FRAME ANALYSIS USING THE STIFFNESS

METHOD
! Simple Frames
! Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix
! Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices
! Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix

! Special Frames
! Frame-Member Global Stiffness Matrix

1
Simple Frames

2
Frame-Member Stiffness Matrix = 1 AE/L
d 1´
y´ 6EI/L2
6´ x´ AE/L
5´ 4´ 1
6EI/L2 d 2´ =
j
3´ 12EI/L3
m
2´ 12EI/L3
1´ 2EI/L
i = 1
4EI/L d 3´
6EI/L2
[k´]
6EI/L2
AE/L
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´ 1
=
d 4´
1´ AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0 6EI/L2
2´ 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 AE/L 1
6EI/L2 d 5´ =
3´ 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L 12EI/L3
4´ -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 12EI/L3
4EI/L
5´ 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 = 1
2EI/L d 6´
6´ 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L 6EI/L2
6EI/L2 3
Displacement and Force Transformation Matrices

x´
y´ 5´
6´ 4´
j

2´ m

3´ 1´
i

y
6

5
4
j
3 θy m
θx
2
1 x
i
4
 Force Transformation λx λy
6´ x´ q4 = q4´ cos θx - q5´ cos θy
θy q5 = q4´ cos θy + q5´ cos θx
5´ 4´
y´ q6 = q6´
j θx
θy
2´ q 4   λ x − λy 0 q 4' 
θx q  =  λ
x j − xi  5  y λx 0  q 
 5' 
λx =
3´ 1´ L q 6   0 0 1  q 6' 
i y j − yi
λy =
L
q 1   λ x − λy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q   q 
 2   λy λx 0 0 0 0   2' 
y
6 q 3   0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
 =   
5 q 4   0 0 0 λx − λy 0 q 4' 
4 q 5   0 0 0 λy λx 0 q 5' 
j      
q 6   0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 
3 m

2
1 [q ] = [T ]T [q ']
i x
5
[q] = [T]T[q´]
= [T]T ( [k´][d´] + [q´F] )

= [T]T [k´][d´] + [T]T [q´F]

[q] = [T]T [k´][T][d] + [T]T [q´F] = [k][d] + [qF]

Therefore, [k] = [T]T [k´][T]

[qF] = [T]T [q´F]

[q] = [T]T[q´]

[d´] = [T][d]

[k] = [T]T [k´][T]

6
 Frame Member Global Stiffness Matrix

[q] = [T]T[q´]= [T]T ( [k´][d´] + [q´F] ) = [T]T[k´][d´] + [T]T[q´F] = [T]T [k´][T][d] + [T]T [q´F]

[k] [qF]
[ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =

Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

7
Example 1

For the frame shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2

6m
A 5 kN
B

6m

8
 6m
5 kN
A
B kN
(600 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 )
AE 2
m = 20000 kN/m
=
L 6m
6m
kN −6
12(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 m 4
)
12 EI m 2

C 3
= 3
= 666.667 kN/m
L (6m)

Global : kN
6(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
6EI m 2
= = 2000 kN
6 5 2 3 L2 (6m) 2
A 1 kN
4 1 4(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
B 4 EI m 2
= = 8000 kN • m
L 6m
2

kN
2(200 × 10 6 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )
2EI m 2
9 = = 4000 kN • m
8 L 6m
C
7

9
Using Transformation Matrix:
Global : Local :

5 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
6 2 3
4´
A 1 A 1´ 1
4 1 B
B
1´ 3´

2
2´

2
8 9
C
7 6´
5´
• Member Stiffness Matrix
δi ∆i θi δj ∆j 4´ θ
j
Ni  AE/L 0 0 − AE/L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI /L3
6 EI/L2 0 − 12 EI/L3 6 EI/L2 
 
Mi  0 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 
[k'] =  
Nj − AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 0 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 
 
Mj  0 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L  10
Stiffness Matrix: Member 1
Local :

6 5 3 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´
2
A 1 4´
4 1 A 1´ 1 B
B

2
Global: [q] = [q´]

8 9 -> [k]1 = [k´]1

C
7

4 6 5 1 2 3
4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
[k]1 =
1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000
11
Stiffness Matrix: Member 2

6 5 2 3
1´ 3´
A 1 λix = cos (-90o) = 0
4 1
B 2´ λiy = sin (-90o) = -1

2
90o

2
Global: Local:
6´
9 λjx = cos (-90o) = 0
8 5´ λjy = sin (-90o) = -1
C
7
4´
[q]2 = [ T ]T[ q´]2

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 q1´
q2 2 -1 0 0 0 0 0 q2´
q3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7 = 7 0 0 0 0 1 0 q4´
q8 8 0 0 0 -1 0 0 q5´
q9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[T]T
12
 1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
2´ 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
3´ 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000
[k´]2 =
4´ -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

5´ 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

6´ 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000

[k]2 = [ T ]T[ k´ ]2[ T ]

1 2 3 7 8 9
1 666.667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000
2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0
3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000
[k]2 = -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000
7
8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0
9 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000
13
Global Stiffness Matrix:
[k]1
5 3 4 6 5 1 2 3
6 2
4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0
A 1
4 1
B 6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000
5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000

2
Global: 1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

8 9 2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

C
7 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000

[k]2
[K] 1 2 3 7 8 9
4 5 1 2 3 1 666.667 0 2000 666.667 0 2000
4 20000 0 -20000 0 0
2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0
5 0 8000 0 -2000 4000
3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000
1 -20000 0 20666.667 0 2000
7 -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000
2 0 -2000 0 20666.667 -2000 8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0
3 0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 9 2000 0 4000 2000 0 8000 14
 6m 6 5 2 3
5 kN
A A 1
1
B 4 1
B

2
6m

8 9
C [Q] = [K][D] + [QF] C
Global: 7
4 5 1 2 3
Q4 = 0 4 20000 0 -20000 0 0 D4 0
Q5 = 0 5 0 8000 0 -2000 4000 D5 0
Q1 = 5 1 -20000 0 20666.667 0 2000 D1 + 0
=
Q2 = 0 2 0 -2000 0 20666.667 -2000 D2 0
Q3 = 0 3 0 4000 2000 -2000 16000 D3 0

D4 0.01316 m
D5 9.199(10-4) rad
D1 = 0.01316 m
D2 -9.355(10-5) m
D3 -1.887(10-3) rad 15
 6m Member 1
5 kN
A 6 5 2 3
1
B 1
A 4 1 B

2
6m
1.87 kN 1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m

C A 1 B
[q]1 = [k]1[d]1 + [qF]1

4 6 5 1 2 3
q4 4 20000 0 0 -20000 0 0 D4 = 0.01316 0

q6 6 0 666.667 2000 0 -666.667 2000 D6 = 0 -1.87

q5 5 0 2000 8000 0 -2000 4000 D5 = 9.199(10-4) 0

q1 1 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0 D1 = 0.01316 0

q2 2 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000 D2 = -9.355(10-5) 1.87

q3 3 0 2000 4000 0 -2000 8000 D3 = -1.887(10-3) -11.22

16
 6m Member 2
5 kN
A 3 11.22 kN•m
1
B 2 1.87 kN

1 5 kN

2
6m

2
8 9 18.77 kN•m
C
7 5 kN
[q]2 = [k]2[d]2 + [qF]2 1.87 kN
1 2 3 7 8 9

q1 1 666.667 0 2000 -666.667 0 2000 D1 = 0.01316 5

q2 2 0 20000 0 0 -20000 0 D2 = -9.355(10-5) -1.87

q3 3 2000 0 8000 -2000 0 4000 D3 = -1.887(10-3) 11.22

q7 7 -666.667 0 -2000 666.667 0 -2000 D7 = 0 -5

q8 8 0 -20000 0 0 20000 0 D8 = 0 1.87

q9 9 2000 0 4000 -2000 0 8000 D9 = 0 18.77

17
1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
1.87 kN 5 kN
A
A 1 B B
1.87 kN
1.87 kN 11.22 kN•m
6m
5 kN

2
18.77 kN•m
C
18.77 kN•m 5 kN
6m
5 kN 1.87 kN

1.87 kN

11.22 B B
A - A - 5
-1.87
-11.22

Bending moment Shear diagram +

diagram
+
C 18.77 C 5
18
D4=13.16 mm D1=13.16 mm
D5=0.00092 rad D3=-0.00189 rad
11.22 B
A A -
B
-11.22
D3=-0.00189 rad

Deflected shape Bending moment

diagram
+
C C 18.77

6 5 2 3
A 1
D4 0.01316 m 4 1
B
D5 9.199(10-4) rad
D1 = 0.01316 m

2
Global :
D2 -9.355(10-5) m
8 9
D3 -1.887(10-3) rad C
7
19
Example 2

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2 for each member.

3 kN/m
B C

4.5 m
A

6m 6m

20
 3 kN/m 3 9
2 8
Global
1 2 7
4.5 m 6
1
5

4
6m 6m

2 3 8 9
2 3
Members
1 2 7
1
6 1
5

4 3 kN/m
9 kN•m 9 kN•m
[FEM]
2

9 kN 9 kN

21
 3 kN/m
AE (600 ×10 −6 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )
=
m L 7.5 m
4.5 m 7. 5 = 16000 kN / m

12 EI 12(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

=
6m 6m L3 (7.5 m) 3
= 341.33 kN / m

Member 1: 6 EI 6( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

2
=
L (7.5 m) 2
2 3 = 1280 kN

θy 1 4 EI 4(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

1 =
6 L 7.5 m
θx
5 = 6400 kN • m
4
2 EI 2(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
=
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8 L 7.5 m
= 3200 kN • m
λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
22
 Member m: Mj
λx = cos θx Vj

λy = cos θy θy Uj

Mi m
[ km ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T ] = θx
Vi

Ui Vi Mi Uj Ui Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

23
 3 kN/m
Member 1: 2 3

m θy 1
4.5 m 7. 5 6 1
θx
5

6m 6m 4

λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8

λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6

4 5 6 1 2 3
4 10362.879 7516.162 -768 -10362.879 -7516.162 -768
5 7516.162 5978.451 1024 -7516.162 -5978.451 1024
6 -768 1024 6400 768 -1024 3200
[k1] = 1 -10362.879 -7516.162 768 10362.879 7516.162 768
2 -7516.162 -5978.451 -1024 7516.162 5978.451 -1024
3 -768 1024 3200 768 -1024 6400
24
 3 kN/m
AE (600 × 10 −6 m 2 )(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )
=
m L 6m
4.5 m 7. 5 = 20000 kN / m

12 EI 12(200 ×10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

=
6m 6m L3 (6 m) 3
= 666.667 kN / m

Member 2: 6 EI 6( 200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(60 × 10 −6 m 4 )

2
=
L (6 m) 2
2 3 8 9
= 2000 kN
1 2 7 4 EI 4(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )
=
λx = cos 0o = 1.0, λy = cos 90o = 0 L 6m
= 8000 kN • m

2 EI 2(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(60 ×10 −6 m 4 )

=
L 6m
= 4000 kN • m

25
 3 9 1 2 3 7 8 9
2 8
1 AE/L 0 0 - AE/L 0 0
1 2 7
2 0 12EI/L3 6EI/L2 0 - 12EI/L3 6EI/L2

3 0 6EI/L2 4EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 2EI/L

[k2] =
7 -AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0

8 0 -12EI/L3 -6EI/L2 0 12EI/L3 -6EI/L2

9 0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 0 - 6EI/L2 4EI/L

1 2 3 7 8 9

1 20000 0 0 - 20000 0 0

2 0 666.667 2000 0 - 666.667 2000

3 0 2000 8000 0 - 2000 4000

[k2] =
7 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

8 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

9 0 2000 4000 0 - 2000 8000

26
 4 5 6 1 2 3
4 10362.879 7516.162 -768 -10362.879 -7516.162 -768
5 7516.162 5978.451 1024 -7516.162 -5978.451 1024
6 -768 1024 6400 768 -1024 3200
[k1] = 1 -10362.879 -7516.162 768 10362.879 7516.162 768
2 -7516.162 -5978.451 -1024 7516.162 5978.451 -1024
3 -768 1024 3200 768 -1024 6400

1 2 3 7 8 9

1 20000 0 0 - 20000 0 0

2 0 666.667 2000 0 - 666.667 2000

3 0 2000 8000 0 - 2000 4000

[k2] =
7 -20000 0 0 20000 0 0

8 0 -666.667 -2000 0 666.667 -2000

9 0 2000 4000 0 - 2000 8000

27
 3 kN/m
2 3 8 9

9 kN•m
1 2 7
7. 5m 9 kN 9 kN
4.5 m
6 1
5

6m 6m 4

Global:
1 2 3
0
Q1 1 30362.9 7516.16 768 D1 0
0
Q2 = 2 7516.16 6645.12 976 D2 + 9
0
Q3 3 768 976 14400 D3 9

D1 4.575(10-4) m
D2 = -1.794(10-3) m
D3 -5.278(10-4) rad
28
Member 1:
1.19 kN•m 11.37 kN
2 3 6.75 kN 1.19 kN•m
9.15 kN
θy 1
6 1 0.50 kN•m 0.09 kN
θx 1 0.50 kN•m 1
5 6.75 kN

4 9.15 kN 0.09 kN
11.37 kN
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8
λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 0 0 9.15
4
q5 0 0 6.75
5
q6 0 0 0.50
= 6 k1 + =
q1 D1 = 4.575(10-4) 0 -9.15
1
q2 D2 = -1.794(10-3) 0 -6.75
q3 2
D3 = -5.278(10-4) 0 -1.19
3
29
Member 2:

2 3 8 9
1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
2 14.70 kN•m
1 7
9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
3 kN/m
6.75 kN 11.25 kN
9 kN•m 9 kN•m
2

9 kN [FEM] 9 kN

1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 D1 = 4.575(10-4) 0 9.15
q2 2 D2 = -1.794(10-3) 9 6.75
q3 3 k2 D3 = -5.278(10-4) 9 1.19
q7
= 0
+ 0 =
7 -9.15
q8 8 0 9 11.25
q9
9 0 -9 -14.70
30
 1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
1.19 kN•m 14.70 kN•m
6.75 kN
9.15 kN 9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
0.50 kN•m 6.75 kN 11.25 kN
1
6.75 kN

9.15 kN

3 kN/m
14.70 kN•m

9.15 kN
0.50 kN•m 11.25 kN
All Reactions
9.15 kN

6.75 kN

31
 11.37 kN 1.19 kN•m 3 kN/m
14.70 kN•m
1.19 kN•m
9.15 kN 2 9.15 kN
0.09 kN 6.75 kN 11.25 kN
1
6.75
0.50 kN•m
0.09 kN +
11.37 kN
-0.09 -
D1 4.575(10-4) m
D2 = -1.794(10-3) m -11.25
Shear diagram
D3 -5.278(10-4) rad -0.09 (kN)
D1 = 0.46 mm
D2 = -1.79 mm
-1.19
D3 =-5.278(10-4) rad
-14.70
Deflected shape Bending-moment diagram
0.5
(kN•m)
32
Example 3

For the beam shown, use the stiffness method to:

(a) Determine the deflection and rotation at B.
(b) Determine all the reactions at supports.
(c) Draw the quantitative shear and bending moment diagrams.
E = 200 GPa, I = 60(106) mm4, A = 600 mm2 for each member.

20 kN•m 10 kN
15 kN C
B
N/m
4.5 m 3k

A 6m 3m 3m

33
 20 kN•m 10 kN 3 9
Global 2 8
15 kN C
B θy = 53.13 1 2 7
N/m 6
1
4.5 m 3k θx =36.87
5
λx = cos θx = 6/7.5 = 0.8
A 4 λy = cos θy = 4.5/7.5 = 0.6
6m 3m 3m

2 3 8 9
2 3
Members
1 2 7
1
6 1
5
14.06 kN•m 10 kN
4 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.75 kN
11.25 kN 2
N/m
[FEM] 3k 1 9 kN 5 kN
5 kN
wL2/12 = 14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
11.25(0.8) = 9 kN wL/2 = 11.25 kN 34
 20 kN•m 10 kN
2 3 8 9
15 kN C
B 1 2 7
N/m
3k 1
5 6

A 4
14.06 kN•m 10 kN
Global: 7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.75 kN
11.25 kN 2
N/m
3k 1 9 kN 5 kN 5 kN
[FEM]
14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
9 kN 11.25 kN

1 2 3
Q1 = 15 1 30362.9 7516.16 768 D1 -6.75
Q2 = 0 = 2 7516.16 6645.2 976 D2 + 9+5
Q3 = 20 3 768 976 14400 D3 -14.06 + 7.5
35
 2 3 8 9

1 2 7

6 1
5

D1 1.751(10-3) m
D2 = -4.388(10-3) m
D3 2.049(10-3) rad

36
Member 1:
14.06 kN•m
2 3
[FEM] 6.75 kN
θy 1 11.25 kN
N/m
1
6 θx 3k 1 9 kN
5
14.06 kN•m
11.25(0.6) = 6.75 kN
4
9 kN 11.25 kN
λx = cos 36.87o =
0.8,
λy = cos 53.13o = 0.6

4 5 6 1 2 3
q4 0 -6.75 6.51
4
q5 0 9 24.17
5
q6 0 14.06 26.46
=
6 k1 +
q1 1 D1 = 1.751(10-3) -6.75 = -20.01
q2 2 D2 = -4.388(10-3) 9 -6.17
q3
3 D3 = 2.049(10-3) -14.06 4.89
37
 2 3
q4 6.51
θy = 53.13o 1
1 q5 24.17
6 θx = 36.87o
5 q6 26.46
=
4 q1 -20.01
q2 -6.17
q3
4.89

6.17 kN 4.89 kN•m 4.89 kN•m 19.71 kN

20.01 kN
/ m 7.07 kN
/m N
N 3k
3k m 1
26.46 kN•m 7. 5m 26.46 kN•m 7. 5

6.51 kN 15.43 kN
19.71 kN
24.17 kN
38
Member 2:

2 3 8 9
15.12 kN•m 10 kN
2 8.08 kN•m
1 7
10 kN 35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
7.5 kN•m 7.5 kN•m
6.17 kN 3.83 kN
2

5 kN 5 kN
[FEM]

1 2 3 7 8 9
q1 1 D1 = 1.751(10-3) 0 35.02
q2 2 D2 = -4.388(10-3) 5 6.17
q3 3 k2 D3 = 2.049(10-3) 7.5 15.12
q7
= 0
+ 0 =
7 -35.02
q8 8 0 5 3.83
q9
9 0 -7.5 -8.08
39
 6.17 kN 4.89 kN•m 15.12 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
20.01 kN
35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
N/m
3k 6.17 kN 3.83 kN
26.46 kN•m 7. 5m

6.51 kN
24.17 kN

20 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m
15 kN C
B 35.02 kN
N/m
3.83 kN
3k
26.46 kN•m

A 6.51 kN
24.17 kN 6 m 3m 3m

40
 4.89 kN•m 19.71 kN 15.12 kN•m 10 kN
8.08 kN•m

35.02 kN 2 35.02 kN
N /m
7.07 kN
3k 6.17 kN 3.83 kN
1m
26.46 kN•m 7.5
6.17
15.43 kN
19.71 kN
-7.07 -3.83
D1 1.751(10-3) m
15.43 Shear diagram
D2 = -4.388(10-3) m
(kN)
D3 2.049(10-3) rad
D1 =1.75 mm
4.89
D2 = -4.39 mm

-15.12 -8.08
D3 = 2.05(10-3) rad

Deflected shape Bending-moment

diagram (kN•m)

-26.46 41
Special Frames

42
Stiffness matrix
6* 3´ 6´
2* 5* 5´
3* 1 2´
4´
1* θi 4* θj 1´
i j i j

λix = cos θi λjx = cos θj

λiy = sin θi λjy = sin θj

[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q 1*  1*  λix − λiy 0 0 0 0 q 1' 
q  λ q 
  2* 2*  iy λix 0 0 0 0   2' 
q 3*  3*  0 0 1 0 0 0 q 3' 
 =    
q
 4*  4* 0 0 0 λ jx − λ jy 0 q 4' 
q 5*  5*  0 0 0 λ jy λ jx 0 q 5' 
     
q 6 *  6*  0 0 0 0 0 1  q 6' 

[ T ]T
43
 1* 2* 3* 4* 5* 6*
1´  λix λiy 0 0 0 0
− λ 0 
2´  iy λix 0 0 0
 0 0 1 0 0 0
[T ] = 3´  
4´  0 0 0 λ jx λ jy 0
5´  0 0 0 − λ jy λ jx 0
 
6´  0 0 0 0 0 1 

• Member Stiffness Matrix

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´  AE/L 0 0 − AE/L 0 0 
2´  0 12 EI / L3
6 EI/L2 0 − 12 EI/L3 6 EI/L2 

3´  0 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 
[k'] =  
4´ − AE/L 0 0 AE/L 0 0 
5´  0 − 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 0 12 EI/L3 − 6 EI/L2 
 
6´  0 6 EI/L2 2 EI/L 0 − 6 EI/L2 4 EI/L 
44
 [ k ] = [ T ]T[ k´ ][T] =

Ui Vi Mi Uj Vj Mj

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Ui ( λix2 + λiy2 ) ( - ) λixλiy - λiy -( λixλjx + λiyλjy ) -( λixλjy - λiyλjx ) - λiy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vi ( - ) λixλiy ( λiy2 + λix2 ) λix -( λiyλjx - λixλjy ) -( λiyλjy + λixλjx ) λix
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

6EI 6EI 4EI 6EI 6EI 2EI

Mi - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Uj -( λixλjx + λiy λjy) -( λiyλjx - λixλjy) λjy ( λjx2 + λjy2 ) ( - ) λjxλjy λjy
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L L3 L2

AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI AE 12EI AE 12EI 6EI

Vj - ( λixλjy- λiyλjx ) -( λiyλjy + λix λjx ) - λjx ( - ) λjxλjy ( L λjy2 + λjx2 ) - λjx
L L3 L L3 L2 L L3 L3 L2

6EI 6EI 2EI 6EI 6EI 4EI

Mj - λiy λix λjy - λjx
L2 L2 L L2 L2 L

45
Example 4

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams and qualitative
deflected shape.
Take I = 200(106) mm4 , A = 6(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.
Include axial deformation in the stiffness matrix.

40 kN 20 kN
200 kN•m
6 kN
/m
3m 22.02 o

4m 4m 7.416 m

46
 40 kN 20 kN
200 kN•m
6 kN
/m
3m 22.02 o

4m 4m 7.416 m

3* 6
2* 5
Global 4
1* 1
9
22.02 o 2 8
7
3´
6´ 3´
2´ 5´ 2´
Local 4´
1´ 1 1´
6´
5´
2

4´
47
 δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni  AE/L 0 0 − AE/ L 0 0 
Vi  0 12 EI / L3
6EI/ L2 0 − 12 EI/ L3 6EI/ L2 

Mi  0 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 
[k'] =  
Nj − AE/ L 0 0 AE/ L 0 0 
Vj  0 − 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2 0 12 EI/ L3 − 6EI/ L2

 
Mj  0 6EI/ L2 2EI/ L 0 − 6EI/ L2 4 EI/ L 

AE (0.006 m 2 )(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )

= = 150 ×103 kN / m
L 8m
4 EI 4(200 ×106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
= = 20 ×103 kN • m
L 8m
2 EI
= 10 × 103 kN • m
L
6 EI 6(200 × 106 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
2
= 2
= 3.75 × 103 kN
L (8 m)
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN / m 2 )(0.0002 m 4 )
3
= 3
= 0.9375 × 103 kN / m
L (8 m)
48
 3´
6´ 3´
2´ 5´ 2´
8m
1 4´ 1´
1´
8m 6´
5´
2
Local
4´

δi ∆i θi δj ∆j θj
Ni 150000 0 0 - 150000 0 0
Vi 0 937.5 3750 0 - 937.5 3750
Mi 0 3750 20000 0 - 3750 10000
[ k´]1 = [ k´]2 =
Nj -150000 0 0 150000 0 0
Vj 0 -937.5 -3750 0 937.5 -3750
Mj 0 3750 10000 0 - 3750 20000

49
Member 1:
3* 6 3´ 6´
2* 5 5´
2´ Local
1
Global 4 4´
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
1´
θj = 0o
40 kN
λix = cos (22.02o) = 0.927, λjx = cos (0o) = 1,
λiy = sin (22.02o) = 0.375 λjy = sin (0o) = 0 40 kN•m 40 kN•m

1
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ] 20 kN [FEM] 20 kN

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q*1 1* 0.927 - 0.375 0 0 0 0 q1´
q*2 2* 0.375 0.927 0 0 0 0 q2´
q*3 3* 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
= 4* 0 0 0 1 0 0
q4 q4´
q5 5* 0 0 0 0 1 0 q5´
q6 6* 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[ T ]1T
50
 3* 6 3´ 6´
2* 5 5´
2´ Local
1
Global 4 4´
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
1´
θj = 0o

[ k* ]1 = [ T ]1T[ k´ ]1[ T ]1

1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406
2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476
3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00
[ k * ]1 = 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75
6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20

51
 40 kN
3* 6
2* 5 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
1
Global 4
1 * θi =22.02
o 1
θj = 0o
20 kN [FEM] 20 kN

[ qF* ] = [ T ]T[ qF´]

0 -7.50 1*
40 kN
20 18.54 2* 40 kN•m 40 kN•m
40 40 3*
[ qF*] = [ T ]1 T
= 7.5 1
0 0 4 18.54
20 kN
20 20 5
-40 -40 6
52
 3´
Member 2 2´
6 λix = λjx = cos (-22.02o) = 0.927, 1´
5 λiy = λjy = sin (-22.02o) = -0.375 6´
4 5´
22.02o 2
9 [ q´]
2 8 4´
32 k 6 kN
7 N•m /m
[q] 22.02o
24 k
N 2
[ q´F]
24 k
N
32 k
[q]=[T ]T[ q´ ] N•m

1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q4 4 0.927 0.375 0 0 0 0 q1´
q5 5 -0.375 0.927 0 0 0 0 q2´
q6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
= 7 0 0 0 0.927 0.375 0
q7 q4´
q8 8 0 0 0 -0.375 0.927 0 q5´
q9 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
[ T ]2T
53
 6 3´
5 2´
4 1´
22.02o 6´
9 5´
2 8 2
7 [ q´ ]
[q] 22.02o 4´

[ k ]2 = [ T ]2T[ k´]2[ T ]2

4 5 6 7 8 9
4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406
5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476
6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10
[ k ]2 = 103
7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406
8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476
9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20

54
 6
5
4 32 k 6 kN
22.02o N•m /m
9 24 k
2 8 N 2
7 [ q´F ]
[q] 22.02o 24 k
N
32 k
N•m

[ qF* ] = [ T ]T[ qF´ ]

0 8.998 4 32 kN•m
[ qF ]
24 22.249 5 8.998kN 6 kN
/m
32 32 6 22.249 kN 2
[ qF ] = [T ]2T = 32 kN•m
0 8.998 7 8.998 kN
24 22.249 8 22.249 kN
-32 -32 9
55
 3* 6
Global Stiffness: 2* 5

1
4
1* 9
2 8
7
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406
2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476
3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00
[ k* ]1 = 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75
6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20
4 5 6 7 8 9
4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406
5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476
6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10
[ k ]2 = 103
7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406
8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476
9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20 56
Global: 40 kN 20 kN 3* 6
200 kN•m 2* 5
6 kN
/m 1 4
1* 9
2 8
40 kN 7
40 kN•m 32 kN•m
40 kN•m [ qF ]
8.998 kN 6 kN
7.5 1 /m
18.54 kN
[ q*F ] 20 kN 22.249 kN 2 32 kN•m
8.998 kN
[ Q ] = [ K ][ D ] + [ QF ]
22.249 kN
1* 3* 4 5 6
Q1* = 0.0 1* 129.046 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406 D1* -7.5
Q3* = 0.0 3* -1.406 20 0 -3.75 10 D3* 40
Q4 = 0.0 = 103 4 -139.058 0 279.046 -51.811 1.406 D4
+ 8.998
Q5 = -20 5 0.352 -3.75 -51.811 22.829 -0.274 D5 20 +22.249
Q6 = -200 6 -1.406 10 1.406 -0.274 40 D6 -40 + 32
57
Global: 40 kN 20 kN 3* 6
200 kN•m 2* 5
6 kN
/m 1 4
1* 9
2 8
7

D1* -0.0205 m
D3* -0.0112 rad
D4 = -0.0191 m
D5 -0.0476 m
D6 -0.0024 rad

58
 3* 6 40 kN•m 40 kN
2* 5 40 kN•m
1
[q] 4 1
1* 7.5
18.54
[ qF* ] 20 kN
Member 1: [ q*] = [ k*][ d*] + [ qF*]
1* 2* 3* 4 5 6
q1* 1* 129.046 51.811 -1.406 -139.058 0.351 -1.406 D1*=-0.0205 -7.50
q2* 2* 51.811 21.892 3.476 -56.240 -0.869 3.476 D2*= 0.0 18.54
q3* 3* -1.406 3.476 20.00 0 -3.75 10.00 D =-0.0112 40
= 103
4 -139.058 -56.240 0.00 150 0 0
3*
+
q4 D4= -0.0191 0
q5 5 0.351 -0.869 -3.75 0 0.938 -3.75 D5= -0.0476 20
q6 6 -1.406 3.476 10.00 0 -3.75 20 D6=-0.0024 -40

q1* 0
q2* 22.63 kN 40 kN
7.87 kN•m
q3* 0
q4 = -8.49 kN 8.49 kN
22.6 19.02 kN
q5 19.02 kN 3 kN
q6 7.87 kN•m 59
 6 32 kN•m
5 [ qF ]
4 8.998 kN 6 kN
/m
9
2 8
22.249 kN 2 32 kN•m
[q] 7 8.998 kN
Member 2 : [ q ] = [ k ][ d ] + [ qF ]
22.249 kN
4 5 6 7 8 9
q4 4 129.046 -51.811 1.406 -129.046 51.811 1.406 D4= -0.0191 8.998
q5 5 -51.811 21.892 3.476 51.811 -21.892 3.476 D5= -0.0476 22.249
q6 6 1.406 3.476 20 -1.406 -3.476 10 D6=-0.0024 32
=103 +
q7 7 -129.046 51.811 -1.406 129.046 -51.811 -1.406 D7 = 0 8.998
q8 8 51.811 -21.892 -3.476 -51.811 21.892 -3.476 D8 = 0 22.249
q9 9 1.4056 3.476 10 -1.406 -3.476 20 D9 = 0 -32
q4 8.49 kN 207.87 kN•m
q5 -39.02 kN 6 kN
8.49 kN /m
q6 -207.87 kN•m
q7 = 9.51 kN 39.02 kN
248.04 kN•m
q8 83.51 kN 9.51 kN
q9 -248.04 kN•m 83.51 kN 60
 40 kN 22.5 207.87 kN•m
7.87 kN•m kN
8.49 kN
8.49 kN 6 kN
8.49 kN /m 248.04 kN•m
22.6 20.98 kN 33 kN
3 kN 19.02 kN
39.02 kN
207.87 9.51 kN 22.5
81 kN kN
83.56
83.51 kN
7.87 +
+
D1* -0.0205 m
Bending-moment
diagram (kN•m) D3* -0.0112 rad
-
D4 = -0.0191 m
D5 -0.0476 m
-248.04
D1*=- 20.5 mm D4=-19.1 mm D6 -0.0024 rad
D5=-47.6 mm
D3*=-0.0112 rad D6 =-
0.00
24 r
ad
Deflected shape
61
Example 5

For the beam shown:

(a) Use the stiffness method to determine all the reactions at supports.
(b) Draw the quantitative free-body diagram of member.
(c) Draw the quantitative bending moment diagrams
and qualitative deflected shape.
Take I = 400(106) mm4 , A = 60(103) mm2, and E = 200 GPa for all members.

20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B
3m

C
20o
4m 2m

62
 20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B
3m

C 76.31 o
20o

4m 2m

2 3 5 6 2´ 3´ 5´ 6´

2´
1 1

3´
1 4 1´ 4´

1´
9*
2

2
Global Local
8* 7*

5´
6´
4´
63
 20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B 2 3 5 6
3m 1
1 4

C
20o
4m 2m

Member 1:
2EI 2(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
=
L 4m
AE (60 × 10 −3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )
= = 40 × 10 3 kN • m
L 4m
= 3000 × 10 3 kN/m 6EI 6(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
2
=
L (4 m) 2
4 EI 4(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 ) = 30 × 10 3 kN
=
L 4m
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
= 80 × 10 3 kN • m =
L3 (4 m) 3
= 15 × 10 3 kN/m
64
 20 kN/m
80 kN•m
50 kN
A B 2 3 5 6
3m 1
1 4
56.31o
20o C 76.31o 20 kN/m
4m 2m 26.67 kN•m 26.67 kN•m
1

40 kN 40 kN
Member 1: [ q ] = [ k ][ d ] + [ qF ]

1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0 d1 0
q2 2 0 15 30 0 -15 30 d2 40
q3 3 0 30 80 0 -30 40 d3 26.67
q4
= 103
4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0 d4
+ 0
q5 5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30 d5 40
q6
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80 d6 -26.67
65
 6

2´
5 Member 2:
i 4

3´
6EI 6(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )

1´
2
=
L (3.61 m) 2

2
2
9*
= 36.83 × 10 3 kN

5´
*
8* 7
12 EI 12(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )

6´
j
3
=
L (3.61 m) 3

4´
AE (60 × 10 −3 m 2 )(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 ) = 20.41 × 10 3 kN/m
=
L 3.61 m
= 3324 × 10 3 kN/m 2EI 2(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 )
=
4 EI 4(200 × 10 6 kN/m 2 )(400 × 10 −6 m 4 ) L 3.61 m
=
L 3.61 m = 44.32 × 10 3 kN • m
= 88.64 × 10 3 kN • m 1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
1´ 3324 0 0 -3324 0 0
2´ 0 20.41 36.83 0 -20.41 36.83
3´ 0 36.83 88.64 0 -36.83 44.32
[ k´ ]2 = 10 4´
3
-3324 0 0 3324 0 0
5´ 0 -20.41 -36.83 0 20.41 -36.83
6´ 0 36.83 44.32 0 -36.83 88.64
66
 5 6

2´
i 4
56.31o i

3´
λix = cos (-56.31o)= 0.55,

1´
λiy = sin (-56.31o) = -0.83

2
9*

2
λjx = cos = 0.24,8
(-76.31o)
*
7*

5´
λjy = sin (-76.31o) = -0.97 j 76.31o
j

6´
[ q* ] = [ T ]T[ q´ ]

4´
1´ 2´ 3´ 4´ 5´ 6´
q4 4 0.55 0.83 0 0 0 0 q1´
q5 5 -0.83 0.55 0 0 0 0 q2´
q6 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 q3´
q7* = 7* 0 0 0 0.24 0.97 0 q4´
q8* 8* 0 0 0 -0.97 0.24 0 q5´
q9* 9* 0 0 0 0 1 q6´
0
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
4 1036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 1787.474 30.646
5 -1524.780 2307.582 20.431 643.585 -2689.923 20.431
6 30.646 20.431 88.643 -35.786 -8.717 44.321
[ k ]2 = [ T ] [ k´]2[ T ] = 10 7*
* T 3
-452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -759.668 -35.786
8* 1787.474 -2689.923 -8.717 -759.668 3139.053 -8.717
67
9* 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 -8.717 88.643
 2 3 6
1 5
1 4

2
9*
8* 7*

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0
2 0 15 30 0 -15 30
3 0 30 80 0 -30 40
[k]1 = 103 4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0
5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
4 1036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 1787.474 30.646
5 -1524.780 2307.582 20.431 643.585 -2689.923 20.431
6 30.646 20.431 88.643 -35.786 -8.717 44.321
[k*]2 = 10 7*
3
-452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -759.668 -35.786
8* 1787.474 -2689.923 -8.717 -759.668 3139.053 -8.717
9* 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 -8.717 88.643
68
 20 kN/m 3
80 kN•m 2 5 6
1
50 kN
A B 1 4
3m

2
26.67 kN•m 20 kN/m 9*
8* 7*
C 1
26.67 kN•m
20o 40 kN 40 kN
4m 2m
Global:
4 5 6 7* 9*
Q4 = -50 4 4036.923 -1524.780 30.646 -452.884 30.646 D4 0
Q5 = 0 5 -1524.780 232.582 -9.569 643.585 -9.569 D5 40
Q6 = -80 = 103 6 30.646 -9.569 168.643 -35.786 44.321 D6 + -26.67
Q7* = 0 7 -452.884 643.585 -35.786 205.452 -35.786 D7* 0
Q9* = 0 9 30.646 20.431 44.321 -35.786 88.643 D9* 0

D4 -2.199x10-5 m
D5 -3.095x10-4 m
D6 = -2.840x10-4 rad
D7* 0.979x10-3 m
D9* 6.161x10-4 rad 69
Member 1:
1 2 3 4 5 6
q1 1 3000 0 0 -3000 0 0 0 0
q2 2 0 15 30 0 -15 30 0 40
q3 3 0 30 80 0 -30 40 0 26.67
q4
= 103
4 -3000 0 0 3000 0 0 D4
+ 0
q5 5 0 -15 -30 0 15 -30 D5 40
q6
6 0 30 40 0 -30 80 D6 -26.67

2 3 5 6
q1 65.97 kN 1

q2 36.12 kN 1 4
q3 24.59 kN•m
q4 = -65.97 kN 24.59 kN•m 20 kN/m 40.11 kN•m
q5 43.88 kN 65.97 kN
q6 65.97 kN 1
-40.11 kN•m
36.12 kN 43.88 kN

70
Member 2:
4 5 6 7* 8* 9*
q4 4 1036.923 -1508.14 30.57 -455.21 1769.34 30.57 D4
q5 5 -1508.14 2296.15 20.26 651.27 -2678.93 20.26 D5
q6 6 30.57 20.26 88.64 -35.73 -8.84 44.32 D6
q7*
= 103
D*7
7* -455.21 651.27 -35.73 210.67 -769.1 -35.73
q8* 8* 1769.34 -2678.93 -8.84 -769.1 3128.82 -8.84 0
q9*
9* 30.57 20.26 44.32 -35.73 -8.84 88.64 D*9

q4 15.97 kN 6 43.88 kN 39.89 kN•m

5
q5 -43.88 kN 4 15.97 kN
i
q6 -39.89 kN•m
=

2
q7* 0 kN 2
9*
q8* 46.69 kN 8* 7*
q9* 0 kN•m j
46.69 kN

71
2 3 6 20 kN/m
1 5 24.59 kN•m 40.11 kN•m
1 4 65.97 kN
65.97 kN 1

2
9* 36.12 kN 43.88 kN
8* 7*
43.88 kN 39.89 kN•m
15.97 kN

D4 -2.199x10-5 m

2
D5 -3.095x10-4 m
D6 = -2.840x10-4 rad
D7* 0.979x10-3 m
46.69 kN
D9* 6.161x10-4 rad

39.89 D4=-2.2x10-5 m
+
- - + D5=-3.1x10-4 m
-24.59 D6 = -2.84x10-4 rad
-40.11 D7*=0.979x10-3 m

Bending-moment Deflected shape

diagram (kN•m) D9*=6.161x10-4 rad 72