkstra and Floyd-Warshall.
2. Dynamic Pricing System for E-Commerce Platforms: Develop a dynamic pricing model using
knapsack-based algorithms.
3. Pattern Matching in Genomic Data: Apply string matching algorithms like KMP and Rabin-Karp
to identify patterns in DNA sequences.
4. Graph-Based Social Network Analysis: Develop a recommendation system using graph theory
and network flow algorithms.

Hackathons and Competitions:

 Google Code Jam - A global programming competition hosted by Google.

 Facebook Hacker Cup - An annual worldwide programming competition.
 LeetCode Weekly Contests - Regular competitive programming contests on LeetCode.
 ICPC (International Collegiate Programming Contest) - The world's oldest and most prestigious
programming contest.
 Codeforces Contests - Regular competitive coding contests focusing on advanced algorithms.

Recommended Reference Books:

1. Introduction to Algorithms by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and

Clifford Stein (MIT Press).
2. The Algorithm Design Manual by Steven S. Skiena (Springer).
3. Algorithms Unlocked by Thomas H. Cormen (MIT Press).
4. Algorithms Illuminated by Tim Roughgarden (Soundlikeyourself Publishing).
5. Algorithmic Thinking: A Problem-Based Approach by Daniel Zingaro (No Starch Press).

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